Mint species (Mentha sp.) are important vegetables with medicinal and economic characteristics. In this study, the genetic relationships of 34 accessions of 5 mint species including Mentha spicata, Mentha longifolia, Mentha piperita, Mentha aquatica, and Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad were evaluated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers, followed by the analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products on a high-resolution acrylamide gel. ISSR primers yielded 74 clear and reproducible bands, of which 50 bands were polymorph (65.28%), with a minimum of 7 ((TG)8G) and a maximum of 17 ((GA)8YC) bands per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) for each primer varied from 0.37 to 0.46 with an average of 0.41. The marker index referred to (GA)8YC primer as the most efficient compared to others. The analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) at the species level showed that variation within the species (75%) exhibits greater partitioning than the variation among species (15%). The cluster analysis performed was based on Nei’s genetic distances using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method. At the accession level, all 34 accessions were separated into 3 main clusters. The cluster analysis at the species level placed 3 species including M. aquatica, M. longifolia, and M. spicata in one common group. Based on the cluster analysis, the M. mozaffarianii Jamzad, as an Iranian species, was placed in Mentha section, closer to other species, when compared to M. piperita. The results indicated that ISSR markers alongside a high-resolution electrophoresis can be truly helpful in visualizing the diversity among different accessions of one species.
{"title":"Genetic relationships of Iranian endemic mint species, Mentha mozaffariani Jamzad and some other mint species revealed by ISSR markers","authors":"A. Choupani, A. Shojaeiyan, M. Maleki","doi":"10.5114/BTA.2019.83208","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/BTA.2019.83208","url":null,"abstract":"Mint species (Mentha sp.) are important vegetables with medicinal and economic characteristics. In this study, the genetic relationships of 34 accessions of 5 mint species including Mentha spicata, Mentha longifolia, Mentha piperita, Mentha aquatica, and Mentha mozaffarianii Jamzad were evaluated using Inter-Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers, followed by the analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products on a high-resolution acrylamide gel. ISSR primers yielded 74 clear and reproducible bands, of which 50 bands were polymorph (65.28%), with a minimum of 7 ((TG)8G) and a maximum of 17 ((GA)8YC) bands per primer. Polymorphism information content (PIC) for each primer varied from 0.37 to 0.46 with an average of 0.41. The marker index referred to (GA)8YC primer as the most efficient compared to others. The analysis of the molecular variance (AMOVA) at the species level showed that variation within the species (75%) exhibits greater partitioning than the variation among species (15%). The cluster analysis performed was based on Nei’s genetic distances using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) method. At the accession level, all 34 accessions were separated into 3 main clusters. The cluster analysis at the species level placed 3 species including M. aquatica, M. longifolia, and M. spicata in one common group. Based on the cluster analysis, the M. mozaffarianii Jamzad, as an Iranian species, was placed in Mentha section, closer to other species, when compared to M. piperita. The results indicated that ISSR markers alongside a high-resolution electrophoresis can be truly helpful in visualizing the diversity among different accessions of one species.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Nworie, Augustine N. Okorie, D. N. Ebere, Onyedikachi C. Obike
Thrombocytopenia is closely associated with heparin therapy and hematological disorders and other common diseases in patients admitted in the hospital. Globally, thrombocytopenic cases in hospitals leading to 80% of deaths are mainly due to refractory bleeding and lack of availability of platelet concentrates. Currently, chemical compounds for managing thrombocytopenia are needed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of methanolic leaf extract of Bauhinia monandra as a potential antidote for treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). A total of 30 mice were used for the experimental study. The mice were divided into five Groups (I–V) of six mice each. Group I (normal control) was given distilled water only, and Group II (positive control) was given heparin only. Groups III, IV, and V (treatment groups) were given heparin and methanolic leaf extract of B. monandra at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (b. wt), respectively. Furthermore, blood samples were collected to determine the blood platelet count. Bleeding time and clotting time were also determined. This study showed that the mice in the group treated with methanolic leaf extract of B. monandra at a dose of 400 mg/kg b. wt had significantly (P < 0.05) higher platelet counts (225.10 ± 6.41) than the control groups: normal control (181.90 ± 11.38) and positive control (127.65 ± 5.79). It also significantly decreased the bleeding and clotting time. Acute toxicity test showed no significant physical and behavioral changes. The results from this study show that leaf methanolic extract of B. monandra is effective as an antidote for treating HIT.
血小板减少症与肝素治疗及住院患者血液病等常见病密切相关。在全球范围内，导致80%死亡的医院血小板减少病例主要是由于难治性出血和缺乏血小板浓缩物。目前，需要治疗血小板减少症的化合物。本研究的目的是确定紫荆叶甲醇提取物作为治疗肝素性血小板减少症(HIT)的潜在解毒剂的效果。实验共使用30只小鼠。将小鼠分为5组(I-V)，每组6只。ⅰ组(正常对照组)只给予蒸馏水，ⅱ组(阳性对照组)只给予肝素。III组、IV组和V组(治疗组)分别给予100、200和400 mg/kg体重(B. wt)的肝素和苦楝叶甲醇提取物。此外，采集血样测定血小板计数。测定出血时间和凝血时间。结果表明，山楂叶甲醇提取物400mg /kg B. wt组小鼠血小板计数(225.10±6.41)明显高于正常对照组(181.90±11.38)和阳性对照组(127.65±5.79)(P < 0.05)。它还显著缩短了出血和凝血时间。急性毒性试验未见明显的生理和行为改变。本研究结果表明，苦参叶甲醇提取物是治疗HIT的有效解药。
{"title":"Evaluation of antidote potential of methanol leaf extract of Bauhinia monandra on heparin-induced thrombocytopenia in mice","authors":"K. Nworie, Augustine N. Okorie, D. N. Ebere, Onyedikachi C. Obike","doi":"10.5114/BTA.2019.83212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/BTA.2019.83212","url":null,"abstract":"Thrombocytopenia is closely associated with heparin therapy and hematological disorders and other common diseases in patients admitted in the hospital. Globally, thrombocytopenic cases in hospitals leading to 80% of deaths are mainly due to refractory bleeding and lack of availability of platelet concentrates. Currently, chemical compounds for managing thrombocytopenia are needed. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of methanolic leaf extract of Bauhinia monandra as a potential antidote for treating heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). A total of 30 mice were used for the experimental study. The mice were divided into five Groups (I–V) of six mice each. Group I (normal control) was given distilled water only, and Group II (positive control) was given heparin only. Groups III, IV, and V (treatment groups) were given heparin and methanolic leaf extract of B. monandra at a dose of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight (b. wt), respectively. Furthermore, blood samples were collected to determine the blood platelet count. Bleeding time and clotting time were also determined. This study showed that the mice in the group treated with methanolic leaf extract of B. monandra at a dose of 400 mg/kg b. wt had significantly (P < 0.05) higher platelet counts (225.10 ± 6.41) than the control groups: normal control (181.90 ± 11.38) and positive control (127.65 ± 5.79). It also significantly decreased the bleeding and clotting time. Acute toxicity test showed no significant physical and behavioral changes. The results from this study show that leaf methanolic extract of B. monandra is effective as an antidote for treating HIT.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71065867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To overcome antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms, research work is being directed towards finding alternative targets in bacteria towards which novel antibiotics can be designed. One of the targets is cell-to-cell communication pathway, also called quorum sensing which is promising since it controls the expression of virulence genes. Another possible target is the segregation apparatus that is present in low copy number plasmids that may contain antibiotic resistance genes. Cellular elements that function in division or maintain the shape of the micro-organisms may be also used as alternative targets to affect cytokinesis or cause abnormalities in shape, which can or may lead to cell lysis. Additionally, certain metabolic pathways present in microbes do not exist in mammals and, therefore, may be exploited as novel targets without affecting the human host. Screening of ligands or chemical compounds from natural products may be useful in finding inhibitors acting on the above-mentioned cellular components, and it may lead to the design of future antibiotics.
{"title":"Molecular targets to develop future antimicrobials","authors":"M. Al-Khayyat","doi":"10.5114/BTA.2019.85325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/BTA.2019.85325","url":null,"abstract":"To overcome antibiotic resistance in pathogenic microorganisms, research work is being directed towards finding alternative targets in bacteria towards which novel antibiotics can be designed. One of the targets is cell-to-cell communication pathway, also called quorum sensing which is promising since it controls the expression of virulence genes. Another possible target is the segregation apparatus that is present in low copy number plasmids that may contain antibiotic resistance genes. Cellular elements that function in division or maintain the shape of the micro-organisms may be also used as alternative targets to affect cytokinesis or cause abnormalities in shape, which can or may lead to cell lysis. Additionally, certain metabolic pathways present in microbes do not exist in mammals and, therefore, may be exploited as novel targets without affecting the human host. Screening of ligands or chemical compounds from natural products may be useful in finding inhibitors acting on the above-mentioned cellular components, and it may lead to the design of future antibiotics.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71066258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rapid and practical determination of lactic acid concentration during anaerobic digestion and in acidification samples is extremely important to ensure the digester is running properly and to avoid build-up of lactic acid. Thus, developing a simple and fast method for analyzing lactic acid in anaerobic digestion samples is important. The results of the present study revealed that lactic acid is an intermediate product of anaerobic digestion, which could be quickly measured using a portable lactate biosensor. We obtained linear standard curves from the relationship between various lactic acid concentrations of the standard solution and the lactate biosensor reading, which were tested at different temperatures (30, 45 and 55EC). A high value of coefficient determination, -0.98–0.99, was obtained from all standard curves. This suggests that the evaluated system was accurate, reliable, and reproducible.
{"title":"Rapid determination of lactic acid in anaerobic biological\u0000treatment process using a portable sensitive lactate biosensor","authors":"D. Darwin","doi":"10.5114/BTA.2019.85320","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/BTA.2019.85320","url":null,"abstract":"The rapid and practical determination of lactic acid concentration during anaerobic digestion and in acidification samples is extremely important to ensure the digester is running properly and to avoid build-up of lactic acid. Thus, developing a simple and fast method for analyzing lactic acid in anaerobic digestion samples is important. The results of the present study revealed that lactic acid is an intermediate product of anaerobic digestion, which could be quickly measured using a portable lactate biosensor. We obtained linear standard curves from the relationship between various lactic acid concentrations of the standard solution and the lactate biosensor reading, which were tested at different temperatures (30, 45 and 55EC). A high value of coefficient determination, -0.98–0.99, was obtained from all standard curves. This suggests that the evaluated system was accurate, reliable, and reproducible.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71066590","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Gharari, A. Sharafi, K. Bagheri, A. Yazdinezhad, S. Bijani
Viola caspia subsp. sylvestrioides, a small important medicinal herb, belongs to the subsection Rostratae (sec. Viola) of genus Viola L. This study was performed to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of V. caspia subsp. sylvestrioides as an ex situ technique for conservation of endangered plants and extraction of secondary metabolites. Leaf and petiole explants were cultured on half and full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), isopentenyl adenine (2ip), thidiazuron (TDZ), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Direct organogenesis was induced on half and full-strength MS media supplemented with TDZ (0.7 to 3.5 mg/l) from leaf and petiole explants. Indirect shoot organogenesis was induced on half-strength MS supplemented with 3.5 mg/l 2ip and 2.5 mg/l NAA followed by transferring the obtained callus onto a half-strength MS containing 0.5 mg/l BAP. The highest frequency of shoot organogenesis (100 and 86.66%) was noted for petiole and leaf explants, respectively, on halfstrength MS medium supplemented with 2.8 mg/l TDZ (approx. 7.66 and 4.33 shoots per petiole and leaf explant, respectively). The induced shoots were used for root induction on a half-strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Phytochemical constituents in leaf tincture were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. GC/MS results revealed that vitamin E was the main component in the tincture of Viola leaves. The present study provides a simple and rapid protocol for in vitro regeneration of V. caspia subsp. sylvestrioides plants which can be used for gene transfer and conservation purposes, and in pharmaceutical studies.
{"title":"In vitro regeneration and secondary metabolites of Viola caspia subsp. sylvestrioides Marcussen","authors":"Z. Gharari, A. Sharafi, K. Bagheri, A. Yazdinezhad, S. Bijani","doi":"10.5114/bta.2019.90241","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2019.90241","url":null,"abstract":"Viola caspia subsp. sylvestrioides, a small important medicinal herb, belongs to the subsection Rostratae (sec. Viola) of genus Viola L. This study was performed to develop an efficient protocol for in vitro regeneration of V. caspia subsp. sylvestrioides as an ex situ technique for conservation of endangered plants and extraction of secondary metabolites. Leaf and petiole explants were cultured on half and full-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), isopentenyl adenine (2ip), thidiazuron (TDZ), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Direct organogenesis was induced on half and full-strength MS media supplemented with TDZ (0.7 to 3.5 mg/l) from leaf and petiole explants. Indirect shoot organogenesis was induced on half-strength MS supplemented with 3.5 mg/l 2ip and 2.5 mg/l NAA followed by transferring the obtained callus onto a half-strength MS containing 0.5 mg/l BAP. The highest frequency of shoot organogenesis (100 and 86.66%) was noted for petiole and leaf explants, respectively, on halfstrength MS medium supplemented with 2.8 mg/l TDZ (approx. 7.66 and 4.33 shoots per petiole and leaf explant, respectively). The induced shoots were used for root induction on a half-strength MS medium with 0.5 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Phytochemical constituents in leaf tincture were determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. GC/MS results revealed that vitamin E was the main component in the tincture of Viola leaves. The present study provides a simple and rapid protocol for in vitro regeneration of V. caspia subsp. sylvestrioides plants which can be used for gene transfer and conservation purposes, and in pharmaceutical studies.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71067355","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Leptin is a versatile hormone involved in many biological functions, including controlling body weight, energy homeostasis, reproduction, and immune function. Though exhaustive studies were performed on the bovine LEP gene, no efforts have been made to comprehensively and systematically analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its coding sequence. The present study was conducted to identify the most deleterious nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) of the bovine LEP gene. SNPs retrieved from the dbSNP database were investigated using various computational tools, including SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PANTHER, PROVEAN, SNAP2, I-Mutant2, mCSM, SDM, DUET, Cobalt, SPPIDER, ConSurf, and MutPred. A total of 28 nsSNPs were considered for the present study. Only 4 nsSNPs, namely, R66M, D186G, C191S, and C191G were found to be deleterious by all the used common nsSNP prediction tools and affected leptin protein structure, function, and biological stability. These variants were located in very highly conserved positions, and thus mutations in these amino acid positions have deleterious evolutionary consequences. The findings of the present study proved that R66M, D186G, C191S, and C191G nsSNPs have the most deleterious consequences on both the structure and the function of bovine leptin, with a special emphasis on the remarkable effects of the last two nsSNPs on the breakage of the disulfide linkage which may lead to a variety of deleterious consequences of this disturbed three-dimensional structure on bovine life and performance. This study provides the first comprehensive computation of the damaging effects of nsSNPs on leptin in bovines.
{"title":"A comprehensive in silico prediction of the most deleterious missense variants in the bovine LEP gene","authors":"M. Al-Shuhaib","doi":"10.5114/bta.2019.90244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2019.90244","url":null,"abstract":"Leptin is a versatile hormone involved in many biological functions, including controlling body weight, energy homeostasis, reproduction, and immune function. Though exhaustive studies were performed on the bovine LEP gene, no efforts have been made to comprehensively and systematically analyze single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in its coding sequence. The present study was conducted to identify the most deleterious nonsynonymous SNPs (nsSNPs) of the bovine LEP gene. SNPs retrieved from the dbSNP database were investigated using various computational tools, including SIFT, PolyPhen-2, PANTHER, PROVEAN, SNAP2, I-Mutant2, mCSM, SDM, DUET, Cobalt, SPPIDER, ConSurf, and MutPred. A total of 28 nsSNPs were considered for the present study. Only 4 nsSNPs, namely, R66M, D186G, C191S, and C191G were found to be deleterious by all the used common nsSNP prediction tools and affected leptin protein structure, function, and biological stability. These variants were located in very highly conserved positions, and thus mutations in these amino acid positions have deleterious evolutionary consequences. The findings of the present study proved that R66M, D186G, C191S, and C191G nsSNPs have the most deleterious consequences on both the structure and the function of bovine leptin, with a special emphasis on the remarkable effects of the last two nsSNPs on the breakage of the disulfide linkage which may lead to a variety of deleterious consequences of this disturbed three-dimensional structure on bovine life and performance. This study provides the first comprehensive computation of the damaging effects of nsSNPs on leptin in bovines.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71067429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was performed to determine the effects of different types of disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol) on the mycelial growth of the mushroom Agrocybe semiorbicularis. The more evolutionarily advanced mushroom mycelium was expected to show greater resistance to disinfectants than other fungal and bacterial contaminants. Minimal disinfectant concentration was the one at which contaminants were inhibited, while the growth of the desired mushroom mycelia remained unaffected. Different concentrations of different disinfectants were added to the growth media, and the pure mushroom mycelial culture was inoculated on the media and left to grow. The results revealed that the probability of contamination was higher in all the concentrations of Hypo and in lower concentrations of Dettol and Izal. At 5% concentration of the disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol), the mean values of contamination were 0.667, 0.417, and 0.00 (P < 0.001), respectively. At 10% concentration, the mean contamination values were 0.167, 0.583, and 0.333 (P > 0.05), respectively, while at 15% concentration, the mean contamination values were 1.000, 0.417, and 0.250 (P < 0.05), respectively. At higher concentrations of the disinfectants, the growth of contaminants was completely suppressed, and the growth of the desired mycelia was also significantly decreased. At 17% concentration of the disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol), the mean values of contamination were 0.833, 0.833, and 0.00 (P < 0.05), respectively. At 18% disinfectant concentration, the mean contamination values were 0.167, 0.00, and 0.00 (P > 0.05), respectively, while at 20% disinfectant concentration, the mean contamination values were 0.583, 0.00, and 0.00(P < 0.05), respectively. The mean values of the mushroom’s mycelial growth for the three disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol) were 6.26, 15.38, and 21.93 mm (P < 0.05), respectively, for 5% concentration; 11.75, 10.08, and 13.90 mm (P > 0.05), respectively, for 10% concentration; and 0.00, 12.88, and 18.33 mm (P < 0.05), respectively, for 15% concentration. At higher concentrations of the disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol), the mean values of the mushroom’s mycelial growth were 16.92, 11.90, and 14.33 mm (P > 0.05), respectively, for 17% concentration; 18.54, 3.00, and 8.71 mm (P > 0.05), respectively, for 18% concentration; and 13.50, 13.25, and 0.00 mm (P > 0.05), respectively, for 20% concentration. Disinfectants that yielded 100% (12/12) growth of pure cultures were 18% and 20% concentrations of Izal and 15% concentration of Dettol (P < 0.05). Dettol at concentrations of 10%, 17%, and 18% yielded 66.7% (8/12) of pure cultures, but with a significant decrease in growth (P < 0.05) and viability; moreover, no contaminants survived at these concentrations. In general, mushroom mycelia were found to exhibit a higher degree of resistance to disinfectants than fungal and bacterial contaminants. Pure mycelial cultures were obtained in almost all the con
本研究确定了不同类型的消毒剂(Hypo、Izal和Dettol)对半圆形农菇菌丝生长的影响。与其他真菌和细菌污染物相比，进化更先进的蘑菇菌丝体预计会表现出更强的消毒剂抗性。最低消毒剂浓度是污染物被抑制的浓度，而所需菌丝体的生长不受影响。在培养基中加入不同浓度的不同消毒剂，将纯菌丝培养物接种在培养基上，任其生长。结果表明，在所有浓度的Hypo和较低浓度的Dettol和Izal污染的可能性较高。在5%浓度的消毒剂(Hypo、Izal和Dettol)中，污染均值分别为0.667、0.417和0.00 (P < 0.001)。在10%浓度下，平均污染值分别为0.167、0.583和0.333 (P < 0.05);在15%浓度下，平均污染值分别为1.000、0.417和0.250 (P < 0.05)。在较高浓度的消毒剂下，污染物的生长完全被抑制，所需菌丝的生长也明显下降。在17%浓度的消毒剂(Hypo、Izal和Dettol)中，污染均值分别为0.833、0.833和0.00 (P < 0.05)。在消毒液浓度为18%时，平均污染值分别为0.167、0.00和0.00(P < 0.05)，在消毒液浓度为20%时，平均污染值分别为0.583、0.00和0.00(P < 0.05)。3种消毒剂(Hypo、Izal和Dettol)在5%浓度下菌丝生长的平均值分别为6.26、15.38和21.93 mm (P < 0.05);10%浓度下分别为11.75、10.08和13.90 mm (P < 0.05);15%浓度下，分别为0.00、12.88、18.33 mm (P < 0.05)。在较高浓度的消毒剂(Hypo、Izal和Dettol)中，浓度为17%时，蘑菇菌丝生长的平均值分别为16.92、11.90和14.33 mm (P < 0.05);18%浓度下，分别为18.54、3.00和8.71 mm (P < 0.05);20%浓度下分别为13.50、13.25、0.00 mm (P < 0.05)。纯培养物生长100%(12/12)的消毒剂为18%、20%的依扎尔和15%的Dettol (P < 0.05)。10%、17%和18%浓度的Dettol可产生66.7%(8/12)的纯培养物，但显著降低了生长(P < 0.05)和活力;此外，在这些浓度下，没有污染物存活。一般来说，蘑菇菌丝体对消毒剂的抗性程度高于真菌和细菌污染物。在所有消毒剂的几乎所有浓度下均可获得纯菌丝培养物，但在污染水平和所需菌丝的更好生长之间存在权衡。滴露抑制污染物生长的效果最好，其次是伊扎尔，效果最差的是Hypo。这项研究的结果将有助于减少蘑菇生产过程中的污染问题。
{"title":"Sensitivity of mycelial growth of mushroom Agrocybe semiorbicularis to different concentrations of different disinfectants","authors":"T. Buba, V. Agbo, A. Abdullahi, J. Emmanuel","doi":"10.5114/bta.2019.90247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2019.90247","url":null,"abstract":"This study was performed to determine the effects of different types of disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol) on the mycelial growth of the mushroom Agrocybe semiorbicularis. The more evolutionarily advanced mushroom mycelium was expected to show greater resistance to disinfectants than other fungal and bacterial contaminants. Minimal disinfectant concentration was the one at which contaminants were inhibited, while the growth of the desired mushroom mycelia remained unaffected. Different concentrations of different disinfectants were added to the growth media, and the pure mushroom mycelial culture was inoculated on the media and left to grow. The results revealed that the probability of contamination was higher in all the concentrations of Hypo and in lower concentrations of Dettol and Izal. At 5% concentration of the disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol), the mean values of contamination were 0.667, 0.417, and 0.00 (P < 0.001), respectively. At 10% concentration, the mean contamination values were 0.167, 0.583, and 0.333 (P > 0.05), respectively, while at 15% concentration, the mean contamination values were 1.000, 0.417, and 0.250 (P < 0.05), respectively. At higher concentrations of the disinfectants, the growth of contaminants was completely suppressed, and the growth of the desired mycelia was also significantly decreased. At 17% concentration of the disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol), the mean values of contamination were 0.833, 0.833, and 0.00 (P < 0.05), respectively. At 18% disinfectant concentration, the mean contamination values were 0.167, 0.00, and 0.00 (P > 0.05), respectively, while at 20% disinfectant concentration, the mean contamination values were 0.583, 0.00, and 0.00(P < 0.05), respectively. The mean values of the mushroom’s mycelial growth for the three disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol) were 6.26, 15.38, and 21.93 mm (P < 0.05), respectively, for 5% concentration; 11.75, 10.08, and 13.90 mm (P > 0.05), respectively, for 10% concentration; and 0.00, 12.88, and 18.33 mm (P < 0.05), respectively, for 15% concentration. At higher concentrations of the disinfectants (Hypo, Izal, and Dettol), the mean values of the mushroom’s mycelial growth were 16.92, 11.90, and 14.33 mm (P > 0.05), respectively, for 17% concentration; 18.54, 3.00, and 8.71 mm (P > 0.05), respectively, for 18% concentration; and 13.50, 13.25, and 0.00 mm (P > 0.05), respectively, for 20% concentration. Disinfectants that yielded 100% (12/12) growth of pure cultures were 18% and 20% concentrations of Izal and 15% concentration of Dettol (P < 0.05). Dettol at concentrations of 10%, 17%, and 18% yielded 66.7% (8/12) of pure cultures, but with a significant decrease in growth (P < 0.05) and viability; moreover, no contaminants survived at these concentrations. In general, mushroom mycelia were found to exhibit a higher degree of resistance to disinfectants than fungal and bacterial contaminants. Pure mycelial cultures were obtained in almost all the con","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71067478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Plant thin cell layers (TCLs), which consist of a few layers of cells, are typically 0.5–1 mm thick. After the first application of TCLs to tobacco in 1943, and after 45 years of their practical application to plant tissue culture, TCLs have proven to be an effective tool for the in vitro culture of dozens of plant species. Their higher productivity compared to conventional explants has made TCLs continually relevant and useful in plant research and applied plant biotechnology. On the 45th anniversary of TCLs, this mini-review highlights the emergence of about a dozen new studies published in the past three years (2016–2018) that employed TCLs in either basic tissue culture or applied in vitro biotechnology. These new results emerged for medicinal plants (Bacopa monnieri, Scutellaria ocmulgee, Urginea altissima, Withania coagulans ), fruit trees (Rubus spp.), vegetables (Allium ascalonicum, Allium schoenoprasum), a conifer (Pinus patula ), ornamental plants including Lilium and three orchids (Dendrobium aqueum, Dendrobium aphyllum, Malaxis wallichii ), and a model plant (Arabidopsis thaliana ). In plant biotechnology, TCLs have a rich history and their continued use and future application to plant tissue culture or genetic transformation is promising.
{"title":"Recent advances and novelties in the thin cell layer-based plant biotechnology – a mini-review","authors":"J. Silva, J. Dobránszki","doi":"10.5114/BTA.2019.83215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/BTA.2019.83215","url":null,"abstract":"Plant thin cell layers (TCLs), which consist of a few layers of cells, are typically 0.5–1 mm thick. After the first application of TCLs to tobacco in 1943, and after 45 years of their practical application to plant tissue culture, TCLs have proven to be an effective tool for the in vitro culture of dozens of plant species. Their higher productivity compared to conventional explants has made TCLs continually relevant and useful in plant research and applied plant biotechnology. On the 45th anniversary of TCLs, this mini-review highlights the emergence of about a dozen new studies published in the past three years (2016–2018) that employed TCLs in either basic tissue culture or applied in vitro biotechnology. These new results emerged for medicinal plants (Bacopa monnieri, Scutellaria ocmulgee, Urginea altissima, Withania coagulans ), fruit trees (Rubus spp.), vegetables (Allium ascalonicum, Allium schoenoprasum), a conifer (Pinus patula ), ornamental plants including Lilium and three orchids (Dendrobium aqueum, Dendrobium aphyllum, Malaxis wallichii ), and a model plant (Arabidopsis thaliana ). In plant biotechnology, TCLs have a rich history and their continued use and future application to plant tissue culture or genetic transformation is promising.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71066340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pretreating plant biomasses is an important step for effective lignin removal and degradation of cellulose to fermentable sugars. In this study, we optimized pretreatment conditions for peanut shells (Arachis hypogeae ) to obtain the maximum yield of cellulose. For optimization, three parameters were used, i.e., sulfuric acid concentration (0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%), substrate loading (5%, 10%, and 15%), and residence time (4 h, 6 h, and 8 h) with and without steam (121EC, 15 psi, 15 min), based on Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. The results confirmed that the maximum yield of cellulose (71.68%) was obtained under pretreatment conditions of 1% sulfuric acid, 15% substrate loading, and 6 h residence time. The ANOVA results indicated that the proposed model was highly significant having F -value and P -value of 158.63 and 0.000, respectively. Moreover, the efficiency of this pretreatment method was further analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy, indicating structural conformation in the pretreated biomass. The results indicate that the pretreated biomass can be utilized for further processes such as saccharification of lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production.
{"title":"Optimization of sulfuric acid treatment of peanut shells for cellulose contents through Box-Behnken design","authors":"S. Kanwal, M. Irfan","doi":"10.5114/bta.2019.85322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2019.85322","url":null,"abstract":"Pretreating plant biomasses is an important step for effective lignin removal and degradation of cellulose to fermentable sugars. In this study, we optimized pretreatment conditions for peanut shells (Arachis hypogeae ) to obtain the maximum yield of cellulose. For optimization, three parameters were used, i.e., sulfuric acid concentration (0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0%), substrate loading (5%, 10%, and 15%), and residence time (4 h, 6 h, and 8 h) with and without steam (121EC, 15 psi, 15 min), based on Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. The results confirmed that the maximum yield of cellulose (71.68%) was obtained under pretreatment conditions of 1% sulfuric acid, 15% substrate loading, and 6 h residence time. The ANOVA results indicated that the proposed model was highly significant having F -value and P -value of 158.63 and 0.000, respectively. Moreover, the efficiency of this pretreatment method was further analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy, indicating structural conformation in the pretreated biomass. The results indicate that the pretreated biomass can be utilized for further processes such as saccharification of lignocellulosic material for bioethanol production.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71066516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ewa Czajkowska-Wojciechowska, Aleksandra Singh, Roksana Trznadel, P. Ruszkowski, L. Celewicz
In this study, a series of novel N-alkyl phosphoramidate monoesters of 3N-azido-3N-deoxythymidine (AZT) were synthesized using two methods. The synthesized phosphoramidates 7a–e were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity in three human cancer cell lines (cervical cancer (HeLa), nasopharyngeal cancer (KB), and breast cancer (MCF-7)) and a normal dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF) using sulforhodamine B assay. Among the synthesized phosphoramidates, the highest cytotoxic activity was demonstrated by phosphoramidate 7d with the N-n-propyl substituent in all the examined cancer cell lines, and its activity was found to be about two fold higher than that of the parent nucleoside (AZT). Phosphoramidate 7d showed not only a high cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines but also a low toxicity against normal fibroblast cells; its selectivity index was >3 for all the investigated cancer cell lines. A slightly lower cytotoxic activity was shown by phosphoramidates 7a, 7b, and 7e, whereas phosphoramidate 7c with the N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) substituent exhibited the least cytotoxic activity in all the cell lines used.
{"title":"Synthesis and in vitro anticancer activity of N-alkyl phosphoramidate monoesters of 3’-azido-3’-deoxythymidine (AZT)","authors":"Ewa Czajkowska-Wojciechowska, Aleksandra Singh, Roksana Trznadel, P. Ruszkowski, L. Celewicz","doi":"10.5114/bta.2019.83214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5114/bta.2019.83214","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a series of novel N-alkyl phosphoramidate monoesters of 3N-azido-3N-deoxythymidine (AZT) were synthesized using two methods. The synthesized phosphoramidates 7a–e were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity in three human cancer cell lines (cervical cancer (HeLa), nasopharyngeal cancer (KB), and breast cancer (MCF-7)) and a normal dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF) using sulforhodamine B assay. Among the synthesized phosphoramidates, the highest cytotoxic activity was demonstrated by phosphoramidate 7d with the N-n-propyl substituent in all the examined cancer cell lines, and its activity was found to be about two fold higher than that of the parent nucleoside (AZT). Phosphoramidate 7d showed not only a high cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines but also a low toxicity against normal fibroblast cells; its selectivity index was >3 for all the investigated cancer cell lines. A slightly lower cytotoxic activity was shown by phosphoramidates 7a, 7b, and 7e, whereas phosphoramidate 7c with the N-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) substituent exhibited the least cytotoxic activity in all the cell lines used.","PeriodicalId":8999,"journal":{"name":"BioTechnologia","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71066060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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