Pub Date : 2023-11-07DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01092-1
E. A. de Nijs, B. Jansen, S. Absalah, R. Bol, A. Tietema
Composting is recognized as a sustainable waste management strategy. However, little is known about green waste, and specifically rose waste, degradation patterns during composting. This study aimed (1) to gain insight in the underlying decomposition patterns during rose waste composting and (2) to identify co-metabolisms of ligneous material. Five different compost mixtures were tested ranging from pure rose waste to mixtures with tomato waste, kalanchoe waste or mature compost added. Samples were taken during a six-month experiment and analyzed by pyrolysis-GC/MS. The temporal trends in the relative abundance of 10 different compound groups were measured. Lignin and aliphatic compounds together accounted for ≥ 50% of the quantified pyrolysis products, but with changing contributions during composting. The relative abundance of polysaccharides and terpenes strongly decreased with more than 60% in the first 2 months. The simultaneous decrease in relative abundance of lignin and polysaccharides during initial composting phase indicated co-metabolism of lignin. The results from this study showed that while the presence of lignin is commonly regarded as a challenge in composting, it actually undergoes degradation through distinct mechanisms at the various composting stages.
{"title":"Insight in molecular degradation patterns and co-metabolism during rose waste co-composting","authors":"E. A. de Nijs, B. Jansen, S. Absalah, R. Bol, A. Tietema","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01092-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01092-1","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Composting is recognized as a sustainable waste management strategy. However, little is known about green waste, and specifically rose waste, degradation patterns during composting. This study aimed (1) to gain insight in the underlying decomposition patterns during rose waste composting and (2) to identify co-metabolisms of ligneous material. Five different compost mixtures were tested ranging from pure rose waste to mixtures with tomato waste, kalanchoe waste or mature compost added. Samples were taken during a six-month experiment and analyzed by pyrolysis-GC/MS. The temporal trends in the relative abundance of 10 different compound groups were measured. Lignin and aliphatic compounds together accounted for ≥ 50% of the quantified pyrolysis products, but with changing contributions during composting. The relative abundance of polysaccharides and terpenes strongly decreased with more than 60% in the first 2 months. The simultaneous decrease in relative abundance of lignin and polysaccharides during initial composting phase indicated co-metabolism of lignin. The results from this study showed that while the presence of lignin is commonly regarded as a challenge in composting, it actually undergoes degradation through distinct mechanisms at the various composting stages.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10533-023-01092-1.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71512492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01095-y
Tyler L. Anthony, Whendee L. Silver
Drained agricultural peatlands occupy only 1% of agricultural land but are estimated to be responsible for approximately one third of global cropland greenhouse gas emissions. However, recent studies show that greenhouse gases fluxes from agricultural peatlands can vary by orders of magnitude over time. The relationship between these hot moments (individual fluxes with disproportionate impact on annual budgets) of greenhouse gas emissions and individual chamber locations (i.e. hot spots with disproportionate observations of hot moments) is poorly understood, but may help elucidate patterns and drivers of high greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural peatland soils. We used continuous chamber-based flux measurements across three land uses (corn, alfalfa, and pasture) to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of soil greenhouse gas emissions from temperate agricultural peatlands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California. We found that the location of hot spots of emissions varied over time and were not consistent across annual timescales. Hot moments of nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes were more evenly distributed across space than methane (CH4). In the corn system, hot moments of CH4 flux were often isolated to a single location but locations were not consistent across years. Spatiotemporal variability in soil moisture, soil oxygen, and temperature helped explain patterns in N2O fluxes in the annual corn agroecosystem but were less informative for perennial alfalfa N2O fluxes or CH4 fluxes across ecosystems, potentially due to insufficient spatiotemporal resolution of the associated drivers. Overall, our results do not support the concept of persistent hot spots of soil CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions in these drained agricultural peatlands. Hot moments of high flux events generally varied in space and time and thus required high sample densities. Our results highlight the importance of constraining hot moments and their controls to better quantify ecosystem greenhouse gas budgets.
{"title":"Hot spots and hot moments of greenhouse gas emissions in agricultural peatlands","authors":"Tyler L. Anthony, Whendee L. Silver","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01095-y","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01095-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Drained agricultural peatlands occupy only 1% of agricultural land but are estimated to be responsible for approximately one third of global cropland greenhouse gas emissions. However, recent studies show that greenhouse gases fluxes from agricultural peatlands can vary by orders of magnitude over time. The relationship between these hot moments (individual fluxes with disproportionate impact on annual budgets) of greenhouse gas emissions and individual chamber locations (i.e. hot spots with disproportionate observations of hot moments) is poorly understood, but may help elucidate patterns and drivers of high greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural peatland soils. We used continuous chamber-based flux measurements across three land uses (corn, alfalfa, and pasture) to quantify the spatiotemporal patterns of soil greenhouse gas emissions from temperate agricultural peatlands in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta of California. We found that the location of hot spots of emissions varied over time and were not consistent across annual timescales. Hot moments of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) fluxes were more evenly distributed across space than methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). In the corn system, hot moments of CH<sub>4</sub> flux were often isolated to a single location but locations were not consistent across years. Spatiotemporal variability in soil moisture, soil oxygen, and temperature helped explain patterns in N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes in the annual corn agroecosystem but were less informative for perennial alfalfa N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes or CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes across ecosystems, potentially due to insufficient spatiotemporal resolution of the associated drivers. Overall, our results do not support the concept of persistent hot spots of soil CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in these drained agricultural peatlands. Hot moments of high flux events generally varied in space and time and thus required high sample densities. Our results highlight the importance of constraining hot moments and their controls to better quantify ecosystem greenhouse gas budgets.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01089-w
Ana Fernández-Carrera, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, Douglas S. Hamilton, Eric P. Achterberg, Joseph P. Montoya, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, Ajit Subramaniam
Biological nitrogen fixation is a key process balancing the loss of combined nitrogen in the marine nitrogen cycle. Its relevance in upwelling or high nutrient regions is still unclear, with the few available studies in these regions of the ocean reporting rates that vary widely from below detection limit to > 100 nmol N L−1 d−1. In the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean, two open ocean upwelling systems are active in boreal summer. One is the seasonal equatorial upwelling, where the residual phosphorus associated with aged upwelled waters is suggested to enhance nitrogen fixation in this season. The other is the Guinea Dome, a thermal upwelling dome. We conducted two surveys along 23° W across the Guinea Dome and the Equator from 15° N to 5° S in September 2015 and August–September 2016 with high latitudinal resolution (20–60 nm between stations). The abundance of Trichodesmium colonies was characterized by an Underwater Vision Profiler 5 and the total biological nitrogen fixation in the euphotic layer was measured using the 15N2 technique. The highest abundances of Trichodesmium colonies were found in the area of the Guinea Dome (9°–15° N) with a maximum of 3 colonies L−1 near the surface. By contrast, colonies were almost absent in the Equatorial band between 2° N and 5° S. The highest nitrogen fixation rate was measured at the northern edge of the Guinea Dome in 2016 (ca. 31 nmol N L−1 d−1). In this region, where diazotrophs thrived on a sufficient supply of both phosphorus and iron, a patchy distribution was unveiled by our increased spatial resolution scheme. In the Equatorial band, rates were considerably lower, ranging from below detection limit to ca. 4 nmol N L−1 d−1, with a clear difference in magnitude between 2015 (rates close to zero) and 2016 (average rates around 2 nmol N L−1 d−1). This difference seemed triggered by a contrasting supply of phosphorus between years. Our study stresses the importance of surveys with sampling at fine-scale spatial resolution, and shows unexpected high variability in the rates of nitrogen fixation in the Guinea Dome, a region where diazotrophy is a significant process supplying new nitrogen into the euphotic layer.
生物固氮是平衡海洋氮循环中组合氮损失的关键过程。它在上升流或高营养区的相关性仍不清楚,在这些地区,很少有可用的海洋报告率研究,从低于检测极限到 >; 100 nmol N L−1 d−1。在东部热带大西洋,两个公海上升流系统在北方夏季活跃。一种是季节性赤道上升流,在这个季节,与老化的上升流水体相关的残余磷被认为可以增强固氮作用。另一个是几内亚圆顶,一个热上升流圆顶。2015年9月和2016年8月至9月,我们在几内亚圆顶和赤道上从15°N到5°S沿23°W进行了两次高纬度分辨率(台站之间为20–60 nm)的调查。通过水下视觉剖面仪5表征毛结菌菌落的丰度,并使用15N2技术测量透光层中的总生物固氮。在几内亚圆顶(9°–15°N)区域发现了丰度最高的毛结菌菌落,在表面附近最多有3个菌落L−1。相比之下,在2°N和5°S之间的赤道带中几乎没有菌落。2016年,几内亚圆顶北部边缘测得最高的固氮率(约31 nmol N L−1 d−1)。在这个地区,重氮菌因磷和铁的充足供应而蓬勃发展,我们提高的空间分辨率方案揭示了其不均匀的分布。在赤道带,发病率要低得多,从低于检测限到ca。4 nmol N L−1 d−1,2015年(发病率接近零)和2016年(平均发病率约为2 nmol N L-1 d−2)之间的幅度有明显差异。这种差异似乎是由不同年份的磷供应量所引发的。我们的研究强调了以精细尺度空间分辨率进行采样调查的重要性,并显示了几内亚圆顶的固氮率出乎意料的高可变性,在该地区,重氮营养是向透光层供应新氮的重要过程。
{"title":"Nitrogen fixation rates in the Guinea Dome and the equatorial upwelling regions in the Atlantic Ocean","authors":"Ana Fernández-Carrera, Rainer Kiko, Helena Hauss, Douglas S. Hamilton, Eric P. Achterberg, Joseph P. Montoya, Marcus Dengler, Peter Brandt, Ajit Subramaniam","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01089-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01089-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biological nitrogen fixation is a key process balancing the loss of combined nitrogen in the marine nitrogen cycle. Its relevance in upwelling or high nutrient regions is still unclear, with the few available studies in these regions of the ocean reporting rates that vary widely from below detection limit to > 100 nmol N L<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>. In the eastern tropical Atlantic Ocean, two open ocean upwelling systems are active in boreal summer. One is the seasonal equatorial upwelling, where the residual phosphorus associated with aged upwelled waters is suggested to enhance nitrogen fixation in this season. The other is the Guinea Dome, a thermal upwelling dome. We conducted two surveys along 23° W across the Guinea Dome and the Equator from 15° N to 5° S in September 2015 and August–September 2016 with high latitudinal resolution (20–60 nm between stations). The abundance of <i>Trichodesmium</i> colonies was characterized by an Underwater Vision Profiler 5 and the total biological nitrogen fixation in the euphotic layer was measured using the <sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub> technique. The highest abundances of <i>Trichodesmium</i> colonies were found in the area of the Guinea Dome (9°–15° N) with a maximum of 3 colonies L<sup>−1</sup> near the surface. By contrast, colonies were almost absent in the Equatorial band between 2° N and 5° S. The highest nitrogen fixation rate was measured at the northern edge of the Guinea Dome in 2016 (ca. 31 nmol N L<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>). In this region, where diazotrophs thrived on a sufficient supply of both phosphorus and iron, a patchy distribution was unveiled by our increased spatial resolution scheme. In the Equatorial band, rates were considerably lower, ranging from below detection limit to ca. 4 nmol N L<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>, with a clear difference in magnitude between 2015 (rates close to zero) and 2016 (average rates around 2 nmol N L<sup>−1</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>). This difference seemed triggered by a contrasting supply of phosphorus between years. Our study stresses the importance of surveys with sampling at fine-scale spatial resolution, and shows unexpected high variability in the rates of nitrogen fixation in the Guinea Dome, a region where diazotrophy is a significant process supplying new nitrogen into the euphotic layer.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-18DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01086-z
Yaxian Hu, Hui Zhang, Lanlan Du, Xianwen Li, Xiaorong Wei
Depositional profiles often feature sorted layers with stratified porosity and water retention, but the vertical partitioning of CO2 production and transfer remain unclear. In this study, fine soil and coarse sand were refilled to form three layering patterns: Layer-Mix (soil and sand well-mixed), Layer-Thin (8 thin layers interlaid), and Layer-Thick (4 thick layers interlaid). Three doses of 13C-labelled glucose were respectively added to the top, middle, and bottom. The results show that the Layer-Thin and Layer-Thick cumulatively released 62% and 67% less CO2 than the Layer-Mix. The 13C-CO2 contributed 14.1~60.3% to the total CO2 released from the Layer-Mix, but was only responsible for 7.3~48.8% of that from the Layer-Thin and 7.0~37.0% of that from the Layer-Thick. The peaks of δ13C-CO2 of the two interlaid columns were lowered and lagged by 1~2 days, but the δ13C residue remaining in the soil were on average 3~6‰ more negative than that of the Layer-Mix. The 13C-CO2 contributed more to the total CO2 when the glucose was added at the top, but the δ13C-soil was 3‰ more negative when added at the bottom. Overall, the lagged outgassing and lower share of 13C-CO2 from the two interlaid columns did not match with the more negative 13C residue remaining in the soil. Such inconsistency collectively highlights that the interlaid layers did not inhibit the decomposition of 13C-labelled glucose (i.e., potentially abundant CO2 produced), but the low diffusivity of the fine layers significantly impeded CO2 transfer through the heterogeneously structured soil profile.
{"title":"Layered structure significantly inhibits CO2 transfer through the depositional profile: as simulated by well-mixed vs. interlaid soil columns","authors":"Yaxian Hu, Hui Zhang, Lanlan Du, Xianwen Li, Xiaorong Wei","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01086-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01086-z","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Depositional profiles often feature sorted layers with stratified porosity and water retention, but the vertical partitioning of CO<sub>2</sub> production and transfer remain unclear. In this study, fine soil and coarse sand were refilled to form three layering patterns: Layer-Mix (soil and sand well-mixed), Layer-Thin (8 thin layers interlaid), and Layer-Thick (4 thick layers interlaid). Three doses of <sup>13</sup>C-labelled glucose were respectively added to the top, middle, and bottom. The results show that the Layer-Thin and Layer-Thick cumulatively released 62% and 67% less CO<sub>2</sub> than the Layer-Mix. The <sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> contributed 14.1~60.3% to the total CO<sub>2</sub> released from the Layer-Mix, but was only responsible for 7.3~48.8% of that from the Layer-Thin and 7.0~37.0% of that from the Layer-Thick. The peaks of δ<sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> of the two interlaid columns were lowered and lagged by 1~2 days, but the δ<sup>13</sup>C residue remaining in the soil were on average 3~6‰ more negative than that of the Layer-Mix. The <sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> contributed more to the total CO<sub>2</sub> when the glucose was added at the top, but the δ<sup>13</sup>C-soil was 3‰ more negative when added at the bottom. Overall, the lagged outgassing and lower share of <sup>13</sup>C-CO<sub>2</sub> from the two interlaid columns did not match with the more negative <sup>13</sup>C residue remaining in the soil. Such inconsistency collectively highlights that the interlaid layers did not inhibit the decomposition of <sup>13</sup>C-labelled glucose (i.e., potentially abundant CO<sub>2</sub> produced), but the low diffusivity of the fine layers significantly impeded CO<sub>2</sub> transfer through the heterogeneously structured soil profile.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491582","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01091-2
Junbin Zhao, Simon Weldon, Alexandra Barthelmes, Erin Swails, Kristell Hergoualc’h, Ülo Mander, Chunjing Qiu, John Connolly, Whendee L. Silver, David I. Campbell
Greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions from peatlands contribute significantly to ongoing climate change because of human land use. To develop reliable and comprehensive estimates and predictions of GHG emissions from peatlands, it is necessary to have GHG observations, including carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), that cover different peatland types globally. We synthesize published peatland studies with field GHG flux measurements to identify gaps in observations and suggest directions for future research. Although GHG flux measurements have been conducted at numerous sites globally, substantial gaps remain in current observations, encompassing various peatland types, regions and GHGs. Generally, there is a pressing need for additional GHG observations in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean regions. Despite widespread measurements of CO2 and CH4, studies quantifying N2O emissions from peatlands are scarce, particularly in natural ecosystems. To expand the global coverage of peatland data, it is crucial to conduct more eddy covariance observations for long-term monitoring. Automated chambers are preferable for plot-scale observations to produce high temporal resolution data; however, traditional field campaigns with manual chamber measurements remain necessary, particularly in remote areas. To ensure that the data can be further used for modeling purposes, we suggest that chamber campaigns should be conducted at least monthly for a minimum duration of one year with no fewer than three replicates and measure key environmental variables. In addition, further studies are needed in restored peatlands, focusing on identifying the most effective restoration approaches for different ecosystem types, conditions, climates, and land use histories.
{"title":"Global observation gaps of peatland greenhouse gas balances: needs and obstacles","authors":"Junbin Zhao, Simon Weldon, Alexandra Barthelmes, Erin Swails, Kristell Hergoualc’h, Ülo Mander, Chunjing Qiu, John Connolly, Whendee L. Silver, David I. Campbell","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01091-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01091-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Greenhouse gas (GHGs) emissions from peatlands contribute significantly to ongoing climate change because of human land use. To develop reliable and comprehensive estimates and predictions of GHG emissions from peatlands, it is necessary to have GHG observations, including carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>), methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) and nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O), that cover different peatland types globally. We synthesize published peatland studies with field GHG flux measurements to identify gaps in observations and suggest directions for future research. Although GHG flux measurements have been conducted at numerous sites globally, substantial gaps remain in current observations, encompassing various peatland types, regions and GHGs. Generally, there is a pressing need for additional GHG observations in Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean regions. Despite widespread measurements of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>, studies quantifying N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from peatlands are scarce, particularly in natural ecosystems. To expand the global coverage of peatland data, it is crucial to conduct more eddy covariance observations for long-term monitoring. Automated chambers are preferable for plot-scale observations to produce high temporal resolution data; however, traditional field campaigns with manual chamber measurements remain necessary, particularly in remote areas. To ensure that the data can be further used for modeling purposes, we suggest that chamber campaigns should be conducted at least monthly for a minimum duration of one year with no fewer than three replicates and measure key environmental variables. In addition, further studies are needed in restored peatlands, focusing on identifying the most effective restoration approaches for different ecosystem types, conditions, climates, and land use histories.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-15DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01088-x
Scott Raulerson, Johnson B. Jeffers, Natalie A. Griffiths, Benjamin M. Rau, Cody Matteson, C. Rhett Jackson
{"title":"Correction to: Rapid denitrification of nitrate-contaminated groundwater in a low-gradient blackwater stream valley","authors":"Scott Raulerson, Johnson B. Jeffers, Natalie A. Griffiths, Benjamin M. Rau, Cody Matteson, C. Rhett Jackson","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01088-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01088-x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71909308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-13DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01085-0
Guopeng Liang, Sasha C. Reed, John M. Stark, Bonnie G. Waring
Rewetting of dry soils usually stimulates soil carbon (C) emission, a phenomenon known as the Birch effect. Soil C cycling in drylands, which store approximately one third of terrestrial soil organic C (SOC), is strongly affected by wetting–drying cycles. However, the physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms that link rewetting cycles with dryland soil C cycling have not been comprehensively studied, nor do we understand how these mechanisms interact with each other. Here, we conducted a dryland soil incubation experiment manipulating four factors related to global change (soil moisture content, soil moisture variability, C availability, and prior warming) in a factorial design. The experiment was divided into two periods: a rewetting period consisting of six 14-d wetting–drying cycles; and a recovery period lasting 28 days during which soil moisture content was held stable, allowing for examination of the legacy effects of the wet-dry cycles. Rewetting cycles decreased soil aggregate stability under some conditions, but their effects on soil microbial biomass and fungal communities, soil enzyme activities, soil priming, and soil dissolved C were not significant. We found lower average soil respiration under the wetting–drying treatment than the stable soil moisture treatment, and Birch effects were observed, but only under some conditions. This was probably because moisture variability exacerbated soil microbial metabolic stress, which showed itself as oxygen limitation during the initial precipitation pulse and as water limitation during soil drying. Notably, respiration rates remained low even after moisture fluctuations ceased, suggesting a legacy effect of rewetting cycles on dryland microbial communities. Overall, rewetting inhibited aggregate formation (physical mechanism), and suppressed soil respiration by inducing soil microbial metabolic stress (biological mechanism), ultimately leading to lower soil C loss under rewetting. Our findings indicate that Birch effects are mediated by the magnitude of moisture variability, the availability of C, and the degree of physiological stress microbes experience.
{"title":"Unraveling mechanisms underlying effects of wetting–drying cycles on soil respiration in a dryland","authors":"Guopeng Liang, Sasha C. Reed, John M. Stark, Bonnie G. Waring","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01085-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01085-0","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Rewetting of dry soils usually stimulates soil carbon (C) emission, a phenomenon known as the Birch effect. Soil C cycling in drylands, which store approximately one third of terrestrial soil organic C (SOC), is strongly affected by wetting–drying cycles. However, the physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms that link rewetting cycles with dryland soil C cycling have not been comprehensively studied, nor do we understand how these mechanisms interact with each other. Here, we conducted a dryland soil incubation experiment manipulating four factors related to global change (soil moisture content, soil moisture variability, C availability, and prior warming) in a factorial design. The experiment was divided into two periods: a rewetting period consisting of six 14-d wetting–drying cycles; and a recovery period lasting 28 days during which soil moisture content was held stable, allowing for examination of the legacy effects of the wet-dry cycles. Rewetting cycles decreased soil aggregate stability under some conditions, but their effects on soil microbial biomass and fungal communities, soil enzyme activities, soil priming, and soil dissolved C were not significant. We found lower average soil respiration under the wetting–drying treatment than the stable soil moisture treatment, and Birch effects were observed, but only under some conditions. This was probably because moisture variability exacerbated soil microbial metabolic stress, which showed itself as oxygen limitation during the initial precipitation pulse and as water limitation during soil drying. Notably, respiration rates remained low even after moisture fluctuations ceased, suggesting a legacy effect of rewetting cycles on dryland microbial communities. Overall, rewetting inhibited aggregate formation (physical mechanism), and suppressed soil respiration by inducing soil microbial metabolic stress (biological mechanism), ultimately leading to lower soil C loss under rewetting. Our findings indicate that Birch effects are mediated by the magnitude of moisture variability, the availability of C, and the degree of physiological stress microbes experience.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10533-023-01085-0.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-10DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01084-1
Budiman Minasny, Diana Vigah Adetsu, Matt Aitkenhead, Rebekka R. E. Artz, Nikki Baggaley, Alexandra Barthelmes, Amélie Beucher, Jean Caron, Giulia Conchedda, John Connolly, Raphaël Deragon, Chris Evans, Kjetil Fadnes, Dian Fiantis, Zisis Gagkas, Louis Gilet, Alessandro Gimona, Stephan Glatzel, Mogens H. Greve, Wahaj Habib, Kristell Hergoualc’h, Cecilie Hermansen, Darren B. Kidd, Triven Koganti, Dianna Kopansky, David J. Large, Tuula Larmola, Allan Lilly, Haojie Liu, Matthew Marcus, Maarit Middleton, Keith Morrison, Rasmus Jes Petersen, Tristan Quaife, Line Rochefort, Rudiyanto, Linda Toca, Francesco N. Tubiello, Peter Lystbæk Weber, Simon Weldon, Wirastuti Widyatmanti, Jenny Williamson, Dominik Zak
Peatlands cover only 3–4% of the Earth’s surface, but they store nearly 30% of global soil carbon stock. This significant carbon store is under threat as peatlands continue to be degraded at alarming rates around the world. It has prompted countries worldwide to establish regulations to conserve and reduce emissions from this carbon rich ecosystem. For example, the EU has implemented new rules that mandate sustainable management of peatlands, critical to reaching the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. However, a lack of information on the extent and condition of peatlands has hindered the development of national policies and restoration efforts. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on mapping and monitoring peatlands from field sites to the globe and identifies areas where further research is needed. It presents an overview of the different methodologies used to map peatlands in nine countries, which vary in definition of peat soil and peatland, mapping coverage, and mapping detail. Whereas mapping peatlands across the world with only one approach is hardly possible, the paper highlights the need for more consistent approaches within regions having comparable peatland types and climates to inform their protection and urgent restoration. The review further summarises various approaches used for monitoring peatland conditions and functions. These include monitoring at the plot scale for degree of humification and stoichiometric ratio, and proximal sensing such as gamma radiometrics and electromagnetic induction at the field to landscape scale for mapping peat thickness and identifying hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Remote sensing techniques with passive and active sensors at regional to national scale can help in monitoring subsidence rate, water table, peat moisture, landslides, and GHG emissions. Although the use of water table depth as a proxy for interannual GHG emissions from peatlands has been well established, there is no single remote sensing method or data product yet that has been verified beyond local or regional scales. Broader land-use change and fire monitoring at a global scale may further assist national GHG inventory reporting. Monitoring of peatland conditions to evaluate the success of individual restoration schemes still requires field work to assess local proxies combined with remote sensing and modeling. Long-term monitoring is necessary to draw valid conclusions on revegetation outcomes and associated GHG emissions in rewetted peatlands, as their dynamics are not fully understood at the site level. Monitoring vegetation development and hydrology of restored peatlands is needed as a proxy to assess the return of water and changes in nutrient cycling and biodiversity.
{"title":"Mapping and monitoring peatland conditions from global to field scale","authors":"Budiman Minasny, Diana Vigah Adetsu, Matt Aitkenhead, Rebekka R. E. Artz, Nikki Baggaley, Alexandra Barthelmes, Amélie Beucher, Jean Caron, Giulia Conchedda, John Connolly, Raphaël Deragon, Chris Evans, Kjetil Fadnes, Dian Fiantis, Zisis Gagkas, Louis Gilet, Alessandro Gimona, Stephan Glatzel, Mogens H. Greve, Wahaj Habib, Kristell Hergoualc’h, Cecilie Hermansen, Darren B. Kidd, Triven Koganti, Dianna Kopansky, David J. Large, Tuula Larmola, Allan Lilly, Haojie Liu, Matthew Marcus, Maarit Middleton, Keith Morrison, Rasmus Jes Petersen, Tristan Quaife, Line Rochefort, Rudiyanto, Linda Toca, Francesco N. Tubiello, Peter Lystbæk Weber, Simon Weldon, Wirastuti Widyatmanti, Jenny Williamson, Dominik Zak","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01084-1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01084-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Peatlands cover only 3–4% of the Earth’s surface, but they store nearly 30% of global soil carbon stock. This significant carbon store is under threat as peatlands continue to be degraded at alarming rates around the world. It has prompted countries worldwide to establish regulations to conserve and reduce emissions from this carbon rich ecosystem. For example, the EU has implemented new rules that mandate sustainable management of peatlands, critical to reaching the goal of carbon neutrality by 2050. However, a lack of information on the extent and condition of peatlands has hindered the development of national policies and restoration efforts. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge on mapping and monitoring peatlands from field sites to the globe and identifies areas where further research is needed. It presents an overview of the different methodologies used to map peatlands in nine countries, which vary in definition of peat soil and peatland, mapping coverage, and mapping detail. Whereas mapping peatlands across the world with only one approach is hardly possible, the paper highlights the need for more consistent approaches within regions having comparable peatland types and climates to inform their protection and urgent restoration. The review further summarises various approaches used for monitoring peatland conditions and functions. These include monitoring at the plot scale for degree of humification and stoichiometric ratio, and proximal sensing such as gamma radiometrics and electromagnetic induction at the field to landscape scale for mapping peat thickness and identifying hotspots for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Remote sensing techniques with passive and active sensors at regional to national scale can help in monitoring subsidence rate, water table, peat moisture, landslides, and GHG emissions. Although the use of water table depth as a proxy for interannual GHG emissions from peatlands has been well established, there is no single remote sensing method or data product yet that has been verified beyond local or regional scales. Broader land-use change and fire monitoring at a global scale may further assist national GHG inventory reporting. Monitoring of peatland conditions to evaluate the success of individual restoration schemes still requires field work to assess local proxies combined with remote sensing and modeling. Long-term monitoring is necessary to draw valid conclusions on revegetation outcomes and associated GHG emissions in rewetted peatlands, as their dynamics are not fully understood at the site level. Monitoring vegetation development and hydrology of restored peatlands is needed as a proxy to assess the return of water and changes in nutrient cycling and biodiversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-09DOI: 10.1007/s10533-023-01083-2
Roxanne Marino, Melanie Hayn, Robert W. Howarth, Anne E. Giblin, Karen J. McGlathery, Peter Berg
As part of a long-term study on the effects of nitrogen (N) loading in a shallow temperate lagoon, we measured rates of N2 fixation associated with seagrass (Zostera marina) epiphytes during the summer from 2005 to 2019, at two sites along a gradient from where high N groundwater enters the system (denoted SH) to a more well-flushed outer harbor (OH). The data presented here are the first such long-term N2 fixation estimates for any seagrass system and one of the very few reported for the phyllosphere in a temperate system. Mean daily N2 fixation was estimated from light and dark measurements using the acetylene reduction assay intercalibrated using both incorporation of 15N2 into biomass and a novel application of the N2:Ar method. Surprisingly, despite a large inorganic N input from a N-contaminated groundwater plume, epiphytic N2 fixation rates were moderately to very high for a seagrass system (OH site 14-year mean of 0.94 mmol N m−2 d−1), with the highest rates (2.6 mmol N m−2 d−1) measured at the more N-loaded eutrophic site (SH) where dissolved inorganic N was higher and soluble reactive phosphorus was lower than in the better-flushed OH. Over 95% of the total N2 fixation measured was in the light, suggesting the importance of cyanobacteria in the epiphyte assemblages. We observed large inter-annual variation both within and across the two study sites (range from 0.1 to 2.6 mmol N fixed m−2 d−1), which we suggest is in part related to climatic variation. We estimate that input from phyllosphere N2 fixation over the study period contributes on average an additional 20% to the total daily N load per area within the seagrass meadow.
作为一项关于浅温带泻湖中氮(N)负荷影响的长期研究的一部分,我们在2005年至2019年夏季测量了与海草(Zostera marina)附生植物相关的N2固定率,在从高N地下水进入系统(表示为SH)到更冲洗的外港(OH)的梯度上的两个地点。这里提供的数据是第一个对任何海草系统进行长期N2固定估计的数据,也是为数不多的温带系统叶层的数据之一。使用乙炔还原测定法,通过将15N2掺入生物质和N2:Ar方法的新应用,从光照和暗照测量中估计平均每日N2固定量。令人惊讶的是,尽管氮污染的地下水羽流有大量无机氮输入,但海草系统的附生氮固定率中等至非常高(OH位点14年平均值为0.94 mmol N m−2 d−1),在含氮量更高的富营养化位点(SH)测得的速率最高(2.6 mmol N m−2 d−1),其中溶解的无机氮比冲洗较好的OH中更高,可溶性活性磷更低。测得的总N2固定率超过95%是在光照下,这表明蓝藻在附生植物组合中的重要性。我们在两个研究地点内部和之间观察到了巨大的年际变化(范围为0.1至2.6 mmol N固定m−2 d−1),我们认为这在一定程度上与气候变化有关。我们估计,在研究期间,来自叶层N2固定的输入平均为海草草甸内每个区域的总日氮负荷贡献了20%。
{"title":"Nitrogen fixation associated with epiphytes on the seagrass Zostera marina in a temperate lagoon with moderate to high nitrogen loads","authors":"Roxanne Marino, Melanie Hayn, Robert W. Howarth, Anne E. Giblin, Karen J. McGlathery, Peter Berg","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01083-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-023-01083-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As part of a long-term study on the effects of nitrogen (N) loading in a shallow temperate lagoon, we measured rates of N<sub>2</sub> fixation associated with seagrass (<i>Zostera marina</i>) epiphytes during the summer from 2005 to 2019, at two sites along a gradient from where high N groundwater enters the system (denoted SH) to a more well-flushed outer harbor (OH). The data presented here are the first such long-term N<sub>2</sub> fixation estimates for any seagrass system and one of the very few reported for the phyllosphere in a temperate system. Mean daily N<sub>2</sub> fixation was estimated from light and dark measurements using the acetylene reduction assay intercalibrated using both incorporation of <sup>15</sup>N<sub>2</sub> into biomass and a novel application of the N<sub>2</sub>:Ar method. Surprisingly, despite a large inorganic N input from a N-contaminated groundwater plume, epiphytic N<sub>2</sub> fixation rates were moderately to very high for a seagrass system (OH site 14-year mean of 0.94 mmol N m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>), with the highest rates (2.6 mmol N m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>) measured at the more N-loaded eutrophic site (SH) where dissolved inorganic N was higher and soluble reactive phosphorus was lower than in the better-flushed OH. Over 95% of the total N<sub>2</sub> fixation measured was in the light, suggesting the importance of cyanobacteria in the epiphyte assemblages. We observed large inter-annual variation both within and across the two study sites (range from 0.1 to 2.6 mmol N fixed m<sup>−2</sup> d<sup>−1</sup>), which we suggest is in part related to climatic variation. We estimate that input from phyllosphere N<sub>2</sub> fixation over the study period contributes on average an additional 20% to the total daily N load per area within the seagrass meadow.</p>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71491951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Forest mycorrhizal type is getting more attention as a potentially significant factor controlling carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) forests are frequently reported to have lower N availability and higher soil C storage than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) forests. However, it is still unclear whether such characteristics stem from the low organic matter quality inherent in the ECM forest or other biotic and abiotic factors, such as competition for N between ECM fungi and free-living microbes. We conducted soil and litter reciprocal transplant experiments between AM-symbiotic black locust and ECM-symbiotic oak forests to separate the effects of organic matter quality and forest type (i.e., factors including ECM fungal presence and soil physicochemical properties) on decomposition rates and N availability. We hypothesized that the forest type, rather than organic matter quality, is a more determinant factor for available N content but not organic matter decomposition rate. Forest type had a more substantial effect not only on nitrate content but also on decomposition rate than organic matter quality. Since the litter decomposition rate was higher when placed in the oak forest, the higher soil C accumulation in the oak than in the black locust forests may be caused by greater C input rather than the slower decomposition in the oak than black locust forest. In addition, nitrate content was determined by forest type, suggesting the suppression of nitrate content by ECM fungal presence. This study suggests that the forest type with different mycorrhizal associations can affect biogeochemical cycling independent of organic matter quality.
{"title":"Mycorrhizal type affects forest nitrogen availability, independent of organic matter quality","authors":"Chikae Tatsumi, Takeshi Taniguchi, Fujio Hyodo, Sheng Du, Norikazu Yamanaka, Ryunosuke Tateno","doi":"10.1007/s10533-023-01087-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10533-023-01087-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Forest mycorrhizal type is getting more attention as a potentially significant factor controlling carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycling. Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) forests are frequently reported to have lower N availability and higher soil C storage than arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) forests. However, it is still unclear whether such characteristics stem from the low organic matter quality inherent in the ECM forest or other biotic and abiotic factors, such as competition for N between ECM fungi and free-living microbes. We conducted soil and litter reciprocal transplant experiments between AM-symbiotic black locust and ECM-symbiotic oak forests to separate the effects of organic matter quality and forest type (i.e., factors including ECM fungal presence and soil physicochemical properties) on decomposition rates and N availability. We hypothesized that the forest type, rather than organic matter quality, is a more determinant factor for available N content but not organic matter decomposition rate. Forest type had a more substantial effect not only on nitrate content but also on decomposition rate than organic matter quality. Since the litter decomposition rate was higher when placed in the oak forest, the higher soil C accumulation in the oak than in the black locust forests may be caused by greater C input rather than the slower decomposition in the oak than black locust forest. In addition, nitrate content was determined by forest type, suggesting the suppression of nitrate content by ECM fungal presence. This study suggests that the forest type with different mycorrhizal associations can affect biogeochemical cycling independent of organic matter quality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8901,"journal":{"name":"Biogeochemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":4.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10533-023-01087-y.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"50450574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}