Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a kind of vector transmitted disease, by Aedes aegypti. It is one of major public health problem around the world, including Indonesia, because it may lead to epidemics and death in a short time. The use of plant extracts as bio-larvicidal is thought to be a promising solution, and one of them is the betel leaves (Piper betle L). The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a diluent is thought may increase the dispersity of plant extract in the water which is larval medium of growth. Objectives: To determine the bio-larvicidal potential of 95% ethanolic extract of betel leaves (EEBL) in addition of PEG 400 diluent on the Aedes aegypti larval mortality. Material and Method: Betel leaves were extracted by maceration using 95% of ethanol. There are two kinds of EEBL concentration used, 0.2% dan 0.4%. PEG 400 was also added as diluent. The samples in this study were Aedes aegypti larvae at instar III-IV, with a total of 400 larvae. Evaluation was performed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The data obtained was then analyzed by Kruskall Wallis test and post-hoc Mann Whitney test. Result: In all of treatment groups, larval mortality was reached 100% at 24 hours. From the Kruskall Wallis test, p-value obtained was <0.05. From post-hoc Mann Whitney test, the p-value obtained in the comparation between treatment groups and positive control group was >0.05, and the p-value obtained in the comparation between treatment groups and negative control group was <0.05. Conclusion: EEBL in addition of PEG 400 diluent is potential as bio-larvicidal on Aedes aegypti larvae. It is also known that EEBL at concentration of 0.2% and 0.4% in addition of PEG 400 are as effective as temephos as larvicides on Aedes aegypti larvae.
{"title":"Bio-larvicidal Potential of Betel Leaves (Piper betle L) Ethanolic Extract in Addition of PEG 400 Diluent on Aedes aegypti Larvae","authors":"Listiana Masyita Dewi, Hilda Zaniba Ariffah, Riandini Aisyah, Nurhayani Nurhayani","doi":"10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.451-455","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.451-455","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a kind of vector transmitted disease, by Aedes aegypti. It is one of major public health problem around the world, including Indonesia, because it may lead to epidemics and death in a short time. The use of plant extracts as bio-larvicidal is thought to be a promising solution, and one of them is the betel leaves (Piper betle L). The addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a diluent is thought may increase the dispersity of plant extract in the water which is larval medium of growth. Objectives: To determine the bio-larvicidal potential of 95% ethanolic extract of betel leaves (EEBL) in addition of PEG 400 diluent on the Aedes aegypti larval mortality. Material and Method: Betel leaves were extracted by maceration using 95% of ethanol. There are two kinds of EEBL concentration used, 0.2% dan 0.4%. PEG 400 was also added as diluent. The samples in this study were Aedes aegypti larvae at instar III-IV, with a total of 400 larvae. Evaluation was performed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 hours. The data obtained was then analyzed by Kruskall Wallis test and post-hoc Mann Whitney test. Result: In all of treatment groups, larval mortality was reached 100% at 24 hours. From the Kruskall Wallis test, p-value obtained was <0.05. From post-hoc Mann Whitney test, the p-value obtained in the comparation between treatment groups and positive control group was >0.05, and the p-value obtained in the comparation between treatment groups and negative control group was <0.05. Conclusion: EEBL in addition of PEG 400 diluent is potential as bio-larvicidal on Aedes aegypti larvae. It is also known that EEBL at concentration of 0.2% and 0.4% in addition of PEG 400 are as effective as temephos as larvicides on Aedes aegypti larvae.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135165118","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-14DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.441-450
Pernia Kamran, Ahsan Ibrahim
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that mostly affects the lungs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis infection, leading to granulomatous lesions in affected lung tissue. It is one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious diseases among the under developed countries. This study aims to investigate the possible inhibition of the acyl carrier protein reductase for preventing tuberculosis by well-known alkaloids, thereby reducing Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in the lungs and thereby reducing the incidence of latent and active TB. About five natural alkaloids were subjected to the molecular docking analysis, which produced favorable findings in terms of best pose and binding energies of these compounds towards the active residues of mycobacterial ACP reductase, with values ranging from -10 kcal/mol to -9.1 kcal/mol. The molecular dynamics simulation produced similar encouraging results. All of the prospective alkaloid compounds were subjected to an in-silico toxicity investigation, which determined that every compound was safe and non-toxic. Further studies may be necessary for effective formulation development employing these compounds as part of the process of drug discovery and development. The findings from this study may be helpful in the development of the novel nanoformulations using natural products for pharmacotherapy of tuberculosis infection.
{"title":"Alkaloids Lead to Potential Inhibition of the Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase to Attenuate Tuberculosis; an in-silico Analysis","authors":"Pernia Kamran, Ahsan Ibrahim","doi":"10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.441-450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.441-450","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection that mostly affects the lungs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis infection, leading to granulomatous lesions in affected lung tissue. It is one of the most prevalent and deadly infectious diseases among the under developed countries. This study aims to investigate the possible inhibition of the acyl carrier protein reductase for preventing tuberculosis by well-known alkaloids, thereby reducing Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth in the lungs and thereby reducing the incidence of latent and active TB. About five natural alkaloids were subjected to the molecular docking analysis, which produced favorable findings in terms of best pose and binding energies of these compounds towards the active residues of mycobacterial ACP reductase, with values ranging from -10 kcal/mol to -9.1 kcal/mol. The molecular dynamics simulation produced similar encouraging results. All of the prospective alkaloid compounds were subjected to an in-silico toxicity investigation, which determined that every compound was safe and non-toxic. Further studies may be necessary for effective formulation development employing these compounds as part of the process of drug discovery and development. The findings from this study may be helpful in the development of the novel nanoformulations using natural products for pharmacotherapy of tuberculosis infection.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135308283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-12DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.437-440
Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Dyah Koesoemawardani, Lathifa Indraningtyas
Indonesia's shrimp industry is growing rapidly, but a surge in shrimp waste such as shells and heads shrimps are increasing as well. These waste products contain important components such as protein, minerals, and amino acids. This study aims to determine the chemical properties of liquid broth extracted from freshwater and marine shrimp shells, including ash, protein, fat, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and antioxidant. The liquid broth was extracted by boiling shrimp shells and heads in water with a ratio of 1:2 for 1 hour at 80oC. Results indicate that the type of shrimp used did not affect the broth's ash, fat, protein, MSG, or antioxidant content. Marine and freshwater shrimp liquid broths contain 0.56% and 0.28% ash, 0.10% and 0.50% fat, 2.19% and 1.97% protein, 1.5291% and 1.6274% MSG, and 2263.73 ppm and 2786.2 ppm antioxidant.
{"title":"Chemical Properties of Liquid Broth Extracted from Freshwater and Marine Shrimp Shells Waste","authors":"Esa Ghanim Fadhallah, Dyah Koesoemawardani, Lathifa Indraningtyas","doi":"10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.437-440","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.437-440","url":null,"abstract":"Indonesia's shrimp industry is growing rapidly, but a surge in shrimp waste such as shells and heads shrimps are increasing as well. These waste products contain important components such as protein, minerals, and amino acids. This study aims to determine the chemical properties of liquid broth extracted from freshwater and marine shrimp shells, including ash, protein, fat, monosodium glutamate (MSG), and antioxidant. The liquid broth was extracted by boiling shrimp shells and heads in water with a ratio of 1:2 for 1 hour at 80oC. Results indicate that the type of shrimp used did not affect the broth's ash, fat, protein, MSG, or antioxidant content. Marine and freshwater shrimp liquid broths contain 0.56% and 0.28% ash, 0.10% and 0.50% fat, 2.19% and 1.97% protein, 1.5291% and 1.6274% MSG, and 2263.73 ppm and 2786.2 ppm antioxidant.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135353951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-12DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.431-435
Lekpa Kingdom David, Precious Ojo Uahomo, Victor Hogan Idung, Rachael Data Dakoru
Konzo is a neurological disorder of selective upper motor neurons. It is an irreversible paralytic disease associated with prolonged consumption of Cassava. It contains cyanogenic glycosides metabolized to hydrogen cyanide, which has been shown by studies to affect the motor neurons of the central nervous system. The Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) scale is a recently developed forelimb scale for the assessment of fine control of the forelimb and digits after cervical spinal cord injury such as Konzo. 20 Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 experimental groups (i) control n=5, (ii) konzo-induced group n=5, (iii) induced + Complan n=5 (iv) Induced + Bambara Nut (Okpa). The bitter cassava foods were taken by oral ingestion for a period of 4 weeks. The assessment of the forelimb and digits were done using the Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) with specific parameters such as Predominant Elbow Joint movement, Contact Volar Support, and Grasping method. The body weight of the animals was also recorded every week. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. The result obtained showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the body weight of the animals induced with Konzo and rehabilitated with Complan milk and Bambara nut when compared to the unrehabilitated Konzo-induced group. There were differences in the results of the parameters being tested for the Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) scaling. The IBB scale confirmed that there was a high level of cyanide content in the cassava which affected the behavioral attributes of the induced group and it also confirmed that the induced group can be ameliorated with the use of Complan and Bambara Nut (Okpa) which was shown in the parameters being tested such as Predominant Elbow Joint movement, Contact Volar Support, and Grasping method. It was concluded that insufficiently processed bitter cassava is toxic and has neurotoxicity effects on the Spinal Cord especially on the upper motor neurons and IBB scale is capable of measuring gradual improvements in motor forelimb functions in this model and may be a new and effective assessment tool for peripheral nerve injury.
{"title":"Assessment of Sensorimotor Behaviour in Konzo-Induced Rats Using the Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan Forelimb Scale","authors":"Lekpa Kingdom David, Precious Ojo Uahomo, Victor Hogan Idung, Rachael Data Dakoru","doi":"10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.431-435","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2023.122.431-435","url":null,"abstract":"Konzo is a neurological disorder of selective upper motor neurons. It is an irreversible paralytic disease associated with prolonged consumption of Cassava. It contains cyanogenic glycosides metabolized to hydrogen cyanide, which has been shown by studies to affect the motor neurons of the central nervous system. The Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) scale is a recently developed forelimb scale for the assessment of fine control of the forelimb and digits after cervical spinal cord injury such as Konzo. 20 Adult male Wistar rats were assigned to 4 experimental groups (i) control n=5, (ii) konzo-induced group n=5, (iii) induced + Complan n=5 (iv) Induced + Bambara Nut (Okpa). The bitter cassava foods were taken by oral ingestion for a period of 4 weeks. The assessment of the forelimb and digits were done using the Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) with specific parameters such as Predominant Elbow Joint movement, Contact Volar Support, and Grasping method. The body weight of the animals was also recorded every week. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA. The result obtained showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the body weight of the animals induced with Konzo and rehabilitated with Complan milk and Bambara nut when compared to the unrehabilitated Konzo-induced group. There were differences in the results of the parameters being tested for the Irvine, Beattie Bresnahan (IBB) scaling. The IBB scale confirmed that there was a high level of cyanide content in the cassava which affected the behavioral attributes of the induced group and it also confirmed that the induced group can be ameliorated with the use of Complan and Bambara Nut (Okpa) which was shown in the parameters being tested such as Predominant Elbow Joint movement, Contact Volar Support, and Grasping method. It was concluded that insufficiently processed bitter cassava is toxic and has neurotoxicity effects on the Spinal Cord especially on the upper motor neurons and IBB scale is capable of measuring gradual improvements in motor forelimb functions in this model and may be a new and effective assessment tool for peripheral nerve injury.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135353950","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-17DOI: 10.14421/biomedich.2021.102.135-140
Udeme O. Georgewill, Elias Adikwu
Artemisinin-based combination (ACT) therapy is the mainstay for malaria treatment. However, Plasmodium parasite with decreased susceptibility to ACT has emerged. Hence, it is imperative to discover new drugs or explore new drug combinations that can decrease Plasmodium parasite resistance. This study assessed the antiplasmodial activity of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine- doxycycline (D-P-DX) on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Swiss albino mice (25-30g) of both sexes inoculated with 1x107 Plasmodium berghei intraperitoneally were used. The mice were randomly grouped and orally treated with DX (2.2 mg/kg), D-P (1.71/13.7 mg/kg) and D-P-DX daily in curative, suppressive and prophylactic studies. The negative and the positive controls were treated daily with normal saline (0.2mL) and chloroquine (CQ) (10mg/kg), respectively. After treatment, blood samples were assessed for percentage parasitemia, hematological and lipid parameters. Also, the mice were observed for mean survival time. D-P, DX, and D-P-DX produced significant decreases in percentage parasitemia at p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively when compared to negative control. In the curative study, D-P, DX, and D-P-DX produced 64.9%, 71.1%, and 93.6% parasitemia inhibitions when compared to 70.0% inhibition produced by CQ. Plasmodium berghei -induced alterations in packed cell volume, white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly restored by DX (p<0.05) and D-P (p<0.01) and D-P-DX (p<0.001) when compared to the negative control. D-P-DX showed significant antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei- infected mice. It may be clinically useful for the treatment of malaria.
{"title":"Repurposing Dihydroartemisinin-Piperaquine-Doxycycline as an Antimalarial Drug: A Study in Plasmodium berghei-Infected Mice","authors":"Udeme O. Georgewill, Elias Adikwu","doi":"10.14421/biomedich.2021.102.135-140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2021.102.135-140","url":null,"abstract":"Artemisinin-based combination (ACT) therapy is the mainstay for malaria treatment. However, Plasmodium parasite with decreased susceptibility to ACT has emerged. Hence, it is imperative to discover new drugs or explore new drug combinations that can decrease Plasmodium parasite resistance. This study assessed the antiplasmodial activity of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine- doxycycline (D-P-DX) on mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. Swiss albino mice (25-30g) of both sexes inoculated with 1x107 Plasmodium berghei intraperitoneally were used. The mice were randomly grouped and orally treated with DX (2.2 mg/kg), D-P (1.71/13.7 mg/kg) and D-P-DX daily in curative, suppressive and prophylactic studies. The negative and the positive controls were treated daily with normal saline (0.2mL) and chloroquine (CQ) (10mg/kg), respectively. After treatment, blood samples were assessed for percentage parasitemia, hematological and lipid parameters. Also, the mice were observed for mean survival time. D-P, DX, and D-P-DX produced significant decreases in percentage parasitemia at p<0.05, p<0.01 and p<0.001, respectively when compared to negative control. In the curative study, D-P, DX, and D-P-DX produced 64.9%, 71.1%, and 93.6% parasitemia inhibitions when compared to 70.0% inhibition produced by CQ. Plasmodium berghei -induced alterations in packed cell volume, white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly restored by DX (p<0.05) and D-P (p<0.01) and D-P-DX (p<0.001) when compared to the negative control. D-P-DX showed significant antiplasmodial activity against Plasmodium berghei- infected mice. It may be clinically useful for the treatment of malaria.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78458066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-02DOI: 10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.129-133
A. A. G. Indraningrat, M. Wijaya, P. Suryanditha, Ayu Savitri Siskayani, N. M. D. Janurianti
In this study we reported cultivation of bacteria associated with mangrove soil from the Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Bali. Mangrove soil samples were serially diluted using sterile artificial seawater, spread onto Starch Casein M agar and incubated at 28oC for 28 days. Cultivation of mangrove soil samples yielded 165 bacterial colonies with 68 isolates were selected and purified based on different morphology. Of these 68 isolates, 22 isolates displayed antibacterial activities ranging from weak to strong inhibition against at least one of four bacterial indicators namely Staphyloccocus aureus, Streptococus mutans, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using perpendicular streak method. Overall, 19 out of 22 bacteria isolates displayed weak antibacterial potential and two isolates exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. The isolate SA4 was the only bacterium with strong antibacterial potential with measured clear distance ≥ 10 mm against the four bacterial isolates. Sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA gene fragment assigned the isolate SA4 as Bacillus subtilis strain BIL/BS-168. Overall, this study confirmed the untapped potential of antibacterial activities from bacteria associated with mangrove soil.
{"title":"Antibacterial Screening of Bacterial Isolates Associated with Mangrove Soil from the Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest Bali","authors":"A. A. G. Indraningrat, M. Wijaya, P. Suryanditha, Ayu Savitri Siskayani, N. M. D. Janurianti","doi":"10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.129-133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.129-133","url":null,"abstract":"In this study we reported cultivation of bacteria associated with mangrove soil from the Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Bali. Mangrove soil samples were serially diluted using sterile artificial seawater, spread onto Starch Casein M agar and incubated at 28oC for 28 days. Cultivation of mangrove soil samples yielded 165 bacterial colonies with 68 isolates were selected and purified based on different morphology. Of these 68 isolates, 22 isolates displayed antibacterial activities ranging from weak to strong inhibition against at least one of four bacterial indicators namely Staphyloccocus aureus, Streptococus mutans, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae using perpendicular streak method. Overall, 19 out of 22 bacteria isolates displayed weak antibacterial potential and two isolates exhibited moderate antibacterial activity. The isolate SA4 was the only bacterium with strong antibacterial potential with measured clear distance ≥ 10 mm against the four bacterial isolates. Sequence analysis based on 16S rRNA gene fragment assigned the isolate SA4 as Bacillus subtilis strain BIL/BS-168. Overall, this study confirmed the untapped potential of antibacterial activities from bacteria associated with mangrove soil.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78842735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-11-02DOI: 10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.123-127
S. Sugiyanto, M. A. Hamid, Alya Adianta, Hanny Puspha Jayanti, Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi
The stability analysis in this mathematical model was related to the infection of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). In this mathematical model there were two balance points, namely the point of balance free from Covid-19 and the one infected with Covid-19. The stability of the equilibrium point was influenced by all parameters, i.e. target cells die during each cycle, number of target cells at  = 0, target cells infected during each cycle based on virion unit density, effective surface area of the network, the ratio of the number of virus particles to the number of virions, infected cells die during each cycle, the number of virus particles produced by each infected cell during each cycle, and virus particles die during each cycle. In the simulation model, immunity is divided into high, medium and low immunity. For high, moderate and low immunity, respectively, the highest number of target cells is in high, medium and low immunity, whereas for the number of infected cells and the number of Covid-19, it is in the opposite sequence of the number of target cells.
{"title":"Stability Analysis of Mathematical Modeling of Interaction between Target Cells and COVID-19 Infected Cells","authors":"S. Sugiyanto, M. A. Hamid, Alya Adianta, Hanny Puspha Jayanti, Muhammad Ja’far Luthfi","doi":"10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.123-127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.123-127","url":null,"abstract":"The stability analysis in this mathematical model was related to the infection of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). In this mathematical model there were two balance points, namely the point of balance free from Covid-19 and the one infected with Covid-19. The stability of the equilibrium point was influenced by all parameters, i.e. target cells die during each cycle, number of target cells at  = 0, target cells infected during each cycle based on virion unit density, effective surface area of the network, the ratio of the number of virus particles to the number of virions, infected cells die during each cycle, the number of virus particles produced by each infected cell during each cycle, and virus particles die during each cycle. In the simulation model, immunity is divided into high, medium and low immunity. For high, moderate and low immunity, respectively, the highest number of target cells is in high, medium and low immunity, whereas for the number of infected cells and the number of Covid-19, it is in the opposite sequence of the number of target cells.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85178323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-21DOI: 10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.117-121
M. Wijaya, A. A. G. Indraningrat
The increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance in the past decades has motivated the search for novel antibacterial compounds to overcome infectious diseases. Among diverse natural sources, mangrove ecosystems offer untapped sources of biological active compounds for future antibacterial medicine. This research was aimed to evaluate antibacterial activities of crude extracts of four dominant mangrove plants from the Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest namely Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba. Roots of these four plants were extracted using methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. These crude extracts were tested against two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) and two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli dan Klebsiella pneumoniae) by disc difussion assay. We found that 3 mg/mL of N-hexane crude extracts from R. apiculata yielded the highest zone of inhibition of 8.64 mm against S. aureus. While, 3 mg/mL of chloroform crude extract of R. apiculata yielded the highest inhibition of 19.83 mm against S. mutans. Unfortunately, no zone of inhibition was observed when crude extracts were tested against Gram negative indicator strains. Our results indicate that the root crude extracts of R. apiculata yielded the highest zone of inhibition against Gram positive indicator strains compared to root crude extracts of R. mucronata, S. alba, and A. marina. Further research is required to determine the antibacterial activities of the mangrove crude extracts against other bacterial indicator strains to determine their spectrum of activities.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Mangrove Root Extracts from Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest, Denpasar-Bali","authors":"M. Wijaya, A. A. G. Indraningrat","doi":"10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.117-121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.117-121","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing rate of antimicrobial resistance in the past decades has motivated the search for novel antibacterial compounds to overcome infectious diseases. Among diverse natural sources, mangrove ecosystems offer untapped sources of biological active compounds for future antibacterial medicine. This research was aimed to evaluate antibacterial activities of crude extracts of four dominant mangrove plants from the Ngurah Rai Mangrove Forest namely Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba. Roots of these four plants were extracted using methanol, chloroform, and n-hexane. These crude extracts were tested against two Gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) and two Gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli dan Klebsiella pneumoniae) by disc difussion assay. We found that 3 mg/mL of N-hexane crude extracts from R. apiculata yielded the highest zone of inhibition of 8.64 mm against S. aureus. While, 3 mg/mL of chloroform crude extract of R. apiculata yielded the highest inhibition of 19.83 mm against S. mutans. Unfortunately, no zone of inhibition was observed when crude extracts were tested against Gram negative indicator strains. Our results indicate that the root crude extracts of R. apiculata yielded the highest zone of inhibition against Gram positive indicator strains compared to root crude extracts of R. mucronata, S. alba, and A. marina. Further research is required to determine the antibacterial activities of the mangrove crude extracts against other bacterial indicator strains to determine their spectrum of activities.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89784145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-08DOI: 10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.93-103
F. Hidayanti, K. Lestari, Nano Sujani, J. Raharjo
A study on the synthesis of black powder (La2NiO4) material using the solution combustion synthesis method at a variation of synthesis temperature of 60, 70, and 80°C was carried out. It produces a mass of black powder of 2 grams by four times of synthesis process. Then, material characterization was performed on the black powder samples obtained by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the phases formed, Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to determine the morphology and analyze the composition elemental on the microscale and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to determine chemical bonds. From the whole black powder sample, XRD analysis showed the phases of Dilantanum Nickel Tetraoxide (La2NiO4), Nickel Oxide (NiO), Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3), and Lanthanum Oxide Ht x-form (La2O3 Ht (x-form)). In addition, it was seen from the visible compositions of the phases that the NiO phase looks more dominant and the variation of the synthesis temperature shows that the La2O3 phase was increasing. This was supported by the EDS analysis, which showed that the EDS spectrum contains elements La, Ni, and O where the element O indicates that oxidation occurs in the elements Ni and La. On the other hand, the SEM analysis results confirm that the black powder sample contains the elements La and Ni, based on the high and low electron images contained in the morphology of the black powder sample. In addition, it was also known that the particles in the black powder sample were micron size and had porous morphology. This occurs due to rapid thermal decomposition events and excessive gas development. In addition, FTIR analysis showed that the O-H bond had been reduced and there are still C-O and C-H bonds indicating the presence of organic elements possessed by glycine.
{"title":"A Physical Chemistry Study of Black Powder Materials by Solution Combustion Synthesis Method","authors":"F. Hidayanti, K. Lestari, Nano Sujani, J. Raharjo","doi":"10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.93-103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.93-103","url":null,"abstract":"A study on the synthesis of black powder (La2NiO4) material using the solution combustion synthesis method at a variation of synthesis temperature of 60, 70, and 80°C was carried out. It produces a mass of black powder of 2 grams by four times of synthesis process. Then, material characterization was performed on the black powder samples obtained by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine the phases formed, Scanning Electron Microscopy - Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) to determine the morphology and analyze the composition elemental on the microscale and Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) to determine chemical bonds. From the whole black powder sample, XRD analysis showed the phases of Dilantanum Nickel Tetraoxide (La2NiO4), Nickel Oxide (NiO), Lanthanum Oxide (La2O3), and Lanthanum Oxide Ht x-form (La2O3 Ht (x-form)). In addition, it was seen from the visible compositions of the phases that the NiO phase looks more dominant and the variation of the synthesis temperature shows that the La2O3 phase was increasing. This was supported by the EDS analysis, which showed that the EDS spectrum contains elements La, Ni, and O where the element O indicates that oxidation occurs in the elements Ni and La. On the other hand, the SEM analysis results confirm that the black powder sample contains the elements La and Ni, based on the high and low electron images contained in the morphology of the black powder sample. In addition, it was also known that the particles in the black powder sample were micron size and had porous morphology. This occurs due to rapid thermal decomposition events and excessive gas development. In addition, FTIR analysis showed that the O-H bond had been reduced and there are still C-O and C-H bonds indicating the presence of organic elements possessed by glycine.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74276664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-07DOI: 10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.87-91
Muflihah Rizkawati
The main objective of this review is to explain the great potential of herbal plants as anticancer agents. Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell growth in the body. The high number of cancer incidents still become a global concern because of the high mortality rate. The treatments of cancer such as chemotherapy can cause serious side effects by killing the normal cells. This is the reason why it is necessary to develop an alternative treatment of cancer. I discussed a plant that is believed to has health benefit. Many studies have showed the positive effect of Tithonia diversifolia plant for health. After 2000, the researchers discovered a new potential through its cytotoxicity to neoplastic cells. This plant needs to be developed sustainably. However, in the future this plant might become an effective alternative to treat cancer with lower side effects.
{"title":"Potential of Tithonia diversifolia Hemsley A. Gray (Kembang Bulan) Leaf Extract as Anti-Cancer Agents","authors":"Muflihah Rizkawati","doi":"10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.87-91","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14421/BIOMEDICH.2021.102.87-91","url":null,"abstract":"The main objective of this review is to explain the great potential of herbal plants as anticancer agents. Cancer is a disease caused by abnormal cell growth in the body. The high number of cancer incidents still become a global concern because of the high mortality rate. The treatments of cancer such as chemotherapy can cause serious side effects by killing the normal cells. This is the reason why it is necessary to develop an alternative treatment of cancer. I discussed a plant that is believed to has health benefit. Many studies have showed the positive effect of Tithonia diversifolia plant for health. After 2000, the researchers discovered a new potential through its cytotoxicity to neoplastic cells. This plant needs to be developed sustainably. However, in the future this plant might become an effective alternative to treat cancer with lower side effects.","PeriodicalId":8882,"journal":{"name":"Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72916364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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