M. Shuhaimi, A. M. Ali, Alitheen Norjihan, N. Saleh, A. Yazid
Identification of Bifidobacterium species are a difficult task because of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities. Various DNA-based techniques to rapidly characterise Bifidobacterium species and to support the conventional biochemical and morphological classification methods have been described. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and 16S to 23S internally transcribed spacer region and comparing with the sequences data present in GenBank are the most popular techniques in identifying Bifidobacterium species. Conserved sequences other than the 16S rRNA gene such as ldh, recA and hsp60 genes have become worthy tools for the elucidation of various taxonomic features such as genera, species and strains of Bifidobacterium. However, as an alternative to sequencing which is both time consuming and technically demanding, genus- or species-specific primers or probes were successfully designed to rapidly identify Bifidobacterium species. In this review, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) method derived from the 16S rRNA gene is also discussed because of it rapid, reproducible and easy to handle characteristics. Furthermore, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and repetitive elements fingerprinting (Rep) were the popular methods to study the genetic diversity among Bifidobacterium species due to its versatility.
{"title":"Characterisation of Bifidobacterium species—a review","authors":"M. Shuhaimi, A. M. Ali, Alitheen Norjihan, N. Saleh, A. Yazid","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.81","url":null,"abstract":"Identification of Bifidobacterium species are a difficult task because of phenotypic and genetic heterogeneities. Various DNA-based techniques to rapidly characterise Bifidobacterium species and to support the conventional biochemical and morphological classification methods have been described. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and 16S to 23S internally transcribed spacer region and comparing with the sequences data present in GenBank are the most popular techniques in identifying Bifidobacterium species. Conserved sequences other than the 16S rRNA gene such as ldh, recA and hsp60 genes have become worthy tools for the elucidation of various taxonomic features such as genera, species and strains of Bifidobacterium. However, as an alternative to sequencing which is both time consuming and technically demanding, genus- or species-specific primers or probes were successfully designed to rapidly identify Bifidobacterium species. In this review, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) method derived from the 16S rRNA gene is also discussed because of it rapid, reproducible and easy to handle characteristics. Furthermore, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) and repetitive elements fingerprinting (Rep) were the popular methods to study the genetic diversity among Bifidobacterium species due to its versatility.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"23 1","pages":"81-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.81","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bacterial colonization plays an important role in the normal development, differentiation, function and regulation of intestinal mucosal immune system. Through mechanisms that are still not fully understood, the intestinal mucosal immune system generates effective protective immunity against pathogen invasion and at the same time it develops immune tolerance, preventing the development of disease conditions, such as IBD and food allergy. The regulatory role of the intestinal flora in the development and function of the intestinal mucosal immune system is well established. Recent work has suggested that colonization with probiotics in the gut may play an essential role in balancing the intestinal mucosal immune system, which may contribute to the induction and maintenance of immunological tolerance to other luminal antigens in the normal host or to the inhibition of the dysregulated responses induced by luminal antigens in diseased hosts. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the development and regulation of intestinal mucosal epithelial system by intestinal bacteria (commensal and probiotics) and their regulatory role in various diseases will help establish new strategies to prevent and control these disease conditions.
{"title":"Bacterial Colonization in the Developing Gastrointestinal Tract: Role in the Pathogenesis of Intestinal Diseases","authors":"H. Shi, W. Walker","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.55","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.55","url":null,"abstract":"Bacterial colonization plays an important role in the normal development, differentiation, function and regulation of intestinal mucosal immune system. Through mechanisms that are still not fully understood, the intestinal mucosal immune system generates effective protective immunity against pathogen invasion and at the same time it develops immune tolerance, preventing the development of disease conditions, such as IBD and food allergy. The regulatory role of the intestinal flora in the development and function of the intestinal mucosal immune system is well established. Recent work has suggested that colonization with probiotics in the gut may play an essential role in balancing the intestinal mucosal immune system, which may contribute to the induction and maintenance of immunological tolerance to other luminal antigens in the normal host or to the inhibition of the dysregulated responses induced by luminal antigens in diseased hosts. A better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling the development and regulation of intestinal mucosal epithelial system by intestinal bacteria (commensal and probiotics) and their regulatory role in various diseases will help establish new strategies to prevent and control these disease conditions.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"23 1","pages":"55-65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.55","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rezaei Sabet Mariam, K. W. Yap, L. C. Lim, M. Kharidah, M. Shuhaimi, S. Abdullah, A. Ali, A. Atiqah, A. Yazid
The survival and growth rate of twenty eight isolates of bifidobacteria in bile were evaluated. Of 28 isolates, 25 were tolerance towards 2.0% concentration of bile while 14 isolates were tolerance towards 4.0% of bile after 12 hours of exposure. Six isolates of bifidobacteria with higher tolerance to 4.0% of bile were further evaluated for their ability to deconjugate different types of bile acids namely taurocholic acid (TC), glycocholic acid (GC), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDC), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDC), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDC). Three Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum isolates (D22, F117, and G4) were found to have the similar deconjugation activity and were able to deconjugate 78.6-84.6% (TC), 98.9-99.9% (GC), 87.9-97.5% (TCDC), 91.1-100.0% (GCDC), 83.7-87.8% (TDC) and 96.5-99.0% (GDC).
{"title":"Strain differences in deconjugation of bile acids in Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum isolates","authors":"Rezaei Sabet Mariam, K. W. Yap, L. C. Lim, M. Kharidah, M. Shuhaimi, S. Abdullah, A. Ali, A. Atiqah, A. Yazid","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.93","url":null,"abstract":"The survival and growth rate of twenty eight isolates of bifidobacteria in bile were evaluated. Of 28 isolates, 25 were tolerance towards 2.0% concentration of bile while 14 isolates were tolerance towards 4.0% of bile after 12 hours of exposure. Six isolates of bifidobacteria with higher tolerance to 4.0% of bile were further evaluated for their ability to deconjugate different types of bile acids namely taurocholic acid (TC), glycocholic acid (GC), taurochenodeoxycholic acid (TCDC), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC), taurodeoxycholic acid (TDC), and glycodeoxycholic acid (GDC). Three Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum isolates (D22, F117, and G4) were found to have the similar deconjugation activity and were able to deconjugate 78.6-84.6% (TC), 98.9-99.9% (GC), 87.9-97.5% (TCDC), 91.1-100.0% (GCDC), 83.7-87.8% (TDC) and 96.5-99.0% (GDC).","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"83 1","pages":"93-98"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interest in consumption of probiotic and prebiotics (indigestible oligosaccharides) to improve human gastrointestinal health is increasing. Consumption of beneficial probiotic bacteria combined with oligosaccharides may provide enhanced gastrointestinal benefits and improvements in internal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of administering Bifidobacterium longum 1941 or B. longum BB536 and inulin to healthy, adult volunteers over 2-wk to observe changes in gastrointestinal indices (bacterial counts in stool, stool defecation frequency and consistency, and in organic acids, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase enzyme concentration, pH and moisture). A randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled parallel group comparison was carried out. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 25 mg of freeze-dried bacterial preparation containing ≥ 1 × 10 1 0 cfu/g of either B. longum 1941 and 475 mg inulin (n = 10), B. longum BB536 and 475 mg inulin (n = 10) or a placebo containing 475 mg inulin (n = 10). Efficacy was based on comparison of initial values of gastrointestinal indices with final values. No significant difference between the baseline and the final reading among the three treatment groups was observed on bacterial counts, defecation frequency, stool consistency, pH, enzyme and organic acid concentrations or moisture percentage of stools. However, levels of butyric acid increased after subjects consumed probiotic capsules. No subjects reported worsening in gastrointestinal health after consumption of probiotic capsules. These results indicate that the administration of B. longum 1941 and B. longum BB536 did not significantly alter the intestinal environment, defecation frequency and faecal characteristics of healthy, human subjects. These results were possibly due to the short duration of the study and the participation of healthy, adult populations consuming probiotic bacteria and prebiotics.
{"title":"Effects of Feeding Bifidobacterium longum and Inulin on Some Gastrointestinal Indices in Human Volunteers","authors":"F. Bruno, N. Shah","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.11","url":null,"abstract":"Interest in consumption of probiotic and prebiotics (indigestible oligosaccharides) to improve human gastrointestinal health is increasing. Consumption of beneficial probiotic bacteria combined with oligosaccharides may provide enhanced gastrointestinal benefits and improvements in internal health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of administering Bifidobacterium longum 1941 or B. longum BB536 and inulin to healthy, adult volunteers over 2-wk to observe changes in gastrointestinal indices (bacterial counts in stool, stool defecation frequency and consistency, and in organic acids, β-glucuronidase and β-glucosidase enzyme concentration, pH and moisture). A randomised, double-blind and placebo-controlled parallel group comparison was carried out. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive 25 mg of freeze-dried bacterial preparation containing ≥ 1 × 10 1 0 cfu/g of either B. longum 1941 and 475 mg inulin (n = 10), B. longum BB536 and 475 mg inulin (n = 10) or a placebo containing 475 mg inulin (n = 10). Efficacy was based on comparison of initial values of gastrointestinal indices with final values. No significant difference between the baseline and the final reading among the three treatment groups was observed on bacterial counts, defecation frequency, stool consistency, pH, enzyme and organic acid concentrations or moisture percentage of stools. However, levels of butyric acid increased after subjects consumed probiotic capsules. No subjects reported worsening in gastrointestinal health after consumption of probiotic capsules. These results indicate that the administration of B. longum 1941 and B. longum BB536 did not significantly alter the intestinal environment, defecation frequency and faecal characteristics of healthy, human subjects. These results were possibly due to the short duration of the study and the participation of healthy, adult populations consuming probiotic bacteria and prebiotics.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"23 1","pages":"11-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Adolfo Bucio, R. Hartemink, J. Schrama, F. Rombouts
The aim of this study was to select a Lactobacillus with probiotic abilities suitable for in vivo studies in farmed freshwater fish. Fifty-five Lactobacillus isolated from the intestines of freshwater fish were screened for inhibition of fish and human pathogenic bacteria in vitro; and some selected strains by absence of production of biogenic amines and resistance to gastric and intestinal fluids (GIF) in a simulation model. A strain was studied in co-cultures with a pathogen in fish feed extract. Selected strains were tentatively identified as Lactobacillus plantarum 44a, whose a mechanism of inhibition was based on acid production, and L. brevis 18f which was detected as a high H 2 O 2 producer, because its supernatant adjusted to pH 6 strongly inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila; this activity was not observed when supernatant was treated with catalase. In the exposure of cells to GIF, L. plantarum 44a survived better than the other strains to pH 2, 2.5 and 3 and pepsin. L. brevis 18f had a very low survival in GIF. L. plantarum 44a co-cultured with A. hydrophila in fish feed extract with an initial ratio 10 3 : 10 7 and 10 7 : 10 3 respectively, started killing the pathogen when pH was around 5.5. L. plantarum 44a has potential applications as probiotic in freshwater fish. L. brevis 18f as a H 2 O 2 producer may have application as a possible fish pathogen antagonist in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the skin, the gills and eggs where oxygen is available.
本研究的目的是选择一种具有益生菌能力的乳杆菌，用于养殖淡水鱼的体内研究。从淡水鱼肠道中分离得到55株乳酸菌，对鱼致病菌和人致病菌进行了体外抑菌筛选;在模拟模型中，通过不产生生物胺和对胃液和肠液(GIF)的抗性来选择一些菌株。研究了一株菌株与鱼饲料提取物中的病原体共培养。所选菌株初步鉴定为植物乳杆菌44a和短乳杆菌18f，前者的抑制机制以产酸为主，后者的上清调节pH为6，对嗜水气单胞菌有较强的抑制作用;用过氧化氢酶处理上清时，没有观察到这种活性。在GIF环境下，L. plantarum 44a在pH值为2、2.5和3以及胃蛋白酶条件下的存活率高于其他菌株。短乳杆菌18f在GIF中的存活率很低。植物乳杆菌44a与嗜水芽胞杆菌在鱼饲料提取物中分别以10:10:10 7和10:7:10 3的初始比例共培养，在pH约为5.5时开始杀伤病原菌。植物乳杆菌44a作为益生菌在淡水鱼中具有潜在的应用价值。短链乳杆菌18f作为一种h2o2产生菌，在有氧气的上消化道、皮肤、鳃和鱼卵中可能作为一种鱼类病原体拮抗剂。
{"title":"Screening of lactobacilli from fish intestines to select a probiotic for warm freshwater fish","authors":"Adolfo Bucio, R. Hartemink, J. Schrama, F. Rombouts","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.21","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.21","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study was to select a Lactobacillus with probiotic abilities suitable for in vivo studies in farmed freshwater fish. Fifty-five Lactobacillus isolated from the intestines of freshwater fish were screened for inhibition of fish and human pathogenic bacteria in vitro; and some selected strains by absence of production of biogenic amines and resistance to gastric and intestinal fluids (GIF) in a simulation model. A strain was studied in co-cultures with a pathogen in fish feed extract. Selected strains were tentatively identified as Lactobacillus plantarum 44a, whose a mechanism of inhibition was based on acid production, and L. brevis 18f which was detected as a high H 2 O 2 producer, because its supernatant adjusted to pH 6 strongly inhibited Aeromonas hydrophila; this activity was not observed when supernatant was treated with catalase. In the exposure of cells to GIF, L. plantarum 44a survived better than the other strains to pH 2, 2.5 and 3 and pepsin. L. brevis 18f had a very low survival in GIF. L. plantarum 44a co-cultured with A. hydrophila in fish feed extract with an initial ratio 10 3 : 10 7 and 10 7 : 10 3 respectively, started killing the pathogen when pH was around 5.5. L. plantarum 44a has potential applications as probiotic in freshwater fish. L. brevis 18f as a H 2 O 2 producer may have application as a possible fish pathogen antagonist in the upper gastrointestinal tract, the skin, the gills and eggs where oxygen is available.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"13 1","pages":"21-30"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.21","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Gut flora plays a key role in the maturation of intestinal mucosal immune systems such as the expression of class II MHC antigens on intestinal epithelial cells, and the cell expansion and functional maturation of both IgA-producing B lymphocytes in the lamina propria and TCR expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium in mice. In normal mice, the mucosal immune responses evoked through colonization of gut flora attained levels found in mice reared under normal gut flora-bearing conditions. However, in SAMP1/Yit mice, recently established as a murine model of Crohn's disease, transmural ileitis and cecetis developed following the introduction of commensal gut flora from normal mice, although no intestinal inflammation was observed under germfree conditions. These results suggested that commensal gut flora play critical roles in the development of Crohn's disease-like intestinal inflammation in SAMP1/ Yit mice. In this review, we focus on the specific interactions between the gut flora and mucosal immune systems that induce physiological or unphysiological mucosal immune responses.
{"title":"Mucosal Immune Responses to the Introduction of Gut Flora in Mice and the Establishment of a Murine Model of Crohn's Disease","authors":"S. Matsumoto","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.1","url":null,"abstract":"Gut flora plays a key role in the maturation of intestinal mucosal immune systems such as the expression of class II MHC antigens on intestinal epithelial cells, and the cell expansion and functional maturation of both IgA-producing B lymphocytes in the lamina propria and TCR expressing intraepithelial lymphocytes in the intestinal epithelium in mice. In normal mice, the mucosal immune responses evoked through colonization of gut flora attained levels found in mice reared under normal gut flora-bearing conditions. However, in SAMP1/Yit mice, recently established as a murine model of Crohn's disease, transmural ileitis and cecetis developed following the introduction of commensal gut flora from normal mice, although no intestinal inflammation was observed under germfree conditions. These results suggested that commensal gut flora play critical roles in the development of Crohn's disease-like intestinal inflammation in SAMP1/ Yit mice. In this review, we focus on the specific interactions between the gut flora and mucosal immune systems that induce physiological or unphysiological mucosal immune responses.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"23 1","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Germfree and conventionalized rats were fed a basal or 2% phytate diet. On mucosal phytase activity, the intestinal microflora has no marked effect. Dietary phytate decreased phytase activity in mucosal homogenates, but this effect was not clear in the course of purification. In the germfree intestinal mucosa, the electrophoretic pattern showed two peaks of phytase activity which were different in divalent metal ion requirements. One of these purified phytases did not have any alkaline phosphatase activity.
{"title":"Effects of Intestinal Microflora and Dietary Phytate on Intestinal Phytase Activity in Germfree and Conventionalized Rats","authors":"S. Shinoda, Tsutomu Yoshida","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.31","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.31","url":null,"abstract":"Germfree and conventionalized rats were fed a basal or 2% phytate diet. On mucosal phytase activity, the intestinal microflora has no marked effect. Dietary phytate decreased phytase activity in mucosal homogenates, but this effect was not clear in the course of purification. In the germfree intestinal mucosa, the electrophoretic pattern showed two peaks of phytase activity which were different in divalent metal ion requirements. One of these purified phytases did not have any alkaline phosphatase activity.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"23 1","pages":"31-35"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66336333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bifidobacteria are generally regarded as safe. However, to date no investigation has been performed of the potential risk factors of bifidobacteria. The presence of known virulence factors clinical blood isolates, dairy and faecal isolates of bifodobacteria was investigated. No significant differences could be observed between clinical and faecal isolates, the results confirm the general opinion that bifidobacteria are safe.
{"title":"Assessment of potential risk factors and related properties of clinical, faecal and dairy Bifidobacterium isolates","authors":"A. Ouwehand, M. Saxelin, S. Salminen","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.37","url":null,"abstract":"Bifidobacteria are generally regarded as safe. However, to date no investigation has been performed of the potential risk factors of bifidobacteria. The presence of known virulence factors clinical blood isolates, dairy and faecal isolates of bifodobacteria was investigated. No significant differences could be observed between clinical and faecal isolates, the results confirm the general opinion that bifidobacteria are safe.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"23 1","pages":"37-42"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2004-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS.23.37","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66337021","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-10-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1996.22.139
N. Hattori, I. Hata, H. Iino, T. Mitsuoka
Immune Milk Product (40% WPI Plus, Whey Protein Isolate Plus) was administered tohealthy female volunteers and the effects on the intestinal environment and defecation frequency were examined. A non-Immune Milk Product was used as the control in the experiments. For the investigation of defecation frequency and fecal properties, 60 volunteers were assigned to two groups (30 volunteers each). One group consumed 20 g of Immune Milk Product daily followed by the control period. The other group consumed 20 g of Immune Milk Product daily after the control period. Both test period and control period were 3 weeks. Ten volunteers of each group were assigned for the test of intestinal environment. The fecal bacterial flora, fecal pH, water content, and fecal ammonia content were examined. Immune Milk Product did not alter the fecal ammonia content. The percentage of Bifidobacterium in the fecal flora was increased by the intake of Immune Milk Product. The number of Clostridium perfringens (lecithinase-positive) was slightly decreased by the intake of Immune Milk Product after 3 weeks. The defecation frequency was significantly increased by the intake of Immune Milk Product. These results suggest that the intake of Immune Milk Productis effective for improving the intestinal environment, fecal properties, and defecation frequency.
{"title":"Effect of Intake of Immune Milk Product on the Fecal Microflora in Healthy Female Volunteers","authors":"N. Hattori, I. Hata, H. Iino, T. Mitsuoka","doi":"10.12938/BIFIDUS1996.22.139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12938/BIFIDUS1996.22.139","url":null,"abstract":"Immune Milk Product (40% WPI Plus, Whey Protein Isolate Plus) was administered tohealthy female volunteers and the effects on the intestinal environment and defecation frequency were examined. A non-Immune Milk Product was used as the control in the experiments. For the investigation of defecation frequency and fecal properties, 60 volunteers were assigned to two groups (30 volunteers each). One group consumed 20 g of Immune Milk Product daily followed by the control period. The other group consumed 20 g of Immune Milk Product daily after the control period. Both test period and control period were 3 weeks. Ten volunteers of each group were assigned for the test of intestinal environment. The fecal bacterial flora, fecal pH, water content, and fecal ammonia content were examined. Immune Milk Product did not alter the fecal ammonia content. The percentage of Bifidobacterium in the fecal flora was increased by the intake of Immune Milk Product. The number of Clostridium perfringens (lecithinase-positive) was slightly decreased by the intake of Immune Milk Product after 3 weeks. The defecation frequency was significantly increased by the intake of Immune Milk Product. These results suggest that the intake of Immune Milk Productis effective for improving the intestinal environment, fecal properties, and defecation frequency.","PeriodicalId":90114,"journal":{"name":"Bioscience and microflora","volume":"23 1","pages":"139-144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.12938/BIFIDUS1996.22.139","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66346932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2003-10-01DOI: 10.12938/BIFIDUS1996.22.133
Y. Ogura, N. Yamaga, Y. Kido, Rie Katayama, Kazuo Yamada, K. Uchida
The oxidation/reduction reactions of bile acids by Escherichia coli (E. coli) K-12 were examined in both Davis and brain-heart infusion (BHI) media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The pH in the Davis medium changed by almost the same amount, around pH 6.5–7.0 in both aerobic and anaerobic cultures, but the pH in the BHI medium was different in both cultures, that is, about pH 9.0 in the aerobic culture but only about 6.5 in the anaerobic culture. The growth curve of E. coli in the Davis medium showed a similar pattern in both conditions. Cholic acid (CA) was oxidized to 3α12αdihydroxy-7-oxo-5β-cholanoic acid (3α12α7=O) in both cultures, but the reaction in the anaerobic culture was somewhat slower than that in the aerobic culture. On the other hand, reduction of 3α12α7=O to CA did not occur in the aerobic culture, but about 10% reduction was observed in the anaerobic culture after 4 days. These data suggest that the oxidation/reduction reaction of E. coli was oxidative in aerobic culture but reductive in anaerobic culture and these characteristics were not due to the changes in the pH of the medium. The reactions of CA and glycocholic acid to crude 7α-HSDH prepared from E. coli were examined and it was found that both free and conjugated CA as a substrate for the 7α-HSDH showed similar Km values.
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