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Delivery strategies to improve piglets exposure to oral antimicrobials. 改善仔猪口服抗菌药暴露的给药策略。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04334-y
Noslen Hernández, Béatrice B Roques, Marlène Z Lacroix, Didier Concordet

Background: The widespread practice of delivering antimicrobials through drinking water to livestock leads to considerable variability in exposure levels among animals, raising concerns regarding disease outbreaks and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. This variability is primarily driven by three pivotal factors: fluctuations in drug concentration within water pipes, variances in drinking behavior among animals, and differences in individual pharmacokinetic parameters. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a strategy that tailors medication delivery based on the drinking patterns of pigs, aiming to improve medication distribution without increasing the overall dose of medication.

Results: Our results demonstrate that several distribution strategies based on the animals' drinking behavior can effectively increase their overall exposure. These strategies include increasing the exposure of the least exposed animals, raising the average exposure, maximizing the exposure of the majority of the well-exposed animals, or increasing exposure to ensure that a Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) criterion reaches a threshold value for a large number of the animals. In summary, constructing an effective distribution strategy for drinking water requires optimizing a specific criterion. The various criteria and methods for optimizing then are detailed.

Conclusions: As examples, this article demonstrate that incorporating the drinking behavior into the delivery of amoxicillin results in an increase in the percentage of piglets reaching an AUC/MIC ratio greater than 25h. Specifically, with Pasteurella multocida, the percentage rises from 30 % to at least 60 % , while with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, it increases from 20 % to more than 70 % .

背景:通过饮用水向牲畜输送抗菌药的普遍做法导致动物之间的接触水平存在很大差异,从而引发了对疾病爆发和抗菌药耐药性产生的担忧。造成这种差异的主要有三个关键因素:水管中药物浓度的波动、动物饮水行为的差异以及个体药代动力学参数的差异。本研究的目的是开发和评估一种根据猪的饮水模式调整给药方式的策略,从而在不增加药物总剂量的情况下改善药物分配:结果:我们的研究结果表明,基于动物饮水行为的几种给药策略可以有效增加动物的总体暴露量。这些策略包括增加暴露最少的动物的暴露量、提高平均暴露量、最大化大多数暴露良好的动物的暴露量,或增加暴露量以确保大量动物的药代动力学/药效学(PK/PD)标准达到阈值。总之,构建有效的饮用水分配策略需要优化特定的标准。本文详细介绍了各种标准和优化方法:本文通过实例证明,将饮水行为纳入阿莫西林的给药过程中,可提高达到 AUC/MIC 比值大于 25h 的仔猪比例。具体而言,对于多杀性巴氏杆菌,该比例从 30% 上升到至少 60%,而对于胸膜肺炎放线杆菌,该比例从 20% 上升到 70% 以上。
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引用次数: 0
A novel supraorbital surgical approach for enucleation in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedaries): cadaveric study. 对单峰骆驼(Camelus dromedaries)进行去核手术的新型眶上手术方法:尸体研究。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04306-2
Mohamed Marzok, Mohamed A Nazih, Adel I Almubarak, Mohamed W El-Sherif

Background: Enucleation and exenteration are widely utilized ophthalmic procedures in veterinary practice, involving the complete removal of the eye and comprehensive extraction of orbital contents, respectively. These procedures are indicated for pain relief, excision, and management of neoplasia metastases, and addressing severe medically untreatable conditions.

Aim: This study aimed to develop an orbital enucleation surgical approach. The study evaluated the applicability of the new approach and investigated the impact of the surgical procedure.

Methods: Anatomical dissection of three cadaveric heads and surgical orbital enucleation in four cadaveric heads were performed. Anatomical data was collected, and feasibility, safety and applicability of the procedure were assessed.

Results: Anatomical dissection showed a distinctive large orbital fossa, providing a suitable surgical window to access orbital structures. The procedure was found to be feasible, facilitating the complete removal of the orbital content. Notably, the preservation of intact eyelids was prioritized to enhance cosmetic appearance.

Conclusion: The presented orbital enucleation technique proved to be feasible, safe, reproducible, and required basic surgical skills to perform.

背景:眼球摘除术和眼球摘除术是兽医临床上广泛使用的眼科手术,分别涉及眼球的完全摘除和眼眶内容物的全面摘除。目的:本研究旨在开发一种眼眶去核手术方法。研究评估了新方法的适用性,并调查了手术过程的影响:方法:对三具尸体头部进行解剖,并对四具尸体头部进行眼眶去核手术。收集解剖数据,评估手术的可行性、安全性和适用性:结果:解剖显示了一个独特的大眼眶窝,为进入眼眶结构提供了一个合适的手术窗口。该手术是可行的,有助于完全切除眼眶内容物。值得注意的是,该手术优先保留了完整的眼睑,以增强外观美感:结论:所介绍的眼眶去核术证明是可行、安全、可重复的,并且需要基本的手术技能。
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引用次数: 0
The endocannabinoid system in bovine tissues: characterization of transcript abundance in the growing Holstein steer. 牛组织中的内源性大麻素系统:荷斯坦牛生长过程中转录本丰度的特征。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04319-x
Coral Kent-Dennis, James L Klotz
<p><strong>Background: </strong>The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is highly integrated with seemingly all physiological and pathophysiological processes in the body. There is increasing interest in utilizing bioactive plant compounds, for promoting health and improving production in livestock. Given the established interaction between phytochemicals and the ECS, there are many opportunities for identification and development of therapies to address a range of diseases and disorders. However, the ECS has not been thoroughly characterized in cattle, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. The objective of this study was to characterize the distribution and transcriptional abundance of genes associated with the endocannabinoid system in bovine tissues.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Tissues including brain, spleen, thyroid, lung, liver, kidney, mesenteric vein, tongue, sublingual mucosa, rumen, omasum, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were collected from 10-mo old Holstein steers (n = 6). Total RNA was extracted and gene expression was measured using absolute quantification real time qPCR. Gene expression of endocannabinoid receptors CNR1 and CNR2, synthesis enzymes DAGLA, DAGLB and NAPEPLD, degradation enzymes MGLL and FAAH, and transient receptor potential vanilloids TRPV3 and TRPV6 was measured. Data were analyzed in R using a Kruskal-Wallis followed by a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Results are reported as the median copy number/20 ng of equivalent cDNA (CN) with interquartile range (IQR).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The greatest expression of CNR1 and CNR2 was in the brain and spleen, respectively. Expression of either receptor was not detected in any gastrointestinal tissues, however there was a tendency (P = 0.095) for CNR2 to be expressed above background in rumen. Expression of endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation enzymes varied greatly across tissues. Brain tissue had the greatest DAGLA expression at 641 CN (IQR 52; P ≤ 0.05). DAGLB was detected in all tissues, with brain and spleen having the greatest expression (P ≤ 0.05). Expression of NAPEPLD in the gastrointestinal tract was lowest in tongue and sublingual mucosal. There was no difference in expression of NAPEPLD between hindgut tissues, however these tissues collectively had 592% greater expression than rumen and omasum (P ≤ 0.05). While MGLL was found to be expressed in all tissues, expression of FAAH was only above the limit of detection in brain, liver, kidney, jejunum and ileum. TRPV3 was expressed above background in tongue, rumen, omasum and colon. Although not different from each other, thyroid and duodenum had the greatest expression of TRPV6, with 285 (IQR 164) and 563 (IQR 467) CN compared to all other tissues (P < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These data demonstrate the complex distribution and variation of the ECS in bovine tissues. Expression patterns suggest that regulatory functions of this system are tissue dependent, providing initial insight int
背景:内源性大麻素系统(ECS)与人体内似乎所有的生理和病理生理过程都高度相关。人们对利用生物活性植物化合物促进牲畜健康和提高产量的兴趣与日俱增。鉴于植物化学物质与 ECS 之间的相互作用已经得到证实,因此有很多机会来确定和开发治疗各种疾病和失调的疗法。然而,ECS 在牛体内,尤其是在胃肠道中的特征还不十分明确。本研究的目的是描述牛组织中与内大麻素系统相关基因的分布和转录丰度:方法:收集 10 月龄荷斯坦阉牛(n = 6)的组织,包括脑、脾、甲状腺、肺、肝、肾、肠系膜静脉、舌、舌下黏膜、瘤胃、大肠、十二指肠、空肠、回肠和结肠。提取总 RNA 并使用绝对定量实时 qPCR 法测量基因表达。测量了内源性大麻素受体 CNR1 和 CNR2、合成酶 DAGLA、DAGLB 和 NAPEPLD、降解酶 MGLL 和 FAAH 以及瞬时受体电位香草素 TRPV3 和 TRPV6 的基因表达。数据在 R 中使用 Kruskal-Wallis 和 Wilcoxon 秩和检验进行分析。结果以中位拷贝数/20 ng 等效 cDNA(CN)和四分位距(IQR)进行报告:结果:CNR1 和 CNR2 在大脑和脾脏的表达量最大。在任何胃肠道组织中均未检测到这两种受体的表达,但 CNR2 在瘤胃中的表达有高于背景值的趋势(P = 0.095)。不同组织的内源性大麻素合成和降解酶的表达差异很大。脑组织的 DAGLA 表达量最高,为 641 CN(IQR 52;P ≤ 0.05)。所有组织中都检测到了 DAGLB,其中脑和脾的表达量最大(P ≤ 0.05)。NAPEPLD在胃肠道的表达量在舌和舌下黏膜最低。NAPEPLD在后肠组织中的表达量没有差异,但这些组织的总表达量比瘤胃和大肠高出592%(P≤0.05)。虽然发现 MGLL 在所有组织中都有表达,但 FAAH 仅在大脑、肝脏、肾脏、空肠和回肠中的表达高于检测限。TRPV3在舌头、瘤胃、大肠和结肠中的表达高于背景值。甲状腺和十二指肠的 TRPV6 表达量最高,分别为 285(IQR 164)和 563(IQR 467)个 CN,而其他组织的表达量则相差不大(P 结论:甲状腺和十二指肠的 TRPV6 表达量最高,分别为 285(IQR 164)和 563(IQR 467)个 CN,而其他组织的表达量则相差不大:这些数据显示了牛组织中 ECS 的复杂分布和变化。表达模式表明,该系统的调节功能取决于组织,这为了解操纵 ECS 的潜在目标组织提供了初步信息。
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引用次数: 0
Isolation and evaluation of the pathogenicity of a hybrid shiga toxin-producing and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in pigs. 猪中产志贺毒素和肠毒性大肠杆菌杂交种的分离和致病性评估。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04317-z
Danaya Nammuang, Yi-Wen Shen, Chiao-Hsu Ke, Nan-Ling Kuan, Chao-Nan Lin, Kuang-Sheng Yeh, Yen-Chen Chang, Chia-Yu Chang, Hui-Wen Chang

Background: Porcine pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), the globally recognized important pathogen, causes significant economic loss in the field. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) causes porcine neonatal and post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), frequently carrying F4 adhesin, F18 adhesin, Heat-Stable toxin (ST), and Heat-Labile toxin (LT). Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (STEC) produces F18 adhesin and Shiga toxin type 2e (stx2e), majorly leading to systemic endothelial cell damage and edema disease. In this study, hemolytic pathogenic hybrid STEC/ETEC strains carrying ST and LT genes of ETEC and the Stx2e gene of STEC isolated from pigs with PWD in Taiwan were identified. The pathogenicity of a Taiwan hybrid STEC/ETEC strain was evaluated by oral inoculation in post-weaning pigs.

Results: Next generation sequencing and multilocus sequence typing of two hybrid Taiwan porcine STEC/ETEC isolates indicated that these two isolates were closely related to the ST88 porcine hybrid STEC/ETEC isolated from pigs with watery diarrhea. Furthermore, the two hybrid Taiwan porcine STEC/ETEC isolates also displayed combinations of multiple resistance genes encoding mechanisms for target modification and antibiotic inactivation. Animal experiments confirmed that the Taiwan hybrid STEC/ETEC could cause watery diarrhea in post-weaning pigs with no signs of edema disease and minimal histopathological lesions.

Conclusion: To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first study demonstrating intestinal pathogenicity of the hybrid STEC/ETEC in pigs. The result suggests that the hybrid STEC/ETEC should be considered as a new emerging pathogen and a new target for vaccine development.

背景:猪致病性大肠杆菌(E. coli)是全球公认的重要病原体,在田间造成重大经济损失。肠毒性大肠杆菌(ETEC)会导致猪新生儿和断奶后腹泻(PWD),经常携带 F4 粘附素、F18 粘附素、热稳定毒素(ST)和热凋亡毒素(LT)。产志贺毒素大肠杆菌(STEC)产生 F18 粘附素和志贺毒素 2e 型(stx2e),主要导致全身内皮细胞损伤和水肿病。本研究鉴定了从台湾患有脊髓灰质炎的猪只中分离出的携带 ETEC 的 ST 和 LT 基因以及 STEC 的 Stx2e 基因的溶血性致病性 STEC/ETEC 杂交菌株。通过对断奶后的猪进行口服接种,评估了台湾杂交 STEC/ETEC 株系的致病性:结果:对两株台湾杂交猪 STEC/ETEC 分离物进行的新一代测序和多焦点序列分型表明,这两株分离物与从水泻猪体内分离出的 ST88 猪杂交 STEC/ETEC 关系密切。此外,这两种台湾杂交猪 STEC/ETEC 分离物还显示出多种抗性基因的组合,编码靶向修饰和抗生素失活机制。动物实验证实,台湾杂交猪 STEC/ETEC 可引起断奶后猪水样腹泻,且无水肿病症状,组织病理学病变极小:据作者所知,本研究是首次证明猪杂交 STEC/ETEC 肠道致病性的研究。结果表明,杂交 STEC/ETEC 应被视为一种新出现的病原体和疫苗开发的新目标。
{"title":"Isolation and evaluation of the pathogenicity of a hybrid shiga toxin-producing and Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in pigs.","authors":"Danaya Nammuang, Yi-Wen Shen, Chiao-Hsu Ke, Nan-Ling Kuan, Chao-Nan Lin, Kuang-Sheng Yeh, Yen-Chen Chang, Chia-Yu Chang, Hui-Wen Chang","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04317-z","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04317-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Porcine pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli), the globally recognized important pathogen, causes significant economic loss in the field. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) causes porcine neonatal and post-weaning diarrhea (PWD), frequently carrying F4 adhesin, F18 adhesin, Heat-Stable toxin (ST), and Heat-Labile toxin (LT). Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (STEC) produces F18 adhesin and Shiga toxin type 2e (stx2e), majorly leading to systemic endothelial cell damage and edema disease. In this study, hemolytic pathogenic hybrid STEC/ETEC strains carrying ST and LT genes of ETEC and the Stx2e gene of STEC isolated from pigs with PWD in Taiwan were identified. The pathogenicity of a Taiwan hybrid STEC/ETEC strain was evaluated by oral inoculation in post-weaning pigs.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Next generation sequencing and multilocus sequence typing of two hybrid Taiwan porcine STEC/ETEC isolates indicated that these two isolates were closely related to the ST88 porcine hybrid STEC/ETEC isolated from pigs with watery diarrhea. Furthermore, the two hybrid Taiwan porcine STEC/ETEC isolates also displayed combinations of multiple resistance genes encoding mechanisms for target modification and antibiotic inactivation. Animal experiments confirmed that the Taiwan hybrid STEC/ETEC could cause watery diarrhea in post-weaning pigs with no signs of edema disease and minimal histopathological lesions.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>To the best of the authors' knowledge, the present study is the first study demonstrating intestinal pathogenicity of the hybrid STEC/ETEC in pigs. The result suggests that the hybrid STEC/ETEC should be considered as a new emerging pathogen and a new target for vaccine development.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":"20 1","pages":"480"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11492512/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142457657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Whole-genome sequencing of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile reveals multidrug resistance and virulence genes in strains of environmental and animal origin. 致毒艰难梭菌的全基因组测序揭示了环境和动物来源菌株的多药耐药性和毒力基因。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04332-0
Daniela Tercero-Guerrero, José L Blanco, Marta Hernández, Laura Torre-Fuentes, Julio Alvarez, Marta E García

Background: Clostridioides difficile has been recognized as an emerging pathogen in both humans and animals. In this context, antimicrobial resistance plays a major role in driving the spread of this disease, often leading to therapeutic failure. Moreover, recent increases in community-acquired C. difficile infections have led to greater numbers of investigations into the animal origin of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic similarities between 23 environmental and animal isolates by using whole-genome sequencing and to determine antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in toxigenic C. difficile strains to provide important data for the development of diagnostic methods or treatment guidelines.

Results: The most common sequence type was ST11 (87%), followed by ST2 (9%) and ST19 (4%). In addition, 86.95% of the strains exhibited multidrug resistance, with antimicrobial resistance to mainly aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and B-lactams; nevertheless, one strain also carried other resistance genes that conferred resistance to lincosamide, macrolides, streptogramin a, streptogramin b, pleuromutilin, oxazolidinone and amphenicol. In addition, a wide range of virulence factor genes, such as those encoding adherence factors, exoenzymes and toxins, were found. However, we observed variations between toxinotypes, ribotypes and sequence types.

Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated significant genetic similarity between ST11 strains isolated from environmental sampling and from animal origin; these strains may represent a reservoir for community-acquired C. difficile infection, which is becoming a growing public health threat due to the development of multridug resistant (MDR) bacteria and the number of virulence factors detected.

背景:艰难梭菌已被认为是一种新出现的人类和动物病原体。在这种情况下,抗菌药耐药性在这种疾病的传播中起着重要作用,往往导致治疗失败。此外,近来社区获得性艰难梭菌感染的增加也导致了对该疾病动物来源的更多调查。本研究旨在通过全基因组测序评估 23 个环境和动物分离株之间的遗传相似性,并确定毒性艰难梭菌菌株的抗菌药耐药性和毒力因子基因,从而为诊断方法或治疗指南的制定提供重要数据:最常见的序列类型是 ST11(87%),其次是 ST2(9%)和 ST19(4%)。此外,86.95%的菌株表现出多药耐药性,主要对氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类和B-内酰胺类药物具有耐药性;但也有一株菌株携带其他耐药基因,对林可霉素类、大环内酯类、链霉素a、链霉素b、胸腺肽、恶唑烷酮和安替比林具有耐药性。此外,我们还发现了多种毒力因子基因,如编码黏附因子、外酵素和毒素的基因。然而,我们观察到毒素型、核糖型和序列类型之间存在差异:本研究的结果表明,从环境采样和动物来源中分离出的 ST11 菌株之间具有显著的遗传相似性;这些菌株可能是社区获得性艰难梭菌感染的贮藏库,由于耐多杀菌素(MDR)细菌的发展和所检测到的毒力因子的数量,艰难梭菌感染正成为一个日益严重的公共卫生威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Aligning with the 3Rs: alternative models for research into muscle development and inherited myopathies. 符合 3R:肌肉发育和遗传性肌病研究的替代模式。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04309-z
Hashir Mehmood, Paul R Kasher, Richard Barrett-Jolley, Gemma L Walmsley

Inherited and acquired muscle diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in human medical and veterinary patients. Researchers use models to study skeletal muscle development and pathology, improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and explore new treatment options. Experiments on laboratory animals, including murine and canine models, have led to huge advances in congenital myopathy and muscular dystrophy research that have translated into clinical treatment trials in human patients with these debilitating and often fatal conditions. Whilst animal experimentation has enabled many significant and impactful discoveries that otherwise may not have been possible, we have an ethical and moral, and in many countries also a legal, obligation to consider alternatives. This review discusses the models available as alternatives to mammals for muscle development, biology and disease research with a focus on inherited myopathies. Cell culture models can be used to replace animals for some applications: traditional monolayer cultures (for example, using the immortalised C2C12 cell line) are accessible, tractable and inexpensive but developmentally limited to immature myotube stages; more recently, developments in tissue engineering have led to three-dimensional cultures with improved differentiation capabilities. Advances in computer modelling and an improved understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms are likely to herald new models and opportunities for replacement. Where this is not possible, a 3Rs approach advocates partial replacement with the use of less sentient animals (including invertebrates (such as worms Caenorhabditis elegans and fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster) and embryonic stages of small vertebrates such as the zebrafish Danio rerio) alongside refinement of experimental design and improved research practices to reduce the numbers of animals used and the severity of their experience. An understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of potential models is essential for researchers to determine which can best facilitate answering a specific scientific question. Applying 3Rs principles to research not only improves animal welfare but generates high-quality, reproducible and reliable data with translational relevance to human and animal patients.

遗传性和获得性肌肉疾病是人类医学和兽医学患者发病和死亡的重要原因。研究人员利用模型来研究骨骼肌的发育和病理,提高我们对疾病发病机制的认识,并探索新的治疗方案。在实验动物(包括鼠类和犬类模型)上进行的实验使先天性肌病和肌肉萎缩症的研究取得了巨大进步,这些研究成果已转化为对人类患者的临床治疗试验。虽然动物实验促成了许多重大而有影响的发现,否则这些发现可能无法实现,但我们有伦理道德义务,在许多国家还有法律义务考虑替代方法。本综述讨论了可替代哺乳动物进行肌肉发育、生物学和疾病研究的模型,重点是遗传性肌病。在某些应用中,细胞培养模型可用于替代动物:传统的单层培养(例如,使用永生化的 C2C12 细胞系)容易获得、易于操作且成本低廉,但在发育上仅限于未成熟的肌管阶段;最近,组织工程学的发展带来了分化能力更强的三维培养。计算机建模的进步和对病理机制认识的提高很可能预示着新的模型和替代机会。如果不可能实现,3Rs 方法主张部分替代,即使用智商较低的动物(包括无脊椎动物(如秀丽隐杆线虫和果蝇)和小型脊椎动物(如斑马鱼)的胚胎阶段),同时改进实验设计和研究方法,以减少使用动物的数量和动物经历的严重程度。了解潜在模型的优缺点对于研究人员确定哪种模型最有利于回答特定的科学问题至关重要。将 3Rs 原则应用于研究,不仅能改善动物福利,还能产生高质量、可重复和可靠的数据,对人类和动物患者具有转化意义。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges in diagnosing bovine tuberculosis through surveillance and characterization of Mycobacterium species in slaughtered cattle in Kolkata. 通过监测加尔各答屠宰牛中的分枝杆菌种类并确定其特征来诊断牛结核病所面临的挑战。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04272-9
Molla Zakirul Haque, Chanchal Guha, Ayan Mukherjee, Sukhen Samanta, Partha Sarathi Jana, Ujjwal Biswas, Sangeeta Mandal, Santanu Pal, Manigandan Venkatesan, Joy Sarojini Michael, Pramod Kumar Nanda, Samiran Bandyopadhyay, Arun K Das, Premanshu Dandapat

Background: Tuberculosis in cattle is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. Apart from MTBC, different Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) species have also been isolated from cattle. The presence of NTM infection in bovines makes the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) a cumbersome task. Therefore, a cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize different Mycobacterium spp. from a slaughterhouse situated in Kolkata, a city in the eastern part of India.

Results: Out of 258 morbid samples, 98 isolates were found to be positive for bacterial growth, and 35% (n = 34) were positive for Mycobacterium. 94% of Mycobacterial cultural isolates were NTM (n = 32), and the rest (n = 2) were found to be MTBC. Species-level identification of the isolates by hsp65 sequencing revealed that out of 32 isolates, 24 were M. fortuitum, three were M. abscessus, two each were M. chelonae and M. parascrofulaceum, and one was M. novocastrense. A phylogenetic tree with partial hsp65 gene sequences was also constructed to determine the relatedness of the unknown isolates to the reference strains.

Conclusion: Both NTM species and MTBCs were identified from TB-like lesions in cattle that were slaughtered at the Kolkata abattoir. This discovery may indicate that NTM contributes to the development of lesions in cattle. Also, we recommend implication of more specific diagnostic tests for bTB.

背景:牛结核病是由复合结核分枝杆菌(MTBC)引起的。除 MTBC 外,牛体内还分离出不同的非结核分枝杆菌 (NTM)。牛感染非结核分枝杆菌使得牛结核病(bTB)的诊断变得十分棘手。因此,我们开展了一项横断面研究,从印度东部城市加尔各答的一个屠宰场中分离出不同的分枝杆菌属并确定其特征:结果:在 258 个病死样本中,发现 98 个分离物的细菌生长呈阳性,35%(n = 34)对分枝杆菌呈阳性。94%的分枝杆菌培养分离物为 NTM(n = 32),其余(n = 2)为 MTBC。通过 hsp65 测序对分离株进行种级鉴定发现,32 个分离株中有 24 个是 M. fortuitum,3 个是 M. abscessus,M. chelonae 和 M. parascrofulaceum 各有 2 个,还有 1 个是 M. novocastrense。还利用部分 hsp65 基因序列构建了系统发生树,以确定未知分离株与参考菌株的亲缘关系:结论:在加尔各答屠宰场屠宰的牛的结核病样病变中发现了 NTM 和 MTBC。这一发现可能表明,NTM 是导致牛发生病变的原因之一。此外,我们还建议对结核病进行更具针对性的诊断测试。
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引用次数: 0
Toxicological screening of zinc oxide nanoparticles in mongrel dogs after seven days of repeated subcutaneous injections. 经过七天反复皮下注射后,对杂种狗体内氧化锌纳米颗粒的毒理学筛选。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04268-5
Marwa H Hassan, Ibrahim A Emam, Haitham Farghali, Marwa A Ibrahim, Neven H Hassan, Khaled Y Farroh, Eman I Hassanen

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have recently been applied in various veterinary and medical fields, however, the toxicological evaluations of these NPs in dogs are lacking. Therefore, the current study is designed to assess the impact of exposure to daily subcutaneous (SC) injections of ZnO NPs at different concentrations on various organs of mongrel dogs. Nine dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 3 for each) as follows: group (1) served as the control group, whereas groups (2&3) received SC injections of 50 and 100 ppm ZnO NPs (8 and 16 μg/kg bwt), respectively, once/day for 7 days. Our results revealed that ZnO NPs disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the lungs, liver, and kidneys of dogs in a dose-dependent manner. ZnO NPs induced dose-dependent radiological, ultrasonographical, and histopathological alterations in various organs especially lungs, spleen, liver, and kidneys along with disturbance in both liver and kidney biomarkers levels. Most organs of both ZnO NPs receiving groups displayed strong caspase-3 protein expression. Additionally, it upregulates the transcriptase levels of TNF-α and VEGF, as well as downregulates the antiapoptotic gene IL-10 in lung, kidney, and liver tissue homogenates. It was concluded that the daily SC injections of dogs with ZnO NPs at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm caused extensive oxidative stress damage in various organs which provoked serious pathological processes such as apoptosis and inflammation.

氧化锌纳米粒子(ZnO NPs)最近已被应用于各种兽医和医疗领域,但对这些纳米粒子在狗体内的毒理学评估还很缺乏。因此,本研究旨在评估每天皮下注射不同浓度的氧化锌纳米粒子对杂种狗各器官的影响。九只狗被随机分为以下三组(每组 n = 3):第(1)组为对照组,第(2)组和第(3)组每天分别皮下注射一次 50 ppm 和 100 ppm 的氧化锌氮氧化物(8 微克和 16 微克/千克体重),连续注射 7 天。我们的研究结果表明,氧化锌氮氧化物以剂量依赖的方式破坏了狗肺、肝脏和肾脏中的氧化剂/抗氧化剂平衡。氧化锌氮氧化物会诱导各器官(尤其是肺、脾、肝和肾)发生剂量依赖性的放射学、超声波和组织病理学改变,同时还会扰乱肝脏和肾脏的生物标志物水平。两组 ZnO NPs 受体的大多数器官都显示出较强的 caspase-3 蛋白表达。此外,它还能上调肺、肾和肝组织匀浆中 TNF-α 和血管内皮生长因子的转录酶水平,并下调抗凋亡基因 IL-10。研究得出结论,每天给狗注射浓度为 50 和 100 ppm 的氧化锌氮氧化物会对各器官造成广泛的氧化应激损伤,引发严重的病理过程,如细胞凋亡和炎症。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of poultry by-product meal and complete replacement of fish oil with alternative oils on growth performance and gut health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a FEEDNETICS™ validation study. 家禽副产品粉和替代油完全替代鱼油对虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)生长性能和肠道健康的影响:FEEDNETICS™ 验证研究。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04324-0
Imam Hasan, Simona Rimoldi, Biagina Chiofalo, Marianna Oteri, Micaela Antonini, Rosangela Armone, Violeta Kalemi, Laura Gasco, Genciana Terova

Background: Aquaculture, traditionally a form of biotechnology, has evolved to integrate innovative biotechnological applications, such as advanced feed formulations, aimed at improving the growth performance and health of farmed fish species. In the present study, the effects of feeding rainbow trout with novel feed formulations were investigated. Fish growth, gut and liver morphology, the concentration of fatty acids in the fillet, and volatile fatty acids in the gut were assessed. The study also validated scenarios from in vivo experiments using a nutrient-based model called FEEDNETICS™. This globally used model serves as a tool for data interpretation and decision support in the context of precision fish farming.

Methods: Alternative protein and oil sources, including poultry by-product meal (PBM) and natural algae oil, were explored as sustainable replacements for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO). A 90-day feeding trial was conducted using rainbow trout, comparing two isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets. The control diet contained 15% FM, 5% PBM, and 8% FO, while the test diet replaced FM with 15% PBM and 5% feather meal hydrolysate (FMH), and fully substituted FO with VeraMaris® natural algae oil and rapeseed oil.

Results: PBM successfully replaced FM protein without negatively affecting feed intake, growth performance or feed utilization in trout. The combination of PBM and natural algae oil was well tolerated by the trout and showed no negative effects on gut health. A detailed analysis of fatty acids in the fillet revealed that PUFAs of the n3 and n6 series were significantly higher in the PBM group than in the FM group. Values of fatty acid-related health indexes, including atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index, confirmed the high nutritional value of trout filet, thus representing a healthy product for human. In addition, the predictions using the FEEDNETICS™ indicated that the tested novel alternative formulations are economically viable. The validation of the model for fish growth resulted in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%.

Conclusions: The FEEDNETICS™ application enhances our ability to optimize feeding strategies and improve production efficiency in the aquaculture industry. VeraMaris® algae oil and PBM could serve as viable and sustainable raw materials for fish feed, promoting environmentally friendly aquaculture practices.

背景:水产养殖历来是生物技术的一种形式,如今已发展到集成创新生物技术应用,如先进的饲料配方,旨在改善养殖鱼类的生长性能和健康状况。本研究调查了用新型饲料配方喂养虹鳟鱼的效果。对鱼类的生长、肠道和肝脏形态、鱼片中脂肪酸的浓度以及肠道中挥发性脂肪酸进行了评估。该研究还利用一个名为 FEEDNETICS™ 的营养模型验证了体内实验的情景。这一全球通用的模型可作为精准养鱼的数据解读和决策支持工具:方法:探索了替代蛋白质和油脂来源,包括家禽副产品粉(PBM)和天然藻油,作为鱼粉(FM)和鱼油(FO)的可持续替代品。使用虹鳟鱼进行了为期 90 天的喂养试验,比较了两种等蛋白、隔离脂和等能量日粮。对照日粮中含有15%的羽毛粉、5%的PBM和8%的鱼油,而试验日粮则用15%的PBM和5%的羽毛粉水解物(FMH)替代了羽毛粉,并用VeraMaris®天然藻油和菜籽油完全替代了鱼油:结果:PBM成功地替代了羽毛粉蛋白质,而不会对鳟鱼的采食量、生长性能和饲料利用率产生负面影响。鳟鱼对 PBM 和天然藻油的组合耐受性良好,对肠道健康没有负面影响。对鱼片中脂肪酸的详细分析显示,PBM 组中 n3 和 n6 系列的 PUFAs 明显高于 FM 组。与脂肪酸相关的健康指数值(包括动脉粥样硬化指数和血栓形成指数)证实了鳟鱼片的高营养价值,因此是人类的健康产品。此外,使用 FEEDNETICS™ 进行的预测表明,所测试的新型替代配方在经济上是可行的。鱼类生长模型的验证结果是平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)为 8%:FEEDNETICS™应用提高了我们优化喂养策略和提高水产养殖业生产效率的能力。VeraMaris® 藻油和 PBM 可作为可行的、可持续的鱼饲料原料,促进环境友好型水产养殖业的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the behavior and stress indicators of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to heat stress. 纳米氧化锌对非洲鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus)暴露于热应激下的行为和应激指标的影响。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04302-6
Amr Saber Mahmoud, Alaa El Din H Sayed, Usama T Mahmoud, Ahmed A A Mohammed, Madeha H A Darwish

This study was designed to assess the role of nano-zinc oxide in mitigating the deleterious effects of heat stress in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by evaluating parameters such as aggressive behavior (biting frequency and chasing duration), hematological indicators, and stress-related biochemical markers. A total of 96 catfish were divided into four distinct groups (24 fish/group): The first group (CON) served as the control group, receiving a diet free of nano-zinc oxide. The second group (HS) was exposed to heat stress at 35 °C ± 1 °C. The third group (ZN) was fed a diet containing nano-zinc oxide at 30 mg/kg of the diet, and the fourth group (ZHN) was exposed to heat stress (35 °C ± 1 °C) and fed a diet containing nano-zinc oxide at 30 mg/kg of the diet. The results clarified that the aggressive behavior and cortisol levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the HS group compared to the CON and ZHN groups. Additionally, the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the HS group compared to the CON and ZHN groups. Meanwhile, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cells, alkaline phosphatase, and lymphocytes, was observed in fish belonging to the HS group, while the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, neutrophils, and monocytes showed a significant increase (P < 0.05). Supplementation with nano-zinc oxide significantly recovered most hematological and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, nano-zinc oxide contributed significantly to the regulation of the negative impacts of heat stress on fish by reducing aggressive behavior and cortisol levels. Additionally, it improved the levels of AChE and certain hematological and biochemical parameters.

本研究旨在通过评估非洲鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus)的攻击行为(咬钩频率和追逐持续时间)、血液学指标和应激相关生化指标等参数,评估纳米氧化锌在减轻热应激有害影响方面的作用。总共有 96 条鲶鱼被分为四个不同的组(每组 24 条):第一组(CON)为对照组,食物中不含纳米氧化锌。第二组(HS)在 35 °C ± 1 °C的温度下接受热胁迫。第三组(ZN)饲喂含纳米氧化锌(30 毫克/千克)的日粮,第四组(ZHN)暴露于热应激(35 °C ± 1 °C)并饲喂含纳米氧化锌(30 毫克/千克)的日粮。结果表明,动物的攻击行为和皮质醇水平明显高于对照组(P
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