Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01101-3
M. R. N. Moore, S. E. Tank, M. R. Kurek, M. Taskovic, A. M. McKenna, J. L. J. Smith, S. V. Koklej, R. G. M. Spencer
The Arctic is warming at a rate twice that of other global ecosystems and changing climate conditions in the Arctic are mobilizing long frozen permafrost stores of organic carbon. In ice-rich regions, permafrost thaw on sloping terrain can cause land subsidence, and the development of thaw-driven mass wasting. The Peel Plateau, Northwest Territories, Canada has extensive thaw-driven landslides called retrogressive thaw slumps that are exposing early Holocene age paleo-thaw layers and Pleistocene age glaciogenic material deposited by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. This study aimed to see if unique retrogressive thaw slump derived permafrost inputs could be readily observed in streams across six diverse thermokarst features via optical and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Aquatic samples from water draining thermokarst slump features, and downstream of thermokarst inputs exhibited higher dissolved organic carbon concentrations and lower aromaticity as evidenced by optical parameters (e.g. declining SUVA254, increasing S275-295) and FT-ICR MS metrics (e.g. lower AImod and nominal oxidation state of carbon) versus upstream of thermokarst impacts. Increases in the relative abundances of assigned heteroatomic molecular formulae (e.g. CHON, CHOS, CHONS) were also greater within and downstream of thermokarst features. The unique molecular formulae present in permafrost thermokarst inputs were determined (n = 1844) and subsequently tracked downstream. These permafrost marker formulae were enriched in aliphatics and H/C, as well as heteroatoms and exhibited low aromaticity. A portion of the unique molecular fingerprint persisted downstream, highlighting the potential to not only assess thermokarst inputs but also to follow these inputs and their fate downstream throughout the aquatic network.
{"title":"Ultrahigh resolution dissolved organic matter characterization reveals distinct permafrost characteristics on the Peel Plateau, Canada","authors":"M. R. N. Moore, S. E. Tank, M. R. Kurek, M. Taskovic, A. M. McKenna, J. L. J. Smith, S. V. Koklej, R. G. M. Spencer","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01101-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01101-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The Arctic is warming at a rate twice that of other global ecosystems and changing climate conditions in the Arctic are mobilizing long frozen permafrost stores of organic carbon. In ice-rich regions, permafrost thaw on sloping terrain can cause land subsidence, and the development of thaw-driven mass wasting. The Peel Plateau, Northwest Territories, Canada has extensive thaw-driven landslides called retrogressive thaw slumps that are exposing early Holocene age paleo-thaw layers and Pleistocene age glaciogenic material deposited by the Laurentide Ice Sheet. This study aimed to see if unique retrogressive thaw slump derived permafrost inputs could be readily observed in streams across six diverse thermokarst features via optical and ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry. Aquatic samples from water draining thermokarst slump features, and downstream of thermokarst inputs exhibited higher dissolved organic carbon concentrations and lower aromaticity as evidenced by optical parameters (e.g. declining SUVA<sub>254</sub>, increasing <i>S</i><sub>275-295</sub>) and FT-ICR MS metrics (e.g. lower AI<sub>mod</sub> and nominal oxidation state of carbon) versus upstream of thermokarst impacts. Increases in the relative abundances of assigned heteroatomic molecular formulae (e.g. CHON, CHOS, CHONS) were also greater within and downstream of thermokarst features. The unique molecular formulae present in permafrost thermokarst inputs were determined (<i>n</i> = 1844) and subsequently tracked downstream. These permafrost marker formulae were enriched in aliphatics and H/C, as well as heteroatoms and exhibited low aromaticity. A portion of the unique molecular fingerprint persisted downstream, highlighting the potential to not only assess thermokarst inputs but also to follow these inputs and their fate downstream throughout the aquatic network.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138491820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-03DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01105-z
Mark B. Green, Linda H. Pardo, John L. Campbell, Emma Rosi, Emily S. Bernhardt, Charles T. Driscoll, Timothy J. Fahey, Nicholas LoRusso, Jackie Matthes, Pamela H. Templer
Nitrogen (N) is a critical element in many ecological and biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystems. Cycling of N is sensitive to changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, and air pollution. Streamwater nitrate draining a forested ecosystem can indicate how an ecosystem is responding to these changes. We observed a pulse in streamwater nitrate concentration and export at a long-term forest research site in eastern North America that resulted in a 10-fold increase in nitrate export compared to observations over the prior decade. The pulse in streamwater nitrate occurred in a reference catchment in the 2013 water year, but was not associated with a distinct disturbance event. We analyzed a suite of environmental variables to explore possible causes. The correlation between each environmental variable and streamwater nitrate concentration was consistently higher when we accounted for the antecedent conditions of the variable prior to a given streamwater observation. In most cases, the optimal antecedent period exceeded two years. We assessed the most important variables for predicting streamwater nitrate concentration by training a machine learning model to predict streamwater nitrate concentration in the years preceding and during the streamwater nitrate pulse. The results of the correlation and machine learning analyses suggest that the pulsed increase in streamwater nitrate resulted from both (1) decreased plant uptake due to lower terrestrial gross primary production, possibly due to increased soil frost or reduced solar radiation or both; and (2) increased net N mineralization and nitrification due to warm temperatures from 2010 to 2013. Additionally, variables associated with hydrological transport of nitrate, such as maximum stream discharge, emerged as important, suggesting that hydrology played a role in the pulse. Overall, our analyses indicate that the streamwater nitrate pulse was caused by a combination of factors that occurred in the years prior to the pulse, not a single disturbance event.
{"title":"Combination of factors rather than single disturbance drives perturbation of the nitrogen cycle in a temperate forest","authors":"Mark B. Green, Linda H. Pardo, John L. Campbell, Emma Rosi, Emily S. Bernhardt, Charles T. Driscoll, Timothy J. Fahey, Nicholas LoRusso, Jackie Matthes, Pamela H. Templer","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01105-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01105-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nitrogen (N) is a critical element in many ecological and biogeochemical processes in forest ecosystems. Cycling of N is sensitive to changes in climate, atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) concentrations, and air pollution. Streamwater nitrate draining a forested ecosystem can indicate how an ecosystem is responding to these changes. We observed a pulse in streamwater nitrate concentration and export at a long-term forest research site in eastern North America that resulted in a 10-fold increase in nitrate export compared to observations over the prior decade. The pulse in streamwater nitrate occurred in a reference catchment in the 2013 water year, but was not associated with a distinct disturbance event. We analyzed a suite of environmental variables to explore possible causes. The correlation between each environmental variable and streamwater nitrate concentration was consistently higher when we accounted for the antecedent conditions of the variable prior to a given streamwater observation. In most cases, the optimal antecedent period exceeded two years. We assessed the most important variables for predicting streamwater nitrate concentration by training a machine learning model to predict streamwater nitrate concentration in the years preceding and during the streamwater nitrate pulse. The results of the correlation and machine learning analyses suggest that the pulsed increase in streamwater nitrate resulted from both (1) decreased plant uptake due to lower terrestrial gross primary production, possibly due to increased soil frost or reduced solar radiation or both; and (2) increased net N mineralization and nitrification due to warm temperatures from 2010 to 2013. Additionally, variables associated with hydrological transport of nitrate, such as maximum stream discharge, emerged as important, suggesting that hydrology played a role in the pulse. Overall, our analyses indicate that the streamwater nitrate pulse was caused by a combination of factors that occurred in the years prior to the pulse, not a single disturbance event.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138480986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-26DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01096-x
Sannimari A. Käärmelahti, Christian Fritz, Gabrielle R. Quadra, Maider Erize Gardoki, Greta Gaudig, Matthias Krebs, Ralph J. M. Temmink
Rewetting drained agricultural peatlands aids in restoring their original ecosystem functions, including carbon storage and sustaining unique biodiversity. 30–60 cm of topsoil removal (TSR) before rewetting for Sphagnum establishment is a common practice to reduce nutrient concentrations and greenhouse gas emissions, and increase water conductivity. However, the topsoil is carbon-dense and preservation in situ would be favorable from a climate-mitigation perspective. The effect of reduced TSR on Sphagnum establishment and nutrient dynamics on degraded and rewetted raised bogs remains to be elucidated. We conducted a two-year field experiment under Sphagnum paludiculture management with three TSR depths: no-removal (TSR0), 5–10 cm (TSR5), and 30 cm (TSR30) removal. We tested the effects of TSR on Sphagnum establishment and performance, nutrient dynamics, and hotspot methane emissions. After two years, TSR5 produced similar Sphagnum biomass as TSR30, while vascular plant biomass was highest in TSR0. All capitula nitrogen (N > 12 mg/g) indicated N-saturation. Phosphorus (P) was not limiting (N/P < 30), but a potential potassium (K) limitation was observed in year one (N/K > 3). In TSR0, ammonium concentrations were > 150 µmol/l in year one, but decreased by 80% in year two. P-concentrations remained high (c. 100 µmol/l) at TSR0 and TSR5, and remained low at TSR30. TSR30 and TSR5 reduced hotspot methane emissions relative to TSR0. We conclude that all TSR practices have their own advantages and disadvantages with respect to Sphagnum growth, nutrient availability and vegetation development. While TSR5 may be the most suitable for paludiculture, its applicability for restoration purposes remains to be elucidated. Setting prioritized targets when selecting the optimal TSR with peatland rewetting is pivotal.
重新湿润排水的农业泥炭地有助于恢复其原有的生态系统功能,包括碳储存和维持独特的生物多样性。在重新润湿水藻之前进行30-60 cm的表土去除(TSR)是减少养分浓度和温室气体排放并增加水电导率的常见做法。然而,表土是碳密集的,从减缓气候变化的角度来看,就地保存将是有利的。还原性TSR对退化和复湿沼地沼地泥炭生长和养分动态的影响还有待进一步研究。采用3种TSR深度:不去除(TSR0)、去除5-10 cm (TSR5)和去除30 cm (TSR30),进行了为期2年的Sphagnum paludum管理的田间试验。研究了TSR对泥藻生长、生长性能、养分动态和热点甲烷排放的影响。2年后,TSR5的Sphagnum生物量与TSR30相近,而TSR0的维管植物生物量最高。所有头状花序氮(N > 12 mg/g)均显示氮饱和。磷(P)没有限制(N/P < 30),但在第1年出现了潜在的钾(K)限制(N/K > 3)。在TSR0中,铵浓度在第一年为150µmol/l,但在第二年下降了80%。在TSR0和TSR5中p浓度仍然很高(c. 100µmol/l),而在TSR30中p浓度仍然很低。TSR30和TSR5相对于TSR0减少了热点甲烷排放。综上所述,所有TSR措施在泥藻生长、养分有效性和植被发育方面各有优缺点。虽然TSR5可能是最适合古代养殖的,但它对恢复目的的适用性仍有待阐明。在泥炭地再湿润条件下选择最佳TSR时,确定优先目标是关键。
{"title":"Topsoil removal for Sphagnum establishment on rewetted agricultural bogs","authors":"Sannimari A. Käärmelahti, Christian Fritz, Gabrielle R. Quadra, Maider Erize Gardoki, Greta Gaudig, Matthias Krebs, Ralph J. M. Temmink","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01096-x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01096-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Rewetting drained agricultural peatlands aids in restoring their original ecosystem functions, including carbon storage and sustaining unique biodiversity. 30–60 cm of topsoil removal (TSR) before rewetting for <i>Sphagnum</i> establishment is a common practice to reduce nutrient concentrations and greenhouse gas emissions, and increase water conductivity. However, the topsoil is carbon-dense and preservation in situ would be favorable from a climate-mitigation perspective. The effect of reduced TSR on <i>Sphagnum</i> establishment and nutrient dynamics on degraded and rewetted raised bogs remains to be elucidated. We conducted a two-year field experiment under <i>Sphagnum</i> paludiculture management with three TSR depths: no-removal (TSR0), 5–10 cm (TSR5), and 30 cm (TSR30) removal. We tested the effects of TSR on <i>Sphagnum</i> establishment and performance, nutrient dynamics, and hotspot methane emissions. After two years, TSR5 produced similar <i>Sphagnum</i> biomass as TSR30, while vascular plant biomass was highest in TSR0. All capitula nitrogen (N > 12 mg/g) indicated N-saturation. Phosphorus (P) was not limiting (N/P < 30), but a potential potassium (K) limitation was observed in year one (N/K > 3). In TSR0, ammonium concentrations were > 150 µmol/l in year one, but decreased by 80% in year two. P-concentrations remained high (<i>c.</i> 100 µmol/l) at TSR0 and TSR5, and remained low at TSR30. TSR30 and TSR5 reduced hotspot methane emissions relative to TSR0. We conclude that all TSR practices have their own advantages and disadvantages with respect to <i>Sphagnum</i> growth, nutrient availability and vegetation development. While TSR5 may be the most suitable for paludiculture, its applicability for restoration purposes remains to be elucidated. Setting prioritized targets when selecting the optimal TSR with peatland rewetting is pivotal.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138442234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-25DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01100-4
Jackie R. Webb, Wendy C. Quayle, Carlos Ballester, Naomi S. Wells
Small artificial waterbodies are larger emitters of carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) than natural waterbodies. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommends these waterbodies are accounted for in national emission inventories, yet data is extremely limited for irrigated landscapes. To derive a baseline of their greenhouse gas footprint, we investigated 38 irrigation farm dams in horticulture and broadacre cropping in semi-arid NSW, Australia. Dissolved CO2, CH4, and nitrous oxide (N2O) were measured in spring and summer, 2021–2022. While all dams were sources of CH4 to the atmosphere, 52% of irrigation farm dams were sinks for CO2 and 70% were sinks for N2O. Relationships in the linear mixed effect models indicate that CO2 concentrations were primarily driven by dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium, and sediment carbon content, while N2O concentration was best explained by an interaction between DO and ammonium. Methane concentrations did not display any relationship with typical biological variables and instead were related to soil salinity, trophic status, and size. Carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions were highest in small (< 0.001 km2) dams (305 g CO2-eq m−2 season−1) and in those used for recycling irrigation water (249 g CO2-eq m−2 season−1), with CH4 contributing 70% of average CO2-eq emissions. However, irrigation dams had considerably lower CH4 emissions (mean 40 kg ha−1 yr−1) than the IPCC emission factor (EF) of 183 kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1 for constructed ponds and lower N2O EF of 0.06% than the indirect EF for agricultural surface waters (0.26%). This synoptic survey reveals existing models may be severely overestimating (4–5 times) farm dam CH4 and N2O emissions in semi-arid irrigation areas. Further research is needed to define these artificial waterbodies in emissions accounting.
小型人工水体比天然水体排放更多的二氧化碳(CO2)和甲烷(CH4)。政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)建议将这些水体纳入国家排放清单,但关于灌溉景观的数据极其有限。为了获得温室气体足迹的基线,我们调查了澳大利亚半干旱的新南威尔士州园艺和大面积种植的38个灌溉农场水坝。测定了2021-2022年春季和夏季的溶解CO2、CH4和氧化亚氮(N2O)。虽然所有水坝都是大气CH4的来源,但52%的灌溉农场水坝是CO2的汇,70%是N2O的汇。线性混合效应模型的关系表明,CO2浓度主要由溶解氧(DO)、铵和沉积物碳含量驱动,而N2O浓度最好由DO和铵的相互作用来解释。甲烷浓度与土壤盐度、营养状况和大小有关,而与典型的生物变量无关。二氧化碳当量排放量最高的是小型水坝(< 0.001 km2) (305 g CO2-eq m−2 season - 1)和用于循环水的水坝(249 g CO2-eq m−2 season - 1),其中CH4贡献了平均co2当量排放量的70%。然而,灌溉水坝的CH4排放量(平均40 kg ha−1年−1年−1)明显低于人工池塘的IPCC排放因子(EF) 183 kg CH4 ha−1年−1,N2O的EF比农业地表水的间接排放因子(EF)低0.06%(0.26%)。这项综合调查显示,在半干旱灌区,现有模型可能严重高估(4-5倍)农田大坝CH4和N2O排放量。在排放核算中,需要进一步的研究来定义这些人工水体。
{"title":"Semi-arid irrigation farm dams are a small source of greenhouse gas emissions","authors":"Jackie R. Webb, Wendy C. Quayle, Carlos Ballester, Naomi S. Wells","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01100-4","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01100-4","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Small artificial waterbodies are larger emitters of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) than natural waterbodies. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) recommends these waterbodies are accounted for in national emission inventories, yet data is extremely limited for irrigated landscapes. To derive a baseline of their greenhouse gas footprint, we investigated 38 irrigation farm dams in horticulture and broadacre cropping in semi-arid NSW, Australia. Dissolved CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) were measured in spring and summer, 2021–2022. While all dams were sources of CH<sub>4</sub> to the atmosphere, 52% of irrigation farm dams were sinks for CO<sub>2</sub> and 70% were sinks for N<sub>2</sub>O. Relationships in the linear mixed effect models indicate that CO<sub>2</sub> concentrations were primarily driven by dissolved oxygen (DO), ammonium, and sediment carbon content, while N<sub>2</sub>O concentration was best explained by an interaction between DO and ammonium. Methane concentrations did not display any relationship with typical biological variables and instead were related to soil salinity, trophic status, and size. Carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions were highest in small (< 0.001 km<sup>2</sup>) dams (305 g CO<sub>2</sub>-eq m<sup>−2</sup> season<sup>−1</sup>) and in those used for recycling irrigation water (249 g CO<sub>2</sub>-eq m<sup>−2</sup> season<sup>−1</sup>), with CH<sub>4</sub> contributing 70% of average CO<sub>2</sub>-eq emissions. However, irrigation dams had considerably lower CH<sub>4</sub> emissions (mean 40 kg ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>) than the IPCC emission factor (EF) of 183 kg CH<sub>4</sub> ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> for constructed ponds and lower N<sub>2</sub>O EF of 0.06% than the indirect EF for agricultural surface waters (0.26%). This synoptic survey reveals existing models may be severely overestimating (4–5 times) farm dam CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in semi-arid irrigation areas. Further research is needed to define these artificial waterbodies in emissions accounting.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138438705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-23DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01097-w
Henri Honkanen, Hanna Kekkonen, Jaakko Heikkinen, Janne Kaseva, Kristiina Lång
The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of spring cereal monoculture under long-term conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) treatment established in 2018 were measured in a peatland in Southwestern Finland during the period 2018–2021. Nitrous oxide (N2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured with chambers approximately every two weeks throughout the period under study. Net ecosystem exchange was measured during the growing seasons, and hourly ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross photosynthesis (GP) were modelled with empirical models. Across the whole period, annual emissions were 6.8 ± 1.2 and 5.7 ± 1.2 Mg CO2–C ha −1 yr−1 (net ecosystem carbon balance), 8.8 ± 2.0 and 7.1 ± 2.0 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1, and − 0.43 ± 0.31 and − 0.40 ± 0.31 kg CH4-C ha−1 yr−1 for CT and NT, respectively. The global warming potential was lower in NT (p = 0.045), and it ranged from 26 to 34 Mg CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1 in CT and from 19 to 31 Mg CO2 eq. ha−1 yr−1 in NT. The management effect on the rates of single GHGs was not consistent over the years. Higher GP was found in CT in 2019 and in NT in 2020. Differences in ER between treatments occurred mostly outside the growing season, especially after ploughing, but the annual rates did not differ statistically. NT reduced the N2O emissions by 31% compared to CT in 2020 (p = 0.044) while there were no differences between the treatments in other years. The results indicate that NT may have potential to reduce slightly CO2 and N2O emissions from cultivated peat soil, but the results originate from the first three years after a management change from CT to NT, and there is still a lack of long-term results on NT on cultivated peat soils.
{"title":"Minor effects of no-till treatment on GHG emissions of boreal cultivated peat soil","authors":"Henri Honkanen, Hanna Kekkonen, Jaakko Heikkinen, Janne Kaseva, Kristiina Lång","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01097-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01097-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of spring cereal monoculture under long-term conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) treatment established in 2018 were measured in a peatland in Southwestern Finland during the period 2018–2021. Nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) fluxes were measured with chambers approximately every two weeks throughout the period under study. Net ecosystem exchange was measured during the growing seasons, and hourly ecosystem respiration (ER) and gross photosynthesis (GP) were modelled with empirical models. Across the whole period, annual emissions were 6.8 ± 1.2 and 5.7 ± 1.2 Mg CO<sub>2</sub>–C ha <sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> (net ecosystem carbon balance), 8.8 ± 2.0 and 7.1 ± 2.0 kg N<sub>2</sub>O–N ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup>, and − 0.43 ± 0.31 and − 0.40 ± 0.31 kg CH<sub>4</sub>-C ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> for CT and NT, respectively. The global warming potential was lower in NT (p = 0.045), and it ranged from 26 to 34 Mg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> in CT and from 19 to 31 Mg CO<sub>2</sub> eq. ha<sup>−1</sup> yr<sup>−1</sup> in NT. The management effect on the rates of single GHGs was not consistent over the years. Higher GP was found in CT in 2019 and in NT in 2020. Differences in ER between treatments occurred mostly outside the growing season, especially after ploughing, but the annual rates did not differ statistically. NT reduced the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 31% compared to CT in 2020 (p = 0.044) while there were no differences between the treatments in other years. The results indicate that NT may have potential to reduce slightly CO<sub>2</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from cultivated peat soil, but the results originate from the first three years after a management change from CT to NT, and there is still a lack of long-term results on NT on cultivated peat soils.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138297161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01099-8
Joseph E. Carrara, Nanette C. Raczka, Edward R. Brzostek
Enhanced nitrogen (N) availability in temperate forests has altered ecosystem carbon (C) and N cycling. Recent research has shown that these alterations lead to reductions in belowground C allocation by trees and that the consequences of these reductions on soil C and nutrient cycling may vary by mycorrhizal type. We hypothesized that trees that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) would reduce C allocation towards roots and mycorrhizal fungi to a greater extent than trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) in response to > 25 years of N fertilization. We further hypothesized that N induced decoupling of roots and microbes in ECM trees would be evidenced by greater declines in extracellular enzyme activities. We measured belowground C allocation to fine root biomass and mycorrhizal colonization in 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated plots in the N fertilized and reference watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. We compared these to measurements of simple-C, complex-C, nitrogen, and phosphorus acquiring enzyme activities in organic horizon, bulk mineral, and rhizosphere soil fractions. N fertilization reduced fine root biomass and mycorrhizal colonization in both AM and ECM stands. We found more consistent reductions in enzyme activities in ECM soils than AM soils under N fertilization which may have been driven by greater declines in root-C transfer to soil microbes. This mechanism helps to explain variability in soil C cycling responses across N gradient and fertilization experiments and may prove useful in predicting the fate of soil C stocks in response to N deposition.
{"title":"Long-term nitrogen fertilization impacts plant-microbial interactions differently in arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal trees","authors":"Joseph E. Carrara, Nanette C. Raczka, Edward R. Brzostek","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01099-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01099-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Enhanced nitrogen (N) availability in temperate forests has altered ecosystem carbon (C) and N cycling. Recent research has shown that these alterations lead to reductions in belowground C allocation by trees and that the consequences of these reductions on soil C and nutrient cycling may vary by mycorrhizal type. We hypothesized that trees that associate with ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) would reduce C allocation towards roots and mycorrhizal fungi to a greater extent than trees that associate with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AM) in response to > 25 years of N fertilization. We further hypothesized that N induced decoupling of roots and microbes in ECM trees would be evidenced by greater declines in extracellular enzyme activities. We measured belowground C allocation to fine root biomass and mycorrhizal colonization in 6 AM and 6 ECM dominated plots in the N fertilized and reference watersheds at the Fernow Experimental Forest in West Virginia, USA. We compared these to measurements of simple-C, complex-C, nitrogen, and phosphorus acquiring enzyme activities in organic horizon, bulk mineral, and rhizosphere soil fractions. N fertilization reduced fine root biomass and mycorrhizal colonization in both AM and ECM stands. We found more consistent reductions in enzyme activities in ECM soils than AM soils under N fertilization which may have been driven by greater declines in root-C transfer to soil microbes. This mechanism helps to explain variability in soil C cycling responses across N gradient and fertilization experiments and may prove useful in predicting the fate of soil C stocks in response to N deposition.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138294047","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-18DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01094-z
Maximilian Barczok, Chelsea Smith, Nicolle Di Domenico, Lauren Kinsman-Costello, David Singer, Elizabeth Herndon
Iron (oxyhydr)oxides strongly adsorb phosphate and limit its bioavailability, but interactions between phosphate and various Fe (oxyhydr)oxides are poorly constrained in natural systems. An in-situ incubation experiment was conducted to explore Fe (oxyhydr)oxide transformation and effects on phosphate sorption in soils with contrasting saturation and redox conditions. Synthetic Fe (oxyhydr)oxides (ferrihydrite, goethite and hematite) were coated onto quartz sand and either pre-sorbed with phosphate or left phosphate-free. The oxide-coated sands were mixed with natural organic matter, enclosed in mesh bags, and buried in and around a vernal pond for up to 12 weeks. Redox conditions were stable and oxic in the upland soils surrounding the vernal pond but largely shifted from Fe reducing to Fe oxidizing in the lowland soils within the vernal pond as it dried during the summer. Iron (oxyhydr)oxides lost more Fe (− 41% ± 10%) and P (− 43 ± 11%) when incubated in the redox-dynamic lowlands compared to the uplands (− 18% ± 5% Fe and − 24 ± 8% P). Averaged across both uplands and lowlands, Fe losses from crystalline goethite and hematite (− 38% ± 6%) were unexpectedly higher than losses from short range ordered ferrihydrite (− 12% ± 10%). We attribute losses of Fe and associated P from goethite and hematite to colloid detachment and dispersion but losses from ferrihydrite to reductive dissolution. Iron losses were partially offset by retention of solubilized Fe as organic-bound Fe(III). Iron (oxyhydr)oxides that persisted during the incubation retained or even gained P, indicating low amounts of phosphate sorption from solution. These results demonstrate that hydrologic variability and Fe (oxyhydr)oxide mineralogy impact Fe mobilization pathways that may regulate phosphate bioavailability.
{"title":"Influence of contrasting redox conditions on iron (oxyhydr)oxide transformation and associated phosphate sorption","authors":"Maximilian Barczok, Chelsea Smith, Nicolle Di Domenico, Lauren Kinsman-Costello, David Singer, Elizabeth Herndon","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01094-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01094-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Iron (oxyhydr)oxides strongly adsorb phosphate and limit its bioavailability, but interactions between phosphate and various Fe (oxyhydr)oxides are poorly constrained in natural systems. An in-situ incubation experiment was conducted to explore Fe (oxyhydr)oxide transformation and effects on phosphate sorption in soils with contrasting saturation and redox conditions. Synthetic Fe (oxyhydr)oxides (ferrihydrite, goethite and hematite) were coated onto quartz sand and either pre-sorbed with phosphate or left phosphate-free. The oxide-coated sands were mixed with natural organic matter, enclosed in mesh bags, and buried in and around a vernal pond for up to 12 weeks. Redox conditions were stable and oxic in the upland soils surrounding the vernal pond but largely shifted from Fe reducing to Fe oxidizing in the lowland soils within the vernal pond as it dried during the summer. Iron (oxyhydr)oxides lost more Fe (− 41% ± 10%) and P (− 43 ± 11%) when incubated in the redox-dynamic lowlands compared to the uplands (− 18% ± 5% Fe and − 24 ± 8% P). Averaged across both uplands and lowlands, Fe losses from crystalline goethite and hematite (− 38% ± 6%) were unexpectedly higher than losses from short range ordered ferrihydrite (− 12% ± 10%). We attribute losses of Fe and associated P from goethite and hematite to colloid detachment and dispersion but losses from ferrihydrite to reductive dissolution. Iron losses were partially offset by retention of solubilized Fe as organic-bound Fe(III). Iron (oxyhydr)oxides that persisted during the incubation retained or even gained P, indicating low amounts of phosphate sorption from solution. These results demonstrate that hydrologic variability and Fe (oxyhydr)oxide mineralogy impact Fe mobilization pathways that may regulate phosphate bioavailability.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138292913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01098-9
Taylor Saunders, Jaron Adkins, Karen H. Beard, Trisha B. Atwood, Bonnie G. Waring
Global change drivers that modify the quality and quantity of litter inputs to soil affect greenhouse gas fluxes, and thereby constitute a feedback to climate change. Carbon cycling in the Yukon–Kuskokwim (Y–K) River Delta, a subarctic wetland system, is influenced by landscape variations in litter quality and quantity generated by herbivores (migratory birds) that create ‘grazing lawns’ of short stature, nitrogen-rich vegetation. To identify the mechanisms by which these changes in litter inputs affect soil carbon balance, we independently manipulated qualities and quantities of litter representative of levels found in the Y–K Delta in a fully factorial microcosm experiment. We measured CO2 fluxes from these microcosms weekly. To help us identify how litter inputs influenced greenhouse gas fluxes, we sequenced soil fungal and bacterial communities, and measured soil microbial biomass carbon, dissolved carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and enzyme activity. We found that positive correlations between litter input quantity and CO2 flux were dependent upon litter type, due to differences in litter stoichiometry and changes to the structure of decomposer communities, especially the soil fungi. These community shifts were particularly pronounced when litter was added in the form of herbivore feces, and in litter input treatments that induced nitrogen limitation (i.e., senesced litter). The sensitivity of carbon cycling to litter quality and quantity in this system demonstrates that herbivores can strongly impact greenhouse gas fluxes through their influence on plant growth and tissue chemistry.
{"title":"Herbivores influence biogeochemical processes by altering litter quality and quantity in a subarctic wetland","authors":"Taylor Saunders, Jaron Adkins, Karen H. Beard, Trisha B. Atwood, Bonnie G. Waring","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01098-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01098-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Global change drivers that modify the quality and quantity of litter inputs to soil affect greenhouse gas fluxes, and thereby constitute a feedback to climate change. Carbon cycling in the Yukon–Kuskokwim (Y–K) River Delta, a subarctic wetland system, is influenced by landscape variations in litter quality and quantity generated by herbivores (migratory birds) that create ‘grazing lawns’ of short stature, nitrogen-rich vegetation. To identify the mechanisms by which these changes in litter inputs affect soil carbon balance, we independently manipulated qualities and quantities of litter representative of levels found in the Y–K Delta in a fully factorial microcosm experiment. We measured CO<sub>2</sub> fluxes from these microcosms weekly. To help us identify how litter inputs influenced greenhouse gas fluxes, we sequenced soil fungal and bacterial communities, and measured soil microbial biomass carbon, dissolved carbon, inorganic nitrogen, and enzyme activity. We found that positive correlations between litter input quantity and CO<sub>2</sub> flux were dependent upon litter type, due to differences in litter stoichiometry and changes to the structure of decomposer communities, especially the soil fungi. These community shifts were particularly pronounced when litter was added in the form of herbivore feces, and in litter input treatments that induced nitrogen limitation (i.e., senesced litter). The sensitivity of carbon cycling to litter quality and quantity in this system demonstrates that herbivores can strongly impact greenhouse gas fluxes through their influence on plant growth and tissue chemistry.</p><h3>Graphical abstract</h3><div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10533-023-01098-9.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"109126768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01093-0
Stephan Glatzel, Fred Worrall, Ian M. Boothroyd, Katherine Heckman
This study has proposed that organic matter transfer and transformation into and through a peatland is dominated by preferential loss of carbohydrates and the retention of lignin-like molecules. Here we used elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis to analyse the biomass, litter, peat soil profile, particulate organic matter, and dissolved organic matter fluxes sampled from a continental raised bog in comparison a maritime blanket bog. The macromolecular composition and thermodynamic analysis showed that in the raised bog there had been little or no transformation of the organic matter and the accumulation was rapid with comparatively little transformation with only 13% loss of cellulose by 1 m depth compared to 92% removal of cellulosic material in the blanket bog. The lack of transformation is reflected in a difference in long term carbon accumulation rates between raised and blanket bog sites. We propose that raised bogs, with their lack of a stream outfall, have high stable water tables that mean the pore water become thermodynamically closed and reactions cease higher in the peat profile than in a blanket bog where sloping sites mean a frequent flushing of pore water and discharge of water leading to fluctuating water tables, flushing of reaction products and pore spaces remaining open.
{"title":"Comparison of the transformation of organic matter flux through a raised bog and a blanket bog","authors":"Stephan Glatzel, Fred Worrall, Ian M. Boothroyd, Katherine Heckman","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01093-0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01093-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study has proposed that organic matter transfer and transformation into and through a peatland is dominated by preferential loss of carbohydrates and the retention of lignin-like molecules. Here we used elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis to analyse the biomass, litter, peat soil profile, particulate organic matter, and dissolved organic matter fluxes sampled from a continental raised bog in comparison a maritime blanket bog. The macromolecular composition and thermodynamic analysis showed that in the raised bog there had been little or no transformation of the organic matter and the accumulation was rapid with comparatively little transformation with only 13% loss of cellulose by 1 m depth compared to 92% removal of cellulosic material in the blanket bog. The lack of transformation is reflected in a difference in long term carbon accumulation rates between raised and blanket bog sites. We propose that raised bogs, with their lack of a stream outfall, have high stable water tables that mean the pore water become thermodynamically closed and reactions cease higher in the peat profile than in a blanket bog where sloping sites mean a frequent flushing of pore water and discharge of water leading to fluctuating water tables, flushing of reaction products and pore spaces remaining open.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72365326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01090-3
Erin K. Eberhard, Evan S. Kane, Amy M. Marcarelli
Great Lakes coastlines are mosaics of wetland, stream, and lake habitats, characterized by a high degree of spatial heterogeneity that may facilitate the co-occurrence of seemingly incompatible biogeochemical processes due to variation in environmental factors that favor each process. We measured nutrient limitation and rates of N2 fixation and denitrification along transects in 5 wetland–stream–lake ecotones with different nutrient loading in Lakes Superior and Huron. We hypothesized that rates of both processes would be related to nutrient limitation status, habitat type, and environmental characteristics including temperature, nutrient concentrations, and organic matter quality. We found that median denitrification rates (914 μg N m−2 h−1) were 166 × higher than N2 fixation rates (5.5 μg N m−2 h−1), but the processes co-occurred in 48% of 83 points measured across all 5 transects and habitat types. N2 fixation occurred on sediment and macrophyte substrate, while denitrification occurred mostly in sediment. Nutrient-diffusing substrate experiments indicated that biofilm chlorophyll-a was limited by N and/or P at 55% and biofilm AFDM was limited at 26% of sample points. N2 fixation and denitrification rates did not differ significantly with differing nutrient limitation. Predictive models for N2 fixation and denitrification rates both included variables related to the composition of dissolved organic matter, while the model for N2 fixation also included P concentrations. These results demonstrate the potential for heterogeneity in habitat characteristics, nutrient availability, and organic matter composition to lead to biogeochemical complexity at the local scale, despite overall N removal at broader scales.
五大湖海岸线是湿地、河流和湖泊栖息地的马赛克,具有高度的空间异质性,由于环境因素的变化有利于每一个过程,这可能促进看似不相容的生物地球化学过程的共同发生。研究了苏必利尔湖和休伦湖5个不同养分负荷的湿地-河流-湖泊过渡带的养分限制、氮固定和反硝化速率。我们假设这两个过程的速率与营养限制状态、栖息地类型和环境特征(包括温度、营养浓度和有机质质量)有关。研究发现,中位反硝化速率(914 μg N m−2 h−1)比N2固定速率(5.5 μg N m−2 h−1)高166倍,但在所有5个样带和生境类型中测量的83个点中,有48%的反硝化过程同时发生。N2固定作用主要发生在沉积物和大型植物基质上,反硝化作用主要发生在沉积物中。营养物扩散基质实验表明,生物膜叶绿素a受N和/或P的限制为55%,生物膜AFDM受限制为26%。氮固定和反硝化速率在不同营养限制条件下无显著差异。固氮速率和反硝化速率的预测模型都包含了与溶解有机质组成相关的变量,而固氮速率的预测模型还包括了磷浓度。这些结果表明,尽管在更广泛的尺度上总氮去除,但生境特征、养分有效性和有机质组成的异质性可能导致局部尺度上的生物地球化学复杂性。
{"title":"Heterogeneity in habitat and nutrient availability facilitate the co-occurrence of N2 fixation and denitrification across wetland–stream–lake ecotones of Lakes Superior and Huron","authors":"Erin K. Eberhard, Evan S. Kane, Amy M. Marcarelli","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01090-3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01090-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Great Lakes coastlines are mosaics of wetland, stream, and lake habitats, characterized by a high degree of spatial heterogeneity that may facilitate the co-occurrence of seemingly incompatible biogeochemical processes due to variation in environmental factors that favor each process. We measured nutrient limitation and rates of N<sub>2</sub> fixation and denitrification along transects in 5 wetland–stream–lake ecotones with different nutrient loading in Lakes Superior and Huron. We hypothesized that rates of both processes would be related to nutrient limitation status, habitat type, and environmental characteristics including temperature, nutrient concentrations, and organic matter quality. We found that median denitrification rates (914 μg N m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>) were 166 × higher than N<sub>2</sub> fixation rates (5.5 μg N m<sup>−2</sup> h<sup>−1</sup>), but the processes co-occurred in 48% of 83 points measured across all 5 transects and habitat types. N<sub>2</sub> fixation occurred on sediment and macrophyte substrate, while denitrification occurred mostly in sediment. Nutrient-diffusing substrate experiments indicated that biofilm chlorophyll-<i>a</i> was limited by N and/or P at 55% and biofilm AFDM was limited at 26% of sample points. N<sub>2</sub> fixation and denitrification rates did not differ significantly with differing nutrient limitation. Predictive models for N<sub>2</sub> fixation and denitrification rates both included variables related to the composition of dissolved organic matter, while the model for N<sub>2</sub> fixation also included P concentrations. These results demonstrate the potential for heterogeneity in habitat characteristics, nutrient availability, and organic matter composition to lead to biogeochemical complexity at the local scale, despite overall N removal at broader scales.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72365363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}