Pub Date : 2024-10-12DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105633
Muhammad Kashif, Eeva Terhonen, Leena Hamberg, Tuula Piri, Matti Haapanen, Sirkku Pöykkö, Eeva J. Vainio, Jarkko Hantula
Heterobasidion parviporum is a destructive forest pathogen causing root and stem rot of Norway spruce (Picea abies) in northern hemisphere. Previous research has suggested that a gene form of PaLAR3 that encodes for the leucoanthocyanidin reductase enzyme, may increase resistance to H. parviporum in Norway spruce, whether heterozygous or homozygous. Our experiment was initially focused on testing this assertion with materials from the Finnish Norway spruce breeding program, comprising 52 full-sib families. Additionally, we investigated the influence of mycoviruses on the growth of H. parviporum. The frequencies of the three PaLAR3 genotypes AA, AB, and BB were 64%, 30%, and 6%, respectively. We found no significant differences in the necrotic response to H. parviporum between the homozygous (BB) and heterozygous (AB) genotypes vs. the homozygous (AA) genotype across the two fungal strains tested, suggesting the gene is rather ineffective as a marker for overall H. parviporum resistance. The two H. parviporum strains used in the study showed significantly different necrosis responses from the control. Mycovirus infection in H. parviporum strains led to a significant reduction in lesion width in phloem and sapwood. Furthermore, the growth of the fungus was notably restricted when hyphae hosted mycoviruses, indicating a high potential of mycoviruses to reduce fungal growth and necrosis development.
Heterobasidion parviporum 是一种破坏性森林病原体，会导致北半球的挪威云杉（Picea abies）根腐病和茎腐病。以前的研究表明，编码白花青素还原酶的 PaLAR3 基因形式可能会增加挪威云杉（无论是杂合还是同源）对 H. parviporum 的抗性。我们的实验最初主要是利用芬兰挪威云杉育种计划中的材料（包括52个全同源系）来验证这一论断。此外，我们还研究了霉菌病毒对副云杉生长的影响。三种PaLAR3基因型AA、AB和BB的频率分别为64%、30%和6%。我们发现，在所测试的两种真菌菌株中，同源基因型（BB）和杂合子基因型（AB）与同源基因型（AA）对副猪痢疾杆菌的坏死反应没有明显差异，这表明该基因作为副猪痢疾杆菌总体抗性的标记并不有效。研究中使用的两种 H. parviporum 菌株的坏死反应与对照有显著差异。真菌病毒感染 H. parviporum 菌株会导致韧皮部和边材的病变宽度显著减小。此外，当菌丝寄生真菌病毒时，真菌的生长明显受到限制，这表明真菌病毒在减少真菌生长和坏死发展方面具有很大的潜力。
{"title":"PaLAR3 genotype variability for enhanced resistance against Heterobasidion parviporum in Norway spruce: Insights into allelic frequencies, disease response, and the role of mycoviruses","authors":"Muhammad Kashif, Eeva Terhonen, Leena Hamberg, Tuula Piri, Matti Haapanen, Sirkku Pöykkö, Eeva J. Vainio, Jarkko Hantula","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105633","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105633","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Heterobasidion parviporum</em> is a destructive forest pathogen causing root and stem rot of Norway spruce (<em>Picea abies</em>) in northern hemisphere. Previous research has suggested that a gene form of PaLAR3 that encodes for the leucoanthocyanidin reductase enzyme, may increase resistance to <em>H. parviporum</em> in Norway spruce, whether heterozygous or homozygous. Our experiment was initially focused on testing this assertion with materials from the Finnish Norway spruce breeding program, comprising 52 full-sib families. Additionally, we investigated the influence of mycoviruses on the growth of <em>H. parviporum</em>. The frequencies of the three PaLAR3 genotypes AA, AB, and BB were 64%, 30%, and 6%, respectively. We found no significant differences in the necrotic response to <em>H. parviporum</em> between the homozygous (BB) and heterozygous (AB) genotypes vs. the homozygous (AA) genotype across the two fungal strains tested, suggesting the gene is rather ineffective as a marker for overall <em>H. parviporum</em> resistance. The two <em>H. parviporum</em> strains used in the study showed significantly different necrosis responses from the control. Mycovirus infection in <em>H. parviporum</em> strains led to a significant reduction in lesion width in phloem and sapwood. Furthermore, the growth of the fungus was notably restricted when hyphae hosted mycoviruses, indicating a high potential of mycoviruses to reduce fungal growth and necrosis development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142441804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105631
Roberto Mannu , Maurizio Olivieri , Luca Ruiu , Giuseppe Serra , Maria Leonarda Fadda , Andrea Lentini
The green oak leaf roller moth, Tortrix viridana, is one of the main defoliators of deciduous oaks in the Mediterranean region. Although aerial applications of Btk-based insecticides represent the most effective method to control the larval populations of this pest at a large spatial scale, the optimal time window for sprayings has not yet been defined. Accordingly, experimental trials were conducted in a Quercus pubescens forest district in Sardinia (Italy) involving both large-scale aerial treatments and small-scale applications from the ground. The aim of our work was to study how different larval development stages and/or sprouting phenological phases of the host trees affect Btk efficacy. Aerial sprayings were conducted in 2003 and 2004 in two different areas of about 300 ha, selected according to altitude and exposure to simulate three different application timings against different larval instars and sprouting phenological phases. From-the-ground applications were carried out in 2021 in a Q. pubescens forest stand by applying Btk-based insecticides at different timings, and the overall Q. pubescens phenological stage and the distribution of T. viridana larval development stages were assessed accordingly. The effectiveness of Btk applications was evaluated by estimating larval mortality 7, and 14 days after aerial applications, and 7, 14 and 21 days after ground applications. Defoliation due to T. viridana was also evaluated at the end of larval development in all years. In both 2003 and 2004, the average larval mortality due to Btk exceeded 80 % two weeks after aerial applications across all application timings. Damage caused by T. viridana varied with Btk application timing, with the later applications showing a higher defoliation than other timings. In ground application experiments, larval mortality significantly increased when Btk was sprayed against a larval population primarily composed of IV instars, which were feeding on sprouts with leaves that were spread out and had not fully developed internodes, thus resulting in a significative reduction of insect damage. Our findings indicate that, in accordance with the strict synchrony between the larval development and the oak flushing, the optimal timing for Btk application against T. viridana can be defined based on the bud burst phenological phase. In particular, the prevalence of sprout with expanding leaf surface allowing insecticidal droplet interception and the simultaneous presence of susceptible larval instars (within the IV), resulted in an increased treatment efficacy.
{"title":"Application timing affects the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki against Tortrix viridana in deciduous oak forests","authors":"Roberto Mannu , Maurizio Olivieri , Luca Ruiu , Giuseppe Serra , Maria Leonarda Fadda , Andrea Lentini","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105631","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105631","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The green oak leaf roller moth, <em>Tortrix viridana</em>, is one of the main defoliators of deciduous oaks in the Mediterranean region. Although aerial applications of <em>Btk</em>-based insecticides represent the most effective method to control the larval populations of this pest at a large spatial scale, the optimal time window for sprayings has not yet been defined. Accordingly, experimental trials were conducted in a <em>Quercus pubescens</em> forest district in Sardinia (Italy) involving both large-scale aerial treatments and small-scale applications from the ground. The aim of our work was to study how different larval development stages and/or sprouting phenological phases of the host trees affect <em>Btk</em> efficacy. Aerial sprayings were conducted in 2003 and 2004 in two different areas of about 300 ha, selected according to altitude and exposure to simulate three different application timings against different larval instars and sprouting phenological phases. From-the-ground applications were carried out in 2021 in a <em>Q. pubescens</em> forest stand by applying <em>Btk</em>-based insecticides at different timings, and the overall <em>Q. pubescens</em> phenological stage and the distribution of <em>T. viridana</em> larval development stages were assessed accordingly. The effectiveness of <em>Btk</em> applications was evaluated by estimating larval mortality 7, and 14 days after aerial applications, and 7, 14 and 21 days after ground applications. Defoliation due to <em>T. viridana</em> was also evaluated at the end of larval development in all years. In both 2003 and 2004, the average larval mortality due to <em>Btk</em> exceeded 80 % two weeks after aerial applications across all application timings. Damage caused by <em>T. viridana</em> varied with <em>Btk</em> application timing, with the later applications showing a higher defoliation than other timings. In ground application experiments, larval mortality significantly increased when <em>Btk</em> was sprayed against a larval population primarily composed of IV instars, which were feeding on sprouts with leaves that were spread out and had not fully developed internodes, thus resulting in a significative reduction of insect damage. Our findings indicate that, in accordance with the strict synchrony between the larval development and the oak flushing, the optimal timing for <em>Btk</em> application against <em>T. viridana</em> can be defined based on the bud burst phenological phase. In particular, the prevalence of sprout with expanding leaf surface allowing insecticidal droplet interception and the simultaneous presence of susceptible larval instars (within the IV), resulted in an increased treatment efficacy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105631"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142433481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105632
Hao Cao , Zhilei Chen , Xuesong Li , Gening Song , Yuntian Wu , Jing Jin , Feng Cui , Jing Yuan , Huan Qi , Jidong Wang , Jie Chen
Bacillus velezensis TCS001 is a novel biocontrol bacterium with broad-spectrum antifungal activity and plant growth-promoting effects, holding great potential for development in agricultural production. This study optimized the fermentation conditions for B. velezensis TCS001 through single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology, and developed a formulation for TCS001 suspension concentrate (TCS001-SC). The efficacy of TCS001-SC to promote the growth of strawberries and to prevent and control strawberry anthracnose was evaluated. The optimal liquid fermentation condition for TCS001 was determined to be 2.89 % soluble peanut cake powder, 3.0 % glucose, 3.0 % soluble starch, 0.002 % FePO4, 0.006 % KCl, 0.6 % NaCl, 0.05 % MgCl2·6H2O, 0.3 % K2HPO4, 0.15 % KH2PO4, 0.05 % CaCO3, 0.005 % MnSO4, a working volume of 31 % (77.5 mL/250 mL), a rotation speed of 173 r/min, a cultivation temperature of 28°C, an inoculum volume of 1.0 %, and a pH of 7.0. The 15 L fermenter upscale culture achieved a spore count of 9.46 × 109 CFU/mL, which was 2.01 times the spore count of 4.7 × 109 CFU/mL before optimization, and a preliminary TCS001-SC was developed with the fermented broth as the main component. Agar plate confrontation tests showed that TCS001 had antifungal activity against five types of anthracnose fungi, with inhibition rates ranging from 70.3 % to 87.2 %. TCS001-SC could promote the growth of strawberries and induce a rapid defense enzyme response in their leaves, enhancing the plant's resistance to pathogens. After treatment, individual strawberry plants showed significant increases in the number of leaves, fresh weight of stems and leaves, root fresh weight, leaf area, plant height, and the content of POD, SOD, CAT enzymes, GA, IAA, and ABA compared to the control.Additionally, it shows good prevention and control effects against strawberry anthracnose, with a control efficacy of 60.45% after five spray treatments at a concentration of 2 × 107 CFU/mL, which is not significantly different from the efficacy of commercial microbial agents such as Bacillus subtilis wettable powder, subsequent field trials will be conducted to determine its potential as a microbial pesticide. This study provides important support for the future industrial production and application of the strain TCS001.
{"title":"Optimization of fermentation conditions for Bacillus velezensis TCS001 and evaluation of its growth promotion and disease prevention effects on strawberries","authors":"Hao Cao , Zhilei Chen , Xuesong Li , Gening Song , Yuntian Wu , Jing Jin , Feng Cui , Jing Yuan , Huan Qi , Jidong Wang , Jie Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105632","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105632","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Bacillus velezensis</em> TCS001 is a novel biocontrol bacterium with broad-spectrum antifungal activity and plant growth-promoting effects, holding great potential for development in agricultural production. This study optimized the fermentation conditions for <em>B. velezensis</em> TCS001 through single-factor experiments combined with response surface methodology, and developed a formulation for TCS001 suspension concentrate (TCS001-SC). The efficacy of TCS001-SC to promote the growth of strawberries and to prevent and control strawberry anthracnose was evaluated. The optimal liquid fermentation condition for TCS001 was determined to be 2.89 % soluble peanut cake powder, 3.0 % glucose, 3.0 % soluble starch, 0.002 % FePO<sub>4</sub>, 0.006 % KCl, 0.6 % NaCl, 0.05 % MgCl<sub>2</sub>·6H<sub>2</sub>O, 0.3 % K<sub>2</sub>HPO<sub>4</sub>, 0.15 % KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>, 0.05 % CaCO<sub>3</sub>, 0.005 % MnSO<sub>4</sub>, a working volume of 31 % (77.5 mL/250 mL), a rotation speed of 173 r/min, a cultivation temperature of 28°C, an inoculum volume of 1.0 %, and a pH of 7.0. The 15 L fermenter upscale culture achieved a spore count of 9.46 × 10<sup>9</sup> CFU/mL, which was 2.01 times the spore count of 4.7 × 10<sup>9</sup> CFU/mL before optimization, and a preliminary TCS001-SC was developed with the fermented broth as the main component. Agar plate confrontation tests showed that TCS001 had antifungal activity against five types of anthracnose fungi, with inhibition rates ranging from 70.3 % to 87.2 %. TCS001-SC could promote the growth of strawberries and induce a rapid defense enzyme response in their leaves, enhancing the plant's resistance to pathogens. After treatment, individual strawberry plants showed significant increases in the number of leaves, fresh weight of stems and leaves, root fresh weight, leaf area, plant height, and the content of POD, SOD, CAT enzymes, GA, IAA, and ABA compared to the control.Additionally, it shows good prevention and control effects against strawberry anthracnose, with a control efficacy of 60.45% after five spray treatments at a concentration of 2 × 10<sup>7</sup> CFU/mL, which is not significantly different from the efficacy of commercial microbial agents such as <em>Bacillus subtilis</em> wettable powder, subsequent field trials will be conducted to determine its potential as a microbial pesticide. This study provides important support for the future industrial production and application of the strain TCS001.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142445260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-02DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105630
John D. Stark , John E. Banks
Accurately estimating the risk of sensitive populations subjected to toxicant disturbances is central to our ability to protect ecosystem services. While the gold standard for assessing risk historically involves static measures such as the LD50 or LC50, more sophisticated approaches have been developed in an attempt to capture more nuanced outcomes. In the 1980s the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) developed a tiered approach to determine the compatibility of pesticides and natural enemies in the context of integrated pest management (IPM). We analyzed the IOBC approach using stage-based matrix models to project population outcomes for four parasitoid species, Diaeretiella rapae, McIntosh, Fopius arisanus, (Sonan), Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmead, Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri) and the predator, Coccinella septempunctata L. By imposing mortality levels in matrix models equivalent to those outlined in the IOBC Tier 1 Class 1 (29 %) (harmless) and Class 2 (79 %) (slightly harmful) mortality classes, we explored discrepancies between the IOBC approach and population outcomes generated by these models. Our results highlight that the IOBC Class 1 and 2 levels of mortality are too high to protect many natural enemies from pesticides, setting the stage for unrealistically optimistic views of pesticide compatibility in many cases. Furthermore, a one size fits all approach to protect natural enemies from pesticides does not work because of differences in demographic rates among species which will be less negatively affected by Tier 1 levels of mortality and those that do not reproduce quickly and will thus be more vulnerable to pesticides. Therefore, the IOBC method should be used cautiously if at all, and results should be interpreted with the caveats and pitfalls highlighted here. Results of this study indicate that it is time to reevaluate how we estimate pesticide compatibility with natural enemies and adjust the methods and mortality thresholds based on more realistic measures of toxicity.
{"title":"Deconstructing the IOBC tiered method: Are we overestimating the compatibility of pesticides and natural enemies?","authors":"John D. Stark , John E. Banks","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105630","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105630","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accurately estimating the risk of sensitive populations subjected to toxicant disturbances is central to our ability to protect ecosystem services. While the gold standard for assessing risk historically involves static measures such as the LD50 or LC50, more sophisticated approaches have been developed in an attempt to capture more nuanced outcomes. In the 1980s the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) developed a tiered approach to determine the compatibility of pesticides and natural enemies in the context of integrated pest management (IPM). We analyzed the IOBC approach using stage-based matrix models to project population outcomes for four parasitoid species, <em>Diaeretiella rapae</em>, McIntosh, <em>Fopius arisanus</em>, (Sonan), <em>Diachasmimorpha longicaudata</em> Ashmead, <em>Psyttalia fletcheri</em> (Silvestri) and the predator, <em>Coccinella septempunctata L.</em> By imposing mortality levels in matrix models equivalent to those outlined in the IOBC Tier 1 Class 1 (29 %) (harmless) and Class 2 (79 %) (slightly harmful) mortality classes, we explored discrepancies between the IOBC approach and population outcomes generated by these models. Our results highlight that the IOBC Class 1 and 2 levels of mortality are too high to protect many natural enemies from pesticides, setting the stage for unrealistically optimistic views of pesticide compatibility in many cases. Furthermore, a one size fits all approach to protect natural enemies from pesticides does not work because of differences in demographic rates among species which will be less negatively affected by Tier 1 levels of mortality and those that do not reproduce quickly and will thus be more vulnerable to pesticides. Therefore, the IOBC method should be used cautiously if at all, and results should be interpreted with the caveats and pitfalls highlighted here. Results of this study indicate that it is time to reevaluate how we estimate pesticide compatibility with natural enemies and adjust the methods and mortality thresholds based on more realistic measures of toxicity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105630"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-30DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105628
Elizabeth A. Finch , Kris A.G. Wyckhuys , Ivan Rwomushana
The papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus, is a highly polyphagous invasive pest that affects at least 133 economically important crops, and causes economic losses worldwide. Acerophagus papayae (Noyes and Schauff), a parasitic wasp, has proven to be a successful biocontrol agent, but its use in Africa is limited. Here, we use a predictive correlative model to explore the potential distribution of A. papayae and relate it to data showing the potential distribution of P. marginatus, to highlight potentially suitable areas for biological control of P. marginatus, for its current distribution, as well as its potential future distribution.
The resulting model performed well with a test AUC of 0.89. Areas that were highly suitable for P. marginatus and were also suitable for A. papayae were highest across West Africa. Whilst there were areas which were suitable for both species in both East Africa and Central Africa, there were large areas of cropping land which were highly suitable for P. marginatus although not suitable for A. papayae. Across Northern and Southern Africa, there were limited cropping areas which were suitable for P. marginatus and where there was suitability, it was only moderate. Across these areas, there was limited suitability for A. papayae.
Our results offer refined information on the potential suitability for A. papayae across Africa with the aim to help guide decisions on the areas where use of A. papayae could be used effectively as a part of an integrated pest management programme against P. marginatus.
木瓜蚧（Paracoccus marginatus）是一种高度多食性入侵害虫，影响至少 133 种具有重要经济价值的作物，并在全球范围内造成经济损失。事实证明，寄生蜂 Acerophagus papayae（Noyes 和 Schauff）是一种成功的生物控制剂，但它在非洲的应用有限。在这里，我们使用一个预测相关模型来探索 A. papayae 的潜在分布情况，并将其与显示 P. marginatus 潜在分布情况的数据联系起来，以突出 P. marginatus 目前分布情况及其未来潜在分布情况中可能适合生物防治的地区。在整个西非，非常适合木薯的地区最多，同时也适合木薯甲。在东非和中非，有一些地区同时适合这两个物种的生长，但也有大面积的耕地虽然不适合木瓜蚁，但却非常适合木瓜蚁的生长。在非洲北部和南部，适合木瓜属植物生长的耕地面积有限，即使适合，也只是中等程度。我们的研究结果提供了有关非洲木瓜甲虫潜在适宜性的详细信息，目的是帮助指导决策，确定在哪些地区可以有效使用木瓜甲虫，作为虫害综合防治计划的一部分。
{"title":"Potential distribution of Acerophagus papayae, a parasitoid of the papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus), across Africa","authors":"Elizabeth A. Finch , Kris A.G. Wyckhuys , Ivan Rwomushana","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105628","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105628","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The papaya mealybug, <em>Paracoccus marginatus</em>, is a highly polyphagous invasive pest that affects at least 133 economically important crops, and causes economic losses worldwide. <em>Acerophagus papayae</em> (Noyes and Schauff), a parasitic wasp, has proven to be a successful biocontrol agent, but its use in Africa is limited. Here, we use a predictive correlative model to explore the potential distribution of <em>A. papayae</em> and relate it to data showing the potential distribution of <em>P. marginatus</em>, to highlight potentially suitable areas for biological control of <em>P. marginatus</em>, for its current distribution, as well as its potential future distribution.</div><div>The resulting model performed well with a test AUC of 0.89. Areas that were highly suitable for <em>P. marginatus</em> and were also suitable for <em>A. papayae</em> were highest across West Africa. Whilst there were areas which were suitable for both species in both East Africa and Central Africa, there were large areas of cropping land which were highly suitable for <em>P. marginatus</em> although not suitable for <em>A. papayae</em>. Across Northern and Southern Africa, there were limited cropping areas which were suitable for <em>P. marginatus</em> and where there was suitability, it was only moderate. Across these areas, there was limited suitability for <em>A. papayae</em>.</div><div>Our results offer refined information on the potential suitability for <em>A. papayae</em> across Africa with the aim to help guide decisions on the areas where use of <em>A. papayae</em> could be used effectively as a part of an integrated pest management programme against <em>P. marginatus</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105628"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142437754","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Several scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) cause major damage in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Especially root feeding scarab larvae cause substantial economic losses on crops, forage plants and recreational areas. In Europe, the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) Beauveria brongniartii and Metarhizium brunneum are applied against the most problematic, native scarabs, the common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) and the garden chafer (Phyllopertha horticola). While the control of cockchafer larvae with B. brongniartii is well-researched, conclusive results from field applications for the control of the garden chafer with M. brunneum remain elusive. We therefore assessed the performance of commercially available fungal strains of M. brunneum against garden chafer larvae in pot and large-scale field experiments.
The application of M. brunneum significantly increased the abundance of fungal propagules in the soil by approximately a factor of ten, irrespective of high levels of naturally occurring Metarhizium spp. Furthermore, the applied strains infected and propagated on the larvae and the mortality of garden chafer larvae was slightly increased due to the fungal treatments. We found three other EPF species frequently infecting garden chafer larvae (mean infection rates: 13–25%), including B. brongniartii which is considered to be a specific pathogen of the cockchafer. Thus, the applied fungal strains were only part of a consortium of natural enemies which reduces garden chafer populations strongly as a whole. Hence, we suggest that the application of EPF may be advisable on areas with reduced natural enemies such as golf courses but is probably redundant on meadows harboring a diverse consortium of antagonists.
{"title":"How to control nasty scarabs? Effectiveness of the generalist entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum against garden chafer larvae","authors":"Tanja Graf , Tabea Koch , Jürg Enkerli , Giselher Grabenweger","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105625","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105625","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Several scarab beetles (Scarabaeidae) cause major damage in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Especially root feeding scarab larvae cause substantial economic losses on crops, forage plants and recreational areas. In Europe, the entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) <em>Beauveria brongniartii</em> and <em>Metarhizium brunneum</em> are applied against the most problematic, native scarabs, the common cockchafer (<em>Melolontha melolontha</em>) and the garden chafer (<em>Phyllopertha horticola</em>). While the control of cockchafer larvae with <em>B. brongniartii</em> is well-researched, conclusive results from field applications for the control of the garden chafer with <em>M. brunneum</em> remain elusive. We therefore assessed the performance of commercially available fungal strains of <em>M. brunneum</em> against garden chafer larvae in pot and large-scale field experiments.</div><div>The application of <em>M. brunneum</em> significantly increased the abundance of fungal propagules in the soil by approximately a factor of ten, irrespective of high levels of naturally occurring <em>Metarhizium</em> spp. Furthermore, the applied strains infected and propagated on the larvae and the mortality of garden chafer larvae was slightly increased due to the fungal treatments. We found three other EPF species frequently infecting garden chafer larvae (mean infection rates: 13–25%), including <em>B. brongniartii</em> which is considered to be a specific pathogen of the cockchafer. Thus, the applied fungal strains were only part of a consortium of natural enemies which reduces garden chafer populations strongly as a whole. Hence, we suggest that the application of EPF may be advisable on areas with reduced natural enemies such as golf courses but is probably redundant on meadows harboring a diverse consortium of antagonists.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105625"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-29DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105629
Bomin Kim , Yeong Seok Kim , Jae Woo Han , Jeong Seon Yu , Tae Hoon Kim , Taek Su Shin , Gyung Ja Choi , Hun Kim
Chemical fungicides have been widely used to control plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Still, the overuse of these fungicides has led to concerns about the hazards to humans, animals, and the environment and an increase in fungicide resistance. Interest in biocontrol agents with strong antimicrobial activity has significantly increased to counteract the escalating risks of chemical fungicides. Our previous study found that a soil-born microbe, Brevibacillus brevis HK544, exhibited a promising antifungal activity against a plant pathogen, Fusarium graminearum, with edeine B1 identified as the active compound. Herein, we extended our study to investigate the in vitro and in vivo antifungal spectrum of B. brevis HK544, including edeine B1, against various plant pathogenic fungi and evaluated the possibility that B. brevis HK544 could be used in combination with chemical fungicides to enhance the disease control efficacy. With an in vitro broad-spectrum antifungal activity, the B. brevis HK544 culture filtrate, culture broth, and metabolite edeine B1 exhibited a promising disease control efficacy against tomato gray mold and tomato late blight among the tested fungal diseases. Based on the in vitro antifungal activity against Botrytis cinerea, when edeine B1 was combined with various chemical fungicides, the highest average synergy score among the tested combinations was observed in the edeine B1 and benomyl combination. The co-application of the B. brevis HK544 culture filtrate and benomyl improved the disease control efficacy against gray mold disease, supporting the in vitro result. Taken together, our results show that B. brevis HK544 has potential as a biological control agent for controlling plant pathogenic fungi and also that B. brevis HK544 could be combined with chemical fungicides to enhance the efficacy of antifungal agents.
化学杀菌剂已被广泛用于控制由真菌病原体引起的植物病害。然而，这些杀真菌剂的过度使用导致了对人类、动物和环境危害的担忧，以及杀真菌剂抗药性的增加。为了应对化学杀真菌剂不断升级的风险，人们对具有强大抗菌活性的生物控制剂的兴趣大大增加。我们之前的研究发现，土壤中生长的微生物 Brevibacillus brevis HK544 对植物病原体禾本科镰刀菌（Fusarium graminearum）具有良好的抗真菌活性，其中乙二胺 B1 被确定为活性化合物。在此，我们扩展了研究范围，调查了包括乙二胺四乙酸 B1 在内的 B. brevis HK544 对多种植物病原真菌的体外和体内抗真菌谱，并评估了 B. brevis HK544 与化学杀菌剂结合使用以提高病害防治效果的可能性。B. brevis HK544 的培养滤液、培养肉汤和代谢物 edeine B1 具有体外广谱抗真菌活性，对测试真菌病害中的番茄灰霉病和番茄晚疫病具有良好的病害防治效果。根据乙二胺 B1 对灰霉病的体外抗真菌活性，当乙二胺 B1 与各种化学杀真菌剂组合使用时，乙二胺 B1 与苯菌灵组合的平均增效作用得分最高。同时施用 B. brevis HK544 培养物滤液和苯菌灵可提高对灰霉病的防治效果，这与体外试验结果相吻合。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明 B. brevis HK544 具有作为生物防治剂控制植物病原真菌的潜力，而且 B. brevis HK544 可以与化学杀真菌剂结合使用，以提高抗真菌剂的功效。
{"title":"Biocontrol potential of Bevibacillus brevis HK544 for fungal plant diseases","authors":"Bomin Kim , Yeong Seok Kim , Jae Woo Han , Jeong Seon Yu , Tae Hoon Kim , Taek Su Shin , Gyung Ja Choi , Hun Kim","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105629","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105629","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Chemical fungicides have been widely used to control plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens. Still, the overuse of these fungicides has led to concerns about the hazards to humans, animals, and the environment and an increase in fungicide resistance. Interest in biocontrol agents with strong antimicrobial activity has significantly increased to counteract the escalating risks of chemical fungicides. Our previous study found that a soil-born microbe, <em>Brevibacillus brevis</em> HK544, exhibited a promising antifungal activity against a plant pathogen, <em>Fusarium graminearum</em>, with edeine B<sub>1</sub> identified as the active compound. Herein, we extended our study to investigate the <em>in vitro</em> and <em>in vivo</em> antifungal spectrum of <em>B. brevis</em> HK544, including edeine B<sub>1</sub>, against various plant pathogenic fungi and evaluated the possibility that <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 could be used in combination with chemical fungicides to enhance the disease control efficacy. With an <em>in vitro</em> broad-spectrum antifungal activity, the <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 culture filtrate, culture broth, and metabolite edeine B<sub>1</sub> exhibited a promising disease control efficacy against tomato gray mold and tomato late blight among the tested fungal diseases. Based on the <em>in vitro</em> antifungal activity against <em>Botrytis cinerea</em>, when edeine B<sub>1</sub> was combined with various chemical fungicides, the highest average synergy score among the tested combinations was observed in the edeine B<sub>1</sub> and benomyl combination. The co-application of the <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 culture filtrate and benomyl improved the disease control efficacy against gray mold disease, supporting the <em>in vitro</em> result. Taken together, our results show that <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 has potential as a biological control agent for controlling plant pathogenic fungi and also that <em>B. brevis</em> HK544 could be combined with chemical fungicides to enhance the efficacy of antifungal agents.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105629"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420257","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105623
I.D. Paterson , G.J. Cabrera Walsh
{"title":"Editorial: The XVI international symposium on biological control of weeds","authors":"I.D. Paterson , G.J. Cabrera Walsh","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105623","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105623","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105623"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142357603","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105627
Colin M. Ferguson , Diane M. Barton , Nicola K. Richards , Karren O’Neill , Samuel D.J. Brown , Barbara I.P. Barratt
The parasitoids Microctonus aethiopoides Loan (Moroccan and Irish ecotypes) and M. hyperodae Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have been introduced to New Zealand as biological control agents for agricultural pest weevils Sitona discoideus Gyllenhal, S. obsoletus Gmelin and Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel). These parasitoids are also present in native tussock grassland habitats and a survey carried out over two years at nine tussock grassland sites demonstrated that several endemic weevil species were parasitized by these biological control agents within these habitats. New records of non-target parasitism were found for the endemic species of Chalepistes, Nicaeana, and Eugnomus. It was found that M. aethiopoides is established and cycling within weevil communities in these environments, using endemic weevil hosts in part, but pathways also exist via three pest weevil species for spillover from agricultural environments. Parasitism of endemic weevils was not found to be ubiquitous in these environments and parasitism levels were mostly below 10%.
{"title":"Non-target parasitism of endemic weevils by introduced Microctonus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) species in tussock grasslands of Otago and Southland, New Zealand","authors":"Colin M. Ferguson , Diane M. Barton , Nicola K. Richards , Karren O’Neill , Samuel D.J. Brown , Barbara I.P. Barratt","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105627","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105627","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The parasitoids <em>Microctonus aethiopoides</em> Loan (Moroccan and Irish ecotypes) and <em>M. hyperodae</em> Loan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) have been introduced to New Zealand as biological control agents for agricultural pest weevils <em>Sitona discoideus</em> Gyllenhal, <em>S. obsoletus</em> Gmelin and <em>Listronotus bonariensis</em> (Kuschel). These parasitoids are also present in native tussock grassland habitats and a survey carried out over two years at nine tussock grassland sites demonstrated that several endemic weevil species were parasitized by these biological control agents within these habitats. New records of non-target parasitism were found for the endemic species of <em>Chalepistes, Nicaeana</em>, and <em>Eugnomus</em>. It was found that <em>M. aethiopoides</em> is established and cycling within weevil communities in these environments, using endemic weevil hosts in part, but pathways also exist via three pest weevil species for spillover from agricultural environments. Parasitism of endemic weevils was not found to be ubiquitous in these environments and parasitism levels were mostly below 10%.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105627"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-26DOI: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105626
Leonardo Roswadoski , Weidson P. Sutil , Gabriel S. Carneiro , Rodrigo M.A. Maciel , Aloisio Coelho Jr , Adeney F. Bueno
The release of Telenomus podisi in the pupae stage for the control of Euschistus heros can be negatively affected by biotic and abiotic causes of mortality, reducing parasitoid emergence from pupae in the field. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a solid diet for adults of T. podisi that can be used inside capsules to enable the release of fed and copulated adults. Among different tested diets, 100 % honey, offered as honey-macerated cotton strings, obtained the best results. This solid honey diet is the most appropriate to feed T. podisi inside release capsules, enabling the release of fed adults and, thereby, reducing parasitoid mortality. In addition, the solid diet inside capsules ensures that parasitoids can be stored for at the least 15 days after the onset of adult emergence before their release in the field. This makes the release process more flexible and attractive to farmers by enabling a release delay in bad weather conditions or for other reasons.
释放蛹期的荚膜泰乐门（Telenomus podisi）来控制鞘翅目椿象（Euschistus heros）可能会受到生物和非生物死亡原因的负面影响，减少寄生虫在田间从蛹中的出现。因此，这项工作的目的是开发一种可在胶囊内使用的豆荚蝽成虫固体食物，以便释放吃饱并交配的成虫。在不同的测试食物中，以蜂蜜掺杂棉线的形式提供的 100 % 蜂蜜取得了最佳效果。这种固体蜂蜜饲料最适合在释放胶囊内喂养 T. podisi，可以释放吃饱的成虫，从而降低寄生虫的死亡率。此外，胶囊内的固体食物可确保寄生虫在成虫出现后至少存放 15 天，然后再释放到田间。这使得释放过程更加灵活，对农民更有吸引力，因为在恶劣天气条件下或由于其他原因，可以推迟释放时间。
{"title":"Release strategy and egg parasitism of Telenomus podisi adults fed with different diets","authors":"Leonardo Roswadoski , Weidson P. Sutil , Gabriel S. Carneiro , Rodrigo M.A. Maciel , Aloisio Coelho Jr , Adeney F. Bueno","doi":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105626","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105626","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The release of <em>Telenomus podisi</em> in the pupae stage for the control of <em>Euschistus heros</em> can be negatively affected by biotic and abiotic causes of mortality, reducing parasitoid emergence from pupae in the field. Therefore, this work aimed to develop a solid diet for adults of <em>T. podisi</em> that can be used inside capsules to enable the release of fed and copulated adults. Among different tested diets, 100 % honey, offered as honey-macerated cotton strings, obtained the best results. This solid honey diet is the most appropriate to feed <em>T. podisi</em> inside release capsules, enabling the release of fed adults and, thereby, reducing parasitoid mortality. In addition, the solid diet inside capsules ensures that parasitoids can be stored for at the least 15 days after the onset of adult emergence before their release in the field. This makes the release process more flexible and attractive to farmers by enabling a release delay in bad weather conditions or for other reasons.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":8880,"journal":{"name":"Biological Control","volume":"198 ","pages":"Article 105626"},"PeriodicalIF":3.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142420258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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