Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080798
Oliver Riesenbeck, Niklas Czarnowski, Michael Johannes Raschke, Simon Oeckenpöhler, René Hartensuer
Background: The objective of our study was to biomechanically evaluate the use of kyphoplasty to stabilize post-traumatic segmental instability in incomplete burst fractures of the vertebrae. Methods: The study was performed on 14 osteoporotic spine postmortem samples (Th11-L3). First, acquisition of the native multisegmental kinematics in our robot-based spine tester with three-dimensional motion analysis was set as a baseline for each sample. Then, an incomplete burst fracture was generated in the vertebral body L1 with renewed kinematic testing. After subsequent kyphoplasty was performed on the fractured vertebral body, primary stability was examined again. Results: Initially, a significant increase in the range of motion after incomplete burst fracture generation in all three directions of motion (extension-flexion, lateral tilt, axial rotation) was detected as proof of post-traumatic instability. There were no significant changes to the native state in the adjacent segments. Radiologically, a significant loss of height in the fractured vertebral body was also shown. Traumatic instability was significantly reduced by kyphoplasty. However, native kinematics were not restored. Conclusions: Although post-traumatic segmental instability was significantly reduced by kyphoplasty in our in vitro model, native kinematics could not be reconstructed, and significant instability remained.
{"title":"Primary Stability of Kyphoplasty in Incomplete Vertebral Body Burst Fractures in Osteoporosis: A Biomechanical Investigation.","authors":"Oliver Riesenbeck, Niklas Czarnowski, Michael Johannes Raschke, Simon Oeckenpöhler, René Hartensuer","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080798","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080798","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><b>Background:</b> The objective of our study was to biomechanically evaluate the use of kyphoplasty to stabilize post-traumatic segmental instability in incomplete burst fractures of the vertebrae. <b>Methods:</b> The study was performed on 14 osteoporotic spine postmortem samples (Th11-L3). First, acquisition of the native multisegmental kinematics in our robot-based spine tester with three-dimensional motion analysis was set as a baseline for each sample. Then, an incomplete burst fracture was generated in the vertebral body L1 with renewed kinematic testing. After subsequent kyphoplasty was performed on the fractured vertebral body, primary stability was examined again. <b>Results:</b> Initially, a significant increase in the range of motion after incomplete burst fracture generation in all three directions of motion (extension-flexion, lateral tilt, axial rotation) was detected as proof of post-traumatic instability. There were no significant changes to the native state in the adjacent segments. Radiologically, a significant loss of height in the fractured vertebral body was also shown. Traumatic instability was significantly reduced by kyphoplasty. However, native kinematics were not restored. <b>Conclusions:</b> Although post-traumatic segmental instability was significantly reduced by kyphoplasty in our in vitro model, native kinematics could not be reconstructed, and significant instability remained.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11352168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-07DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080801
Qianru Ji, Haoting Liu, Zhen Tian, Song Wang, Qing Li, Dewei Yi
In response to the analysis of the functional status of forearm blood vessels, this paper fully considers the orientation of the vascular skeleton and the geometric characteristics of blood vessels and proposes a blood vessel width calculation algorithm based on the radius estimation of the tangent circle (RETC) in forearm near-infrared images. First, the initial infrared image obtained by the infrared camera is preprocessed by image cropping, contrast stretching, denoising, enhancement, and initial segmentation. Second, the Zhang-Suen refinement algorithm is used to extract the vascular skeleton. Third, the Canny edge detection method is used to perform vascular edge detection. Finally, a RETC algorithm is developed to calculate the vessel width. This paper evaluates the accuracy of the proposed RETC algorithm, and experimental results show that the mean absolute error between the vessel width obtained by our algorithm and the reference vessel width is as low as 0.36, with a variance of only 0.10, which can be significantly reduced compared to traditional calculation measurements.
{"title":"Near-Infrared Forearm Vascular Width Calculation Using Radius Estimation of Tangent Circle.","authors":"Qianru Ji, Haoting Liu, Zhen Tian, Song Wang, Qing Li, Dewei Yi","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080801","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080801","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In response to the analysis of the functional status of forearm blood vessels, this paper fully considers the orientation of the vascular skeleton and the geometric characteristics of blood vessels and proposes a blood vessel width calculation algorithm based on the radius estimation of the tangent circle (RETC) in forearm near-infrared images. First, the initial infrared image obtained by the infrared camera is preprocessed by image cropping, contrast stretching, denoising, enhancement, and initial segmentation. Second, the Zhang-Suen refinement algorithm is used to extract the vascular skeleton. Third, the Canny edge detection method is used to perform vascular edge detection. Finally, a RETC algorithm is developed to calculate the vessel width. This paper evaluates the accuracy of the proposed RETC algorithm, and experimental results show that the mean absolute error between the vessel width obtained by our algorithm and the reference vessel width is as low as 0.36, with a variance of only 0.10, which can be significantly reduced compared to traditional calculation measurements.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091742","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-06DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080796
Weixuan Kou, Cristian Rey, Harry Marshall, Bernard Chiu
The accurate segmentation of prostate cancer (PCa) from multiparametric MRI is crucial in clinical practice for guiding biopsy and treatment planning. Existing automated methods often lack the necessary accuracy and robustness in localizing PCa, whereas interactive segmentation methods, although more accurate, require user intervention on each input image, thereby limiting the cost-effectiveness of the segmentation workflow. Our innovative framework addresses the limitations of current methods by combining a coarse segmentation network, a rejection network, and an interactive deep network known as Segment Anything Model (SAM). The coarse segmentation network automatically generates initial segmentation results, which are evaluated by the rejection network to estimate their quality. Low-quality results are flagged for user interaction, with the user providing a region of interest (ROI) enclosing the lesions, whereas for high-quality results, ROIs were cropped from the automatic segmentation. Both manually and automatically defined ROIs are fed into SAM to produce the final fine segmentation. This approach significantly reduces the annotation burden and achieves substantial improvements by flagging approximately 20% of the images with the lowest quality scores for manual annotation. With only half of the images manually annotated, the final segmentation accuracy is statistically indistinguishable from that achieved using full manual annotation. Although this paper focuses on prostate lesion segmentation from multimodality MRI, the framework can be adapted to other medical image segmentation applications to improve segmentation efficiency while maintaining high accuracy standards.
在临床实践中,从多参数磁共振成像中准确分割前列腺癌(PCa)对于指导活检和治疗计划至关重要。现有的自动方法往往缺乏定位 PCa 所需的准确性和鲁棒性,而交互式分割方法虽然更准确,但需要用户对每张输入图像进行干预,从而限制了分割工作流程的成本效益。我们的创新框架结合了粗分割网络、剔除网络和称为 "任意分割模型"(SAM)的交互式深度网络,解决了现有方法的局限性。粗分割网络自动生成初始分割结果,并由剔除网络对其进行评估,以估计其质量。低质量的结果会被标记为用户交互,由用户提供一个包围病变的兴趣区域(ROI),而对于高质量的结果,则从自动分割中裁剪出ROI。人工和自动定义的 ROI 都输入到 SAM 中,以生成最终的精细分割结果。这种方法大大减轻了标注负担,并通过标记约 20% 质量分数最低的图像进行人工标注,实现了实质性的改进。在仅对一半图像进行人工标注的情况下,最终的分割准确率与使用全人工标注所获得的准确率在统计学上没有区别。虽然本文的重点是多模态核磁共振成像中的前列腺病变分割,但该框架可适用于其他医学影像分割应用,以提高分割效率,同时保持较高的准确率标准。
{"title":"Interactive Cascaded Network for Prostate Cancer Segmentation from Multimodality MRI with Automated Quality Assessment.","authors":"Weixuan Kou, Cristian Rey, Harry Marshall, Bernard Chiu","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080796","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The accurate segmentation of prostate cancer (PCa) from multiparametric MRI is crucial in clinical practice for guiding biopsy and treatment planning. Existing automated methods often lack the necessary accuracy and robustness in localizing PCa, whereas interactive segmentation methods, although more accurate, require user intervention on each input image, thereby limiting the cost-effectiveness of the segmentation workflow. Our innovative framework addresses the limitations of current methods by combining a coarse segmentation network, a rejection network, and an interactive deep network known as Segment Anything Model (SAM). The coarse segmentation network automatically generates initial segmentation results, which are evaluated by the rejection network to estimate their quality. Low-quality results are flagged for user interaction, with the user providing a region of interest (ROI) enclosing the lesions, whereas for high-quality results, ROIs were cropped from the automatic segmentation. Both manually and automatically defined ROIs are fed into SAM to produce the final fine segmentation. This approach significantly reduces the annotation burden and achieves substantial improvements by flagging approximately 20% of the images with the lowest quality scores for manual annotation. With only half of the images manually annotated, the final segmentation accuracy is statistically indistinguishable from that achieved using full manual annotation. Although this paper focuses on prostate lesion segmentation from multimodality MRI, the framework can be adapted to other medical image segmentation applications to improve segmentation efficiency while maintaining high accuracy standards.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351867/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080792
Wenhan Yang, Hao Zhou, Yun Zhang, Limei Sun, Li Huang, Songshan Li, Xiaoling Luo, Yili Jin, Wei Sun, Wenjia Yan, Jing Li, Jianxiang Deng, Zhi Xie, Yao He, Xiaoyan Ding
Accurate evaluation of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) severity is vital for screening and proper treatment. Current deep-learning-based automated AI systems for assessing ROP severity do not follow clinical guidelines and are opaque. The aim of this study is to develop an interpretable AI system by mimicking the clinical screening process to determine ROP severity level. A total of 6100 RetCam Ⅲ wide-field digital retinal images were collected from Guangdong Women and Children Hospital at Panyu (PY) and Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (ZOC). A total of 3330 images of 520 pediatric patients from PY were annotated to train an object detection model to detect lesion type and location. A total of 2770 images of 81 pediatric patients from ZOC were annotated for stage, zone, and the presence of plus disease. Integrating stage, zone, and the presence of plus disease according to clinical guidelines yields ROP severity such that an interpretable AI system was developed to provide the stage from the lesion type, the zone from the lesion location, and the presence of plus disease from a plus disease classification model. The ROP severity was calculated accordingly and compared with the assessment of a human expert. Our method achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-0.98) in assessing the severity level of ROP. Compared with clinical doctors, our method achieved the highest F1 score value of 0.76 in assessing the severity level of ROP. In conclusion, we developed an interpretable AI system for assessing the severity level of ROP that shows significant potential for use in clinical practice for ROP severity level screening.
{"title":"An Interpretable System for Screening the Severity Level of Retinopathy in Premature Infants Using Deep Learning.","authors":"Wenhan Yang, Hao Zhou, Yun Zhang, Limei Sun, Li Huang, Songshan Li, Xiaoling Luo, Yili Jin, Wei Sun, Wenjia Yan, Jing Li, Jianxiang Deng, Zhi Xie, Yao He, Xiaoyan Ding","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080792","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080792","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Accurate evaluation of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) severity is vital for screening and proper treatment. Current deep-learning-based automated AI systems for assessing ROP severity do not follow clinical guidelines and are opaque. The aim of this study is to develop an interpretable AI system by mimicking the clinical screening process to determine ROP severity level. A total of 6100 RetCam Ⅲ wide-field digital retinal images were collected from Guangdong Women and Children Hospital at Panyu (PY) and Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (ZOC). A total of 3330 images of 520 pediatric patients from PY were annotated to train an object detection model to detect lesion type and location. A total of 2770 images of 81 pediatric patients from ZOC were annotated for stage, zone, and the presence of plus disease. Integrating stage, zone, and the presence of plus disease according to clinical guidelines yields ROP severity such that an interpretable AI system was developed to provide the stage from the lesion type, the zone from the lesion location, and the presence of plus disease from a plus disease classification model. The ROP severity was calculated accordingly and compared with the assessment of a human expert. Our method achieved an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-0.98) in assessing the severity level of ROP. Compared with clinical doctors, our method achieved the highest F1 score value of 0.76 in assessing the severity level of ROP. In conclusion, we developed an interpretable AI system for assessing the severity level of ROP that shows significant potential for use in clinical practice for ROP severity level screening.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351924/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080793
Daniele Borzelli, Cristiano De Marchis, Angelica Quercia, Paolo De Pasquale, Antonino Casile, Angelo Quartarone, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Andrea d'Avella
According to the modular hypothesis for the control of movement, muscles are recruited in synergies, which capture muscle coordination in space, time, or both. In the last two decades, muscle synergy analysis has become a well-established framework in the motor control field and for the characterization of motor impairments in neurological patients. Altered modular control during a locomotion task has been often proposed as a potential quantitative metric for characterizing pathological conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the recent literature that used a muscle synergy analysis of neurological patients' locomotion as an indicator of motor rehabilitation therapy effectiveness, encompassing the key methodological elements to date. Searches for the relevant literature were made in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Most of the 15 full-text articles which were retrieved and included in this review identified an effect of the rehabilitation intervention on muscle synergies. However, the used experimental and methodological approaches varied across studies. Despite the scarcity of studies that investigated the effect of rehabilitation on muscle synergies, this review supports the utility of muscle synergies as a marker of the effectiveness of rehabilitative therapy and highlights the challenges and open issues that future works need to address to introduce the muscle synergies in the clinical practice and decisional process.
根据运动控制的模块化假说,肌肉是在协同作用中被招募的,协同作用体现了肌肉在空间、时间或两者上的协调。在过去的二十年里,肌肉协同分析已成为运动控制领域和神经系统患者运动障碍特征描述的一个成熟框架。运动任务中模块控制的改变经常被提议作为表征病理状况的潜在定量指标。因此,本系统性综述旨在分析近期将神经系统患者运动时的肌肉协同分析作为运动康复治疗效果指标的文献,包括迄今为止的关键方法要素。相关文献在 Web of Science、PubMed 和 Scopus 上进行了搜索。在检索到并纳入本综述的 15 篇全文文章中,大部分都指出了康复干预对肌肉协同作用的影响。然而,不同研究采用的实验和方法各不相同。尽管调查康复对肌肉协同作用影响的研究很少,但本综述支持将肌肉协同作用作为康复治疗有效性的标志,并强调了未来工作需要解决的挑战和开放性问题,以便在临床实践和决策过程中引入肌肉协同作用。
{"title":"Muscle Synergy Analysis as a Tool for Assessing the Effectiveness of Gait Rehabilitation Therapies: A Methodological Review and Perspective.","authors":"Daniele Borzelli, Cristiano De Marchis, Angelica Quercia, Paolo De Pasquale, Antonino Casile, Angelo Quartarone, Rocco Salvatore Calabrò, Andrea d'Avella","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080793","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080793","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>According to the modular hypothesis for the control of movement, muscles are recruited in synergies, which capture muscle coordination in space, time, or both. In the last two decades, muscle synergy analysis has become a well-established framework in the motor control field and for the characterization of motor impairments in neurological patients. Altered modular control during a locomotion task has been often proposed as a potential quantitative metric for characterizing pathological conditions. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to analyze the recent literature that used a muscle synergy analysis of neurological patients' locomotion as an indicator of motor rehabilitation therapy effectiveness, encompassing the key methodological elements to date. Searches for the relevant literature were made in Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus. Most of the 15 full-text articles which were retrieved and included in this review identified an effect of the rehabilitation intervention on muscle synergies. However, the used experimental and methodological approaches varied across studies. Despite the scarcity of studies that investigated the effect of rehabilitation on muscle synergies, this review supports the utility of muscle synergies as a marker of the effectiveness of rehabilitative therapy and highlights the challenges and open issues that future works need to address to introduce the muscle synergies in the clinical practice and decisional process.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351442/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim was to objectively assess compliance in patients prescribed headgear and evaluate the impact of monitoring awareness, treatment duration, gender, and age on compliance levels. A total of 22 patients with Class II malocclusion wore the headgear integrated with the force and temperature sensitive Smartgear monitoring system (Smartgear, Swissorthodontics AG, Cham, Switzerland). Patients were instructed to wear the headgear for 13 h daily over a 3-month period. Randomly, 11 patients were informed that they monitored and 11 were not informed. Data were organized using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using R for statistical estimates, graphs, and hypothesis testing. Smartgear recorded an average daily compliance of 6.7 h. No statistically significant differences were found in cooperation between study group and control group over the 3 months of treatment, regardless of gender and age. However, there was slight greater cooperation in the first month than in the other months, and patients ≤10 years of age had almost 2 h more cooperation than their older counterparts. Moreover, the informed group exhibited an average of 1.1 more hours of cooperation per day than the uninformed group, which may carry clinical significance. This cooperation primarily occurred at night and was found to be statistically significant. Compliance among young patients typically remained lower than the prescribed level, regardless of their gender and psychological maturity. Although an awareness of monitoring does not seem to improve compliance, implementing such systems could still offer dentists a valuable means of obtaining objective information about their patients' adherence.
研究的目的是客观评估头套患者的依从性,并评估监测意识、治疗时间、性别和年龄对依从性的影响。共有 22 名 II 类错牙合畸形患者佩戴了集成了力和温度敏感 Smartgear 监测系统(Smartgear,Swissorthodontics AG,瑞士 Cham)的头套筒。患者被要求在 3 个月内每天佩戴头套 13 小时。随机抽取的 11 名患者被告知他们接受了监测,11 名患者未被告知。数据使用 Microsoft Excel 整理,并使用 R 进行统计估算、图表和假设检验分析。在 3 个月的治疗过程中,研究组和对照组的合作程度在统计学上没有发现明显差异,性别和年龄也不例外。不过,第一个月的合作程度略高于其他月份,年龄小于 10 岁的患者比年龄较大的患者多出近 2 小时的合作时间。此外,知情组平均每天比不知情组多合作 1.1 小时,这可能具有临床意义。这种合作主要发生在夜间,在统计学上有显著意义。无论性别和心理成熟度如何,年轻患者的依从性通常仍低于规定水平。虽然监测意识似乎并不能提高患者的依从性,但实施这种系统仍能为牙医提供一种获取患者依从性客观信息的宝贵手段。
{"title":"Compliance with Headgear Evaluated by Force- and Temperature-Sensitive Monitoring Device: A Case-Control Study.","authors":"Francesca Cremonini, Ariyan Karami Shabankare, Daniela Guiducci, Luca Lombardo","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080789","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The aim was to objectively assess compliance in patients prescribed headgear and evaluate the impact of monitoring awareness, treatment duration, gender, and age on compliance levels. A total of 22 patients with Class II malocclusion wore the headgear integrated with the force and temperature sensitive Smartgear monitoring system (Smartgear, Swissorthodontics AG, Cham, Switzerland). Patients were instructed to wear the headgear for 13 h daily over a 3-month period. Randomly, 11 patients were informed that they monitored and 11 were not informed. Data were organized using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using R for statistical estimates, graphs, and hypothesis testing. Smartgear recorded an average daily compliance of 6.7 h. No statistically significant differences were found in cooperation between study group and control group over the 3 months of treatment, regardless of gender and age. However, there was slight greater cooperation in the first month than in the other months, and patients ≤10 years of age had almost 2 h more cooperation than their older counterparts. Moreover, the informed group exhibited an average of 1.1 more hours of cooperation per day than the uninformed group, which may carry clinical significance. This cooperation primarily occurred at night and was found to be statistically significant. Compliance among young patients typically remained lower than the prescribed level, regardless of their gender and psychological maturity. Although an awareness of monitoring does not seem to improve compliance, implementing such systems could still offer dentists a valuable means of obtaining objective information about their patients' adherence.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351614/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080791
Syed Nisar Hussain Bukhari, Kingsley A Ogudo
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory pathogen that infects the human lungs and respiratory tract, often causing symptoms similar to the common cold. Vaccination is the most effective strategy for managing viral outbreaks. Currently, extensive efforts are focused on developing a vaccine for RSV. Traditional vaccine design typically involves using an attenuated form of the pathogen to elicit an immune response. In contrast, peptide-based vaccines (PBVs) aim to identify and chemically synthesize specific immunodominant peptides (IPs), known as T-cell epitopes (TCEs), to induce a targeted immune response. Despite their potential for enhancing vaccine safety and immunogenicity, PBVs have received comparatively less attention. Identifying IPs for PBV design through conventional wet-lab experiments is challenging, costly, and time-consuming. Machine learning (ML) techniques offer a promising alternative, accurately predicting TCEs and significantly reducing the time and cost of vaccine development. This study proposes the development and evaluation of eight hybrid ML predictive models created through the permutations and combinations of two classification methods, two feature weighting techniques, and two feature selection algorithms, all aimed at predicting the TCEs of RSV. The models were trained using the experimentally determined TCEs and non-TCE sequences acquired from the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC) repository. The hybrid model composed of the XGBoost (XGB) classifier, chi-squared (ChST) weighting technique, and backward search (BST) as the optimal feature selection algorithm (ChST-BST-XGB) was identified as the best model, achieving an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, AUC, precision, and MCC of 97.10%, 0.98, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 0.99, and 0.96, respectively. Additionally, K-fold cross-validation (KFCV) was performed to ensure the model's reliability and an average accuracy of 97.21% was recorded for the ChST-BST-XGB model. The results indicate that the hybrid XGBoost model consistently outperforms other hybrid approaches. The epitopes predicted by the proposed model may serve as promising vaccine candidates for RSV, subject to in vitro and in vivo scientific assessments. This model can assist the scientific community in expediting the screening of active TCE candidates for RSV, ultimately saving time and resources in vaccine development.
{"title":"Hybrid Predictive Machine Learning Model for the Prediction of Immunodominant Peptides of Respiratory Syncytial Virus.","authors":"Syed Nisar Hussain Bukhari, Kingsley A Ogudo","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080791","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common respiratory pathogen that infects the human lungs and respiratory tract, often causing symptoms similar to the common cold. Vaccination is the most effective strategy for managing viral outbreaks. Currently, extensive efforts are focused on developing a vaccine for RSV. Traditional vaccine design typically involves using an attenuated form of the pathogen to elicit an immune response. In contrast, peptide-based vaccines (PBVs) aim to identify and chemically synthesize specific immunodominant peptides (IPs), known as T-cell epitopes (TCEs), to induce a targeted immune response. Despite their potential for enhancing vaccine safety and immunogenicity, PBVs have received comparatively less attention. Identifying IPs for PBV design through conventional wet-lab experiments is challenging, costly, and time-consuming. Machine learning (ML) techniques offer a promising alternative, accurately predicting TCEs and significantly reducing the time and cost of vaccine development. This study proposes the development and evaluation of eight hybrid ML predictive models created through the permutations and combinations of two classification methods, two feature weighting techniques, and two feature selection algorithms, all aimed at predicting the TCEs of RSV. The models were trained using the experimentally determined TCEs and non-TCE sequences acquired from the Bacterial and Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center (BV-BRC) repository. The hybrid model composed of the XGBoost (XGB) classifier, chi-squared (ChST) weighting technique, and backward search (BST) as the optimal feature selection algorithm (ChST-BST-XGB) was identified as the best model, achieving an accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, F1 score, AUC, precision, and MCC of 97.10%, 0.98, 0.97, 0.98, 0.99, 0.99, and 0.96, respectively. Additionally, K-fold cross-validation (KFCV) was performed to ensure the model's reliability and an average accuracy of 97.21% was recorded for the ChST-BST-XGB model. The results indicate that the hybrid XGBoost model consistently outperforms other hybrid approaches. The epitopes predicted by the proposed model may serve as promising vaccine candidates for RSV, subject to in vitro and in vivo scientific assessments. This model can assist the scientific community in expediting the screening of active TCE candidates for RSV, ultimately saving time and resources in vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351268/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Although methods for generating human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived motor nerve organoids are well established, those for sensory nerve organoids are not. Therefore, this study investigated the feasibility of generating sensory nerve organoids composed of hiPSC-derived sensory neurons using a microfluidic approach. Notably, sensory neuronal axons from neurospheres containing 100,000 cells were unidirectionally elongated to form sensory nerve organoids over 6 mm long axon bundles within 14 days using I-shaped microchannels in microfluidic devices composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips and glass substrates. Additionally, the organoids were successfully cultured for more than 60 days by exchanging the culture medium. The percentage of nuclei located in the distal part of the axon bundles (the region 3-6 mm from the entrance of the microchannel) compared to the total number of cells in the neurosphere was 0.005% for live cells and 0.008% for dead cells. Molecular characterization confirmed the presence of the sensory neuron marker ISL LIM homeobox 1 (ISL1) and the capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Moreover, capsaicin stimulation activated TRPV1 in organoids, as evidenced by significant calcium ion influx. Conclusively, this study demonstrated the feasibility of long-term organoid culture and the potential applications of sensory nerve organoids in bioengineered nociceptive sensors.
{"title":"Formation and Long-Term Culture of hiPSC-Derived Sensory Nerve Organoids Using Microfluidic Devices.","authors":"Takuma Ogawa, Souichi Yamada, Shuetsu Fukushi, Yuya Imai, Jiro Kawada, Kazutaka Ikeda, Seii Ohka, Shohei Kaneda","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080794","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Although methods for generating human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived motor nerve organoids are well established, those for sensory nerve organoids are not. Therefore, this study investigated the feasibility of generating sensory nerve organoids composed of hiPSC-derived sensory neurons using a microfluidic approach. Notably, sensory neuronal axons from neurospheres containing 100,000 cells were unidirectionally elongated to form sensory nerve organoids over 6 mm long axon bundles within 14 days using I-shaped microchannels in microfluidic devices composed of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) chips and glass substrates. Additionally, the organoids were successfully cultured for more than 60 days by exchanging the culture medium. The percentage of nuclei located in the distal part of the axon bundles (the region 3-6 mm from the entrance of the microchannel) compared to the total number of cells in the neurosphere was 0.005% for live cells and 0.008% for dead cells. Molecular characterization confirmed the presence of the sensory neuron marker ISL LIM homeobox 1 (ISL1) and the capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Moreover, capsaicin stimulation activated TRPV1 in organoids, as evidenced by significant calcium ion influx. Conclusively, this study demonstrated the feasibility of long-term organoid culture and the potential applications of sensory nerve organoids in bioengineered nociceptive sensors.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11352057/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080795
Oliver Riesenbeck, Niklas Czarnowski, Michael Johannes Raschke, Simon Oeckenpöhler, René Hartensuer
Background: This biomechanical in vitro study compared two kyphoplasty devices for the extent of height reconstruction, load-bearing capacity, cement volume, and adjacent fracture under cyclic loading.
Methods: Multisegmental (T11-L3) specimens were mounted into a testing machine and subjected to compression, creating an incomplete burst fracture of L1. Kyphoplasty was performed using a one- or two-compartment device. Then, the testing machine was used for a cyclic loading test of load-bearing capacity to compare the two groups for the amount of applied load until failure and subsequent adjacent fracture.
Results: Vertebral body height reconstruction was effective for both groups but not statistically significantly different. After cyclic loading, refracture of vertebrae that had undergone kyphoplasty was not observed in any specimen, but fractures were observed in adjacent vertebrae. The differences between the numbers of cycles and of loads were not statistically significant. An increase in cement volume was strongly correlated with increased risks of adjacent fractures.
Conclusion: The two-compartment device was not substantially superior to the one-compartment device. The use of higher cement volume correlated with the occurrence of adjacent fractures.
{"title":"Biomechanical Comparisons between One- and Two-Compartment Devices for Reconstructing Vertebrae by Kyphoplasty.","authors":"Oliver Riesenbeck, Niklas Czarnowski, Michael Johannes Raschke, Simon Oeckenpöhler, René Hartensuer","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080795","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080795","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>This biomechanical in vitro study compared two kyphoplasty devices for the extent of height reconstruction, load-bearing capacity, cement volume, and adjacent fracture under cyclic loading.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Multisegmental (T11-L3) specimens were mounted into a testing machine and subjected to compression, creating an incomplete burst fracture of L1. Kyphoplasty was performed using a one- or two-compartment device. Then, the testing machine was used for a cyclic loading test of load-bearing capacity to compare the two groups for the amount of applied load until failure and subsequent adjacent fracture.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Vertebral body height reconstruction was effective for both groups but not statistically significantly different. After cyclic loading, refracture of vertebrae that had undergone kyphoplasty was not observed in any specimen, but fractures were observed in adjacent vertebrae. The differences between the numbers of cycles and of loads were not statistically significant. An increase in cement volume was strongly correlated with increased risks of adjacent fractures.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The two-compartment device was not substantially superior to the one-compartment device. The use of higher cement volume correlated with the occurrence of adjacent fractures.</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11352009/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-05DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080790
Giuseppe Cesarelli, Alfonso Maria Ponsiglione, Mario Sansone, Francesco Amato, Leandro Donisi, Carlo Ricciardi
Machine learning (ML) is a field of artificial intelligence that uses algorithms capable of extracting knowledge directly from data that could support decisions in multiple fields of engineering [...].
{"title":"Machine Learning for Biomedical Applications.","authors":"Giuseppe Cesarelli, Alfonso Maria Ponsiglione, Mario Sansone, Francesco Amato, Leandro Donisi, Carlo Ricciardi","doi":"10.3390/bioengineering11080790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11080790","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Machine learning (ML) is a field of artificial intelligence that uses algorithms capable of extracting knowledge directly from data that could support decisions in multiple fields of engineering [...].</p>","PeriodicalId":8874,"journal":{"name":"Bioengineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":3.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11351950/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142091736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}