BJU International最新文献

Objective: To investigate the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).

Methods: A narrative review was carried out using PubMed and searching for English articles published from January 2015 to May 2025.

Results: After the screening process, 12 retrospective studies comparing outcomes in patients with mRCC treated with ICI-based regimens, with or without CN (either upfront or deferred) were deemed eligible. Of those, six indicated a survival benefit for patients undergoing CN in combination with ICIs with hazards ratios ranging from 0.19 to 0.63, a finding that remains consistent within the upfront CN subgroup. However, the included studies' retrospective nature, inherent selection, and immortal time biases limit definitive conclusions. Ongoing phase III randomised trials, NORDIC-SUN (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03977571) and Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG)-1931 (also known as PROBE; NCT04510597), are evaluating the role of deferred CN after initial ICI therapy, while the role of upfront CN in the ICI era will be likely elucidated by SEVURO-CN (NCT05753839) trial.

Conclusion: Our findings highlight reconsidering the importance of CN in the ICI era, potentially driven by the influence of tumour burden on anti-cancer immunity and the limited efficacy of ICIs against primary tumours. Future research, ideally through randomised trials involving patients suitable for safe surgery, should aim to clarify the optimal timing of CN in the context of ICI therapy.

Objectives: To evaluate the feasibility of confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) for identifying detrusor muscle presence during transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT).

Patients and methods: A total of 36 specimens from 17 patients were prospectively collected. The resected surfaces were analysed intraoperatively using CFM to evaluate the presence of detrusor muscle. All CFM images were independently reviewed by two board-certified genitourinary pathologists and two urology trainees, who have completed the necessary CFM training. Interobserver agreement was assessed, and diagnostic concordance between the CFM interpretations, standard cystoscopic evaluation, and final haematoxylin and eosin analysis, were analysed.

Results: All specimen preparations and CFM scanning were completed within 5 min. Interobserver agreement between the two pathology reviewers was 91.7%. When compared with final histopathology, expert pathology readers achieved strong diagnostic performance using CFM, with a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 90%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 87.5%, and negative PV(NPV) of 90%. By comparison, the urology trainees yielded a sensitivity of 61.9%, specificity of 100%, PPV of 100%, and NPV of 66.7%, while standard cystoscopic assessment demonstrated a sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 100%, 50%, 71.4%, and 100%, respectively.

Conclusion: Confocal fluorescence microscopy represents a feasible and promising adjunct for real-time intraoperative assessment of TURBT specimen adequacy and resection quality. Although expert pathology readers demonstrated superior diagnostic performance, acceptable accuracy can also be achieved by urology trainees with necessary training and additional experience. Nevertheless, larger, multi-institutional studies remain required to validate these findings and to further define the safe implementation of CFM in contemporary diagnosis and surgical management of bladder cancer.