Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04308-0
Sui Liufu, Kaiming Wang, Bohe Chen, Wenwu Chen, Xiaolin Liu, Sheng Wen, Xintong Li, Dong Xu, Haiming Ma
Background: Gut microbial composition and its metabolites are crucial for livestock production performance. Metabolite profiles from autopsied biospecimens provide vital information on the basic mechanisms that affect the overall health and production traits in livestock animals. However, the role of the host breed in the gut microbiome and fecal metabolome of commercial pigs remains unclear. In this work, differences in microbiota composition among three commercial pig breeds Duroc, Yorkshire, and Landrace were measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fecal metabolite compositions of the three pig breeds were detected using untargeted metabolomics.
Results: There were significant differences in the gut microbiomes of the three species, indicating that host breed affects the diversity and structure of gut microbiota. Several breed-associated microorganisms were identified at different taxonomic levels. Notely, most microbial taxa were annotated as Lactobacillacea, Muribaculaceae, and Oscillospiraceae. Several bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Subdoligranulum, Faecalibacterium, Oscillospira, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, could be considered as biomarkers for improving the backfat thickness (BF) for commercial pigs. Additionally, KEGG analysis of gut microbiota further revealed that arginine biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis varied greatly among pig breeds. Multiple gut bacterial metabolites (e.g., spermidine, estradiol, and palmitic acid) were identified as breed-associated. Mediation analysis ultimately revealed the cross-talk among gut microbiota, metabolites, and BF thickness, proclaiming that the microbial and metabolic biomarkers identified in this study could be used as biomarkers for improving BF phenotype.
Conclusions: This work provides vital insights into breed effects on gut microbiota and metabolite compositions of commercial pigs and uncovers potential biomarkers that are significant for pig breed improvement.
{"title":"Effect of host breeds on gut microbiome and fecal metabolome in commercial pigs.","authors":"Sui Liufu, Kaiming Wang, Bohe Chen, Wenwu Chen, Xiaolin Liu, Sheng Wen, Xintong Li, Dong Xu, Haiming Ma","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04308-0","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04308-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Gut microbial composition and its metabolites are crucial for livestock production performance. Metabolite profiles from autopsied biospecimens provide vital information on the basic mechanisms that affect the overall health and production traits in livestock animals. However, the role of the host breed in the gut microbiome and fecal metabolome of commercial pigs remains unclear. In this work, differences in microbiota composition among three commercial pig breeds Duroc, Yorkshire, and Landrace were measured by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Fecal metabolite compositions of the three pig breeds were detected using untargeted metabolomics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>There were significant differences in the gut microbiomes of the three species, indicating that host breed affects the diversity and structure of gut microbiota. Several breed-associated microorganisms were identified at different taxonomic levels. Notely, most microbial taxa were annotated as Lactobacillacea, Muribaculaceae, and Oscillospiraceae. Several bacteria, including Lactobacillus, Subdoligranulum, Faecalibacterium, Oscillospira, Oscillospiraceae_UCG-002, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group, could be considered as biomarkers for improving the backfat thickness (BF) for commercial pigs. Additionally, KEGG analysis of gut microbiota further revealed that arginine biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism, and fatty acid biosynthesis varied greatly among pig breeds. Multiple gut bacterial metabolites (e.g., spermidine, estradiol, and palmitic acid) were identified as breed-associated. Mediation analysis ultimately revealed the cross-talk among gut microbiota, metabolites, and BF thickness, proclaiming that the microbial and metabolic biomarkers identified in this study could be used as biomarkers for improving BF phenotype.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This work provides vital insights into breed effects on gut microbiota and metabolite compositions of commercial pigs and uncovers potential biomarkers that are significant for pig breed improvement.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11465751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142399287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04311-5
Soumaya Sabri, Lamia Khannous, Séverine Ferré, Adel Souissi, Radhouane Gdoura, Anne V Gautier-Bouchardon
Background: Avian mycoplasmas are known pathogens, which cause severe economic losses in poultry flocks. PCR is a rapid, sensitive, and less expensive diagnostic tool than culture for the identification of mycoplasmas in poultry farms. The objective of this study was to determine by PCR the presence of Mycoplasma spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), and Mycoplasma pullorum (MP) in laying hens located in the Sfax region, in the South of Tunisia.
Results: A total of 781 tracheal swabs were collected from 13 laying-hen farms without clinical signs at the date of sampling. MP was detected by a newly described specific PCR assay. The prevalence calculated from PCR results at the flock level was 100% for Mycoplasma spp., 0% for MG, 84.6% for MS and 61.5% for MP. The overall prevalence at the animal level was 38.7% for Mycoplasma spp., 0% for MG, 25% for MS and 6.4% for MP. The overall prevalence of 100% of avian mycoplasmas in laying-hen farms (38.7% prevalence at the animal level) shows an alarming situation.
Conclusions: These results underline the importance of monitoring the emergence and spread of Mycoplasma strains in farms in order to decrease economic losses due to mycoplasmoses.
{"title":"First molecular investigation to detect avian Mycoplasma species in clinical samples from laying-hen farms in Tunisia.","authors":"Soumaya Sabri, Lamia Khannous, Séverine Ferré, Adel Souissi, Radhouane Gdoura, Anne V Gautier-Bouchardon","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04311-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04311-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Avian mycoplasmas are known pathogens, which cause severe economic losses in poultry flocks. PCR is a rapid, sensitive, and less expensive diagnostic tool than culture for the identification of mycoplasmas in poultry farms. The objective of this study was to determine by PCR the presence of Mycoplasma spp., Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), and Mycoplasma pullorum (MP) in laying hens located in the Sfax region, in the South of Tunisia.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A total of 781 tracheal swabs were collected from 13 laying-hen farms without clinical signs at the date of sampling. MP was detected by a newly described specific PCR assay. The prevalence calculated from PCR results at the flock level was 100% for Mycoplasma spp., 0% for MG, 84.6% for MS and 61.5% for MP. The overall prevalence at the animal level was 38.7% for Mycoplasma spp., 0% for MG, 25% for MS and 6.4% for MP. The overall prevalence of 100% of avian mycoplasmas in laying-hen farms (38.7% prevalence at the animal level) shows an alarming situation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results underline the importance of monitoring the emergence and spread of Mycoplasma strains in farms in order to decrease economic losses due to mycoplasmoses.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11465938/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142399288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-10DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04305-3
Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, Krzysztof Stegmann, Arkadiusz Dziech, Gabriela Jędrszczyk, Igor Jucenco, Karolina Barszcz, Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk
Background: The African painted dog is classified as a relic canid lineage, inhabiting areas south of the Sahara. The fennec fox is the smallest member of the Canidae family, found in the Arabian Peninsula and northern Sahara.
Methods: The gross anatomy and light microscopic examination of the oral cavity glands were studied in five adult captive South African painted dogs and five adult captive fennec foxes from the Wroclaw Zoological Garden, Poland. In this research, the zygomatic gland, monostomatic sublingual gland, polystomatic sublingual gland, mandibular gland, and parotid gland were examined for their topography, morphometry, histology, and histochemistry using hematoxylin and eosin, azan trichrome, mucicarmine, PAS, AB pH 1.0, AB pH 2.5, AB pH 2.5 PAS, and HID.
Results: We found that the parotid glands were consistently the largest, followed by the mandibular and sublingual glands (both monostomatic and polystomatic). The zygomatic gland was the smallest in both South African painted dogs and fennec foxes. Interestingly, there were noticeable differences in the size, shape, and even composition of the secretory products between the two species. The zygomatic and polystomatic sublingual glands in the South African painted dog and the fennec fox were complex branched tubular. In the South African painted dog, the monostomatic gland was a branched tubular compound gland, while in the fennec fox, it was a branched tubuloalveolar compound gland. The mandibular gland in hunting dogs was a branched tubular compound gland, while in the fennec fox a branched tubuloalveolar compound gland. The parotid gland in the fennec fox was a branched acinar compound gland, whereas in the painted dog was a branched tubuloacinar.
Conclusions: The basic structure of their glands is similar to that of other terrestrial carnivores, indicating a shared evolutionary origin and function. However, differences in the composition of their secretory products can reflect adaptations to their specific diets. This research provides valuable insights for veterinary medicine and underscores the importance of further studies. By analyzing wild canid populations and including a broader range of species with diverse diets, we could gain a deeper understanding of how diet influences salivary gland morphology within the Canidae.
{"title":"The comparative morphology of the oral cavity glands in captive South African painted dogs (Lycaon pictus pictus) and captive fennec foxes (Vulpes zerda) (Carnivora: Canidae).","authors":"Joanna Klećkowska-Nawrot, Krzysztof Stegmann, Arkadiusz Dziech, Gabriela Jędrszczyk, Igor Jucenco, Karolina Barszcz, Karolina Goździewska-Harłajczuk","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04305-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04305-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>The African painted dog is classified as a relic canid lineage, inhabiting areas south of the Sahara. The fennec fox is the smallest member of the Canidae family, found in the Arabian Peninsula and northern Sahara.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The gross anatomy and light microscopic examination of the oral cavity glands were studied in five adult captive South African painted dogs and five adult captive fennec foxes from the Wroclaw Zoological Garden, Poland. In this research, the zygomatic gland, monostomatic sublingual gland, polystomatic sublingual gland, mandibular gland, and parotid gland were examined for their topography, morphometry, histology, and histochemistry using hematoxylin and eosin, azan trichrome, mucicarmine, PAS, AB pH 1.0, AB pH 2.5, AB pH 2.5 PAS, and HID.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We found that the parotid glands were consistently the largest, followed by the mandibular and sublingual glands (both monostomatic and polystomatic). The zygomatic gland was the smallest in both South African painted dogs and fennec foxes. Interestingly, there were noticeable differences in the size, shape, and even composition of the secretory products between the two species. The zygomatic and polystomatic sublingual glands in the South African painted dog and the fennec fox were complex branched tubular. In the South African painted dog, the monostomatic gland was a branched tubular compound gland, while in the fennec fox, it was a branched tubuloalveolar compound gland. The mandibular gland in hunting dogs was a branched tubular compound gland, while in the fennec fox a branched tubuloalveolar compound gland. The parotid gland in the fennec fox was a branched acinar compound gland, whereas in the painted dog was a branched tubuloacinar.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The basic structure of their glands is similar to that of other terrestrial carnivores, indicating a shared evolutionary origin and function. However, differences in the composition of their secretory products can reflect adaptations to their specific diets. This research provides valuable insights for veterinary medicine and underscores the importance of further studies. By analyzing wild canid populations and including a broader range of species with diverse diets, we could gain a deeper understanding of how diet influences salivary gland morphology within the Canidae.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11465492/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142399289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04254-x
W Wheat, L Chow, K Still-Brooks, R Moore-Foster, J Herman, R Hunter, F Garry, S Dow
Certain classes of antibiotics, including tetracyclines and macrolides, are known to exert immune suppressive effects in other species but the immune modulatory effects of these antibiotics have not been previously studied in cattle. To address this question, we investigated the effects of oxytetracycline, gamithromycin, and tulathromycin on T cell and macrophage responses to activation, using in vitro assays. In addition, we assessed the impact of these antibiotics on T cell responses in vivo following treatment of healthy cattle with currently recommended doses of each of the three antibiotics. We found that all 3 antibiotics markedly suppressed T cell proliferation in vitro at relevant therapeutic drug concentrations and significantly suppressed macrophage activation responses to LPS. In cattle treated with a single dose of each antibiotic, we observed significant suppression of T cell proliferation and cytokine production beginning as early as 6 h after administration, with increasing immune suppression observed at 48 h. Taken together, these results indicate that commonly used antibiotics in cattle exert significant immune modulatory activity, in addition to their antimicrobial activity. These off-target effects should be considered when using antibiotics for prophylaxis or metaphylaxis in high-risk dairy or beef cattle (192 words).
众所周知,某些抗生素(包括四环素类和大环内酯类)在其他物种中具有免疫抑制作用,但这些抗生素的免疫调节作用以前从未在牛身上进行过研究。为了解决这个问题,我们利用体外试验研究了土霉素、加红霉素和妥拉霉素对 T 细胞和巨噬细胞活化反应的影响。此外,我们还评估了这些抗生素对体内 T 细胞反应的影响,即用目前推荐剂量的这三种抗生素分别治疗健康牛。我们发现,在相关治疗药物浓度下,这三种抗生素都能明显抑制体外 T 细胞的增殖,并显著抑制巨噬细胞对 LPS 的活化反应。在单剂量使用每种抗生素治疗的牛中,我们观察到 T 细胞增殖和细胞因子的产生早在用药后 6 小时就开始受到显著抑制,48 小时后免疫抑制作用逐渐增强。在对高风险奶牛或肉牛使用抗生素进行预防性或变态反应性治疗时,应考虑这些脱靶效应(192 字)。
{"title":"Immune modulatory effects of tulathromycin, gamithromycin, and oxytetracycline in cattle.","authors":"W Wheat, L Chow, K Still-Brooks, R Moore-Foster, J Herman, R Hunter, F Garry, S Dow","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04254-x","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04254-x","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Certain classes of antibiotics, including tetracyclines and macrolides, are known to exert immune suppressive effects in other species but the immune modulatory effects of these antibiotics have not been previously studied in cattle. To address this question, we investigated the effects of oxytetracycline, gamithromycin, and tulathromycin on T cell and macrophage responses to activation, using in vitro assays. In addition, we assessed the impact of these antibiotics on T cell responses in vivo following treatment of healthy cattle with currently recommended doses of each of the three antibiotics. We found that all 3 antibiotics markedly suppressed T cell proliferation in vitro at relevant therapeutic drug concentrations and significantly suppressed macrophage activation responses to LPS. In cattle treated with a single dose of each antibiotic, we observed significant suppression of T cell proliferation and cytokine production beginning as early as 6 h after administration, with increasing immune suppression observed at 48 h. Taken together, these results indicate that commonly used antibiotics in cattle exert significant immune modulatory activity, in addition to their antimicrobial activity. These off-target effects should be considered when using antibiotics for prophylaxis or metaphylaxis in high-risk dairy or beef cattle (192 words).</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11462805/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387749","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background and aim: Contamination from increased anthropogenic activities poses a threat to human health as well as the ecosystem. To develop a nanotechnological approach to improve aqua fisheries, we synthesized magnetic hematite nanoparticle-based gel and evaluated its efficacy in a cadmium-polluted closed system to decontaminate water and improve tilapia fish health.
Methods: Green iron oxide nanoparticles were biosynthesized by the metabolite of bacillus subtilis and incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol to construct a hydrogel by cryogelation.
Key findings: The cryogel had interconnected macropores with diameters widely ranging between 20 and 200 μm and could be free-floating in water. When applied in cadmium-polluted tilapia culture, this nanogel reduced turbidity and ammonia in the aquarium, adsorbed cadmium from the water with a larger quantity on the gel's outer surface than in its center., and reduced cadmium concentration in tilapia's liver, gills, and muscles. Application of this nano-based cryogel reduced the toxic effects of cadmium on tilapia fish. It maintained hepatic and renal cell nuclear integrity as determined by comet assay. This nano-treatment also reversed the cadmium-induced elevations of plasma lipids, glucose, stress marker cortisol, the hepatic enzymes AST and ALT, and the kidney function marker urea, and improved the lymphocytopenia and other hematological functions in tilapia fish intoxicated by cadmium.
背景和目的:人类活动增加所造成的污染对人类健康和生态系统构成威胁。为了开发一种改善水产渔业的纳米技术方法,我们合成了基于磁性赤铁矿纳米颗粒的凝胶,并评估了其在镉污染封闭系统中净化水质和改善罗非鱼健康的功效:方法:利用枯草芽孢杆菌的代谢产物生物合成绿色氧化铁纳米粒子,并将其与聚乙烯醇结合,通过冷凝胶法构建水凝胶:该冷凝胶具有相互连接的大孔隙,直径在 20 至 200 μm 之间,可在水中自由浮动。将这种纳米凝胶应用于受镉污染的罗非鱼养殖中,可降低水族箱中的浑浊度和氨氮,凝胶外表面对水中镉的吸附量大于凝胶中心,并可降低罗非鱼肝脏、鳃和肌肉中的镉浓度。使用这种纳米低温凝胶可减少镉对罗非鱼的毒性影响。根据彗星试验的测定,它能保持肝细胞和肾细胞核的完整性。这种纳米处理还能逆转镉引起的血脂、血糖、应激标志物皮质醇、肝酶 AST 和 ALT 以及肾功能标志物尿素的升高,并改善镉中毒罗非鱼的淋巴细胞减少和其他血液学功能。
{"title":"Nanoremediation of tilapia fish culture using iron oxide nanoparticles biosynthesized by Bacillus subtilis and immobilized in a free-floating macroporous cryogel.","authors":"Basma Sheta, Mohammed El-Zahed, Mona Nawareg, Zeinab Elkhiary, Salahuddin Sadek, Ayman Hyder","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04292-5","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04292-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background and aim: </strong>Contamination from increased anthropogenic activities poses a threat to human health as well as the ecosystem. To develop a nanotechnological approach to improve aqua fisheries, we synthesized magnetic hematite nanoparticle-based gel and evaluated its efficacy in a cadmium-polluted closed system to decontaminate water and improve tilapia fish health.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Green iron oxide nanoparticles were biosynthesized by the metabolite of bacillus subtilis and incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol to construct a hydrogel by cryogelation.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>The cryogel had interconnected macropores with diameters widely ranging between 20 and 200 μm and could be free-floating in water. When applied in cadmium-polluted tilapia culture, this nanogel reduced turbidity and ammonia in the aquarium, adsorbed cadmium from the water with a larger quantity on the gel's outer surface than in its center., and reduced cadmium concentration in tilapia's liver, gills, and muscles. Application of this nano-based cryogel reduced the toxic effects of cadmium on tilapia fish. It maintained hepatic and renal cell nuclear integrity as determined by comet assay. This nano-treatment also reversed the cadmium-induced elevations of plasma lipids, glucose, stress marker cortisol, the hepatic enzymes AST and ALT, and the kidney function marker urea, and improved the lymphocytopenia and other hematological functions in tilapia fish intoxicated by cadmium.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11462889/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-09DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04299-y
Kelvin Ngongolo
Chicken production in Tanzania provides opportunity to local communities in terms of employment, increased income, food security, and manure for cropping. However, diseases like fowl typhoid remain a challenge to livestock keepers. This study was aimed at understanding the attitude and awareness of Poultry keepers about the prevalence of fowl typhoid in chickens kept in Dodoma. A cross-sectional survey using semi-structured interviews was employed to understand farmers' perception of the prevalence of fowl typhoid and associated risk factors amongst poultry farmers in three wards in Dodoma, namely, Nkuhungu, Msalato, and Mnadani. The overall prevalence of fowl typhoid among farmers was 22.30%, with significant differences being noticed in the first quarter (January-March) and the third quarter (July-September) (P < 0.05). Factors such as age and sex, flock size, and management practices influence the prevalence of fowl typhoid significantly (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the farmers had challenges accessing the veterinary services due to their unawareness, the availability of the service, and their distance from the service. The control strategies for fowl typhoid should consider the influencing factors while improving the accessibility and availability of veterinary services to farmers.
{"title":"Awareness and perceptions of poultry keepers about the prevalence of Fowl typhoid in chickens kept in Dodoma, Tanzania.","authors":"Kelvin Ngongolo","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04299-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04299-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Chicken production in Tanzania provides opportunity to local communities in terms of employment, increased income, food security, and manure for cropping. However, diseases like fowl typhoid remain a challenge to livestock keepers. This study was aimed at understanding the attitude and awareness of Poultry keepers about the prevalence of fowl typhoid in chickens kept in Dodoma. A cross-sectional survey using semi-structured interviews was employed to understand farmers' perception of the prevalence of fowl typhoid and associated risk factors amongst poultry farmers in three wards in Dodoma, namely, Nkuhungu, Msalato, and Mnadani. The overall prevalence of fowl typhoid among farmers was 22.30%, with significant differences being noticed in the first quarter (January-March) and the third quarter (July-September) (P < 0.05). Factors such as age and sex, flock size, and management practices influence the prevalence of fowl typhoid significantly (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the farmers had challenges accessing the veterinary services due to their unawareness, the availability of the service, and their distance from the service. The control strategies for fowl typhoid should consider the influencing factors while improving the accessibility and availability of veterinary services to farmers.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11462888/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can establish lifelong latent infection in peripheral nervous ganglion, and persistent infections in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Establishing an infection in the lymphocytes does not only enable the PRV to escape host immune surveillance but pass through the placental barrier, leading to fetal death and abortion. Due to the pathogenicity of the PRV, it poses a huge challenge in its prevention and control. The PRV escapes host immunity through downregulation of swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA I) molecules on infected cells. However, data on the molecular mechanisms of the SLA I suppression remains scant. Here, in order to verify the effect of candidate proteins PRV pUL44 and pUS6 on PRV immune escape related molecules SLA I and peptide loading complex (PLC), we detected the expression of SLA I and PLC components after expressing PRV pUL44 and pUS6. The effects of pUS6 and pUL44 on SLA I and PLC were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot at mRNA and protein level, respectively. Cells expressing pUS6 or pUL44 genes showed a significantly suppressed expression of surface and total SLA I molecules. In addition, unlike UL44, the US6 gene was shown to downregulate the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), TAP2 and Tapasin molecules. The results show that PRV pUS6 may participate in virus immune escape by directly regulating the SLA I, TAP dimer and Tapasin molecules, thus blocking the transportation of TAP-bound peptides to the ER to bind SLA I molecules. We provide a theoretical basis on the mechanism of TAP mediated immune escape by the PRV.
伪狂犬病毒(PRV)可在外周神经节中建立终身潜伏感染,并在外周血淋巴细胞中建立持续感染。在淋巴细胞中建立感染不仅能使 PRV 逃避宿主的免疫监视,还能穿过胎盘屏障,导致胎儿死亡和流产。由于 PRV 的致病性,它给预防和控制工作带来了巨大挑战。PRV 通过下调感染细胞上的猪白细胞抗原 I 类(SLA I)分子来逃避宿主免疫。然而,有关抑制 SLA I 的分子机制的数据仍然很少。在此,为了验证候选蛋白PRV pUL44和pUS6对PRV免疫逃逸相关分子SLA I和肽装载复合体(PLC)的影响,我们检测了表达PRV pUL44和pUS6后SLA I和PLC成分的表达。pUS6 和 pUL44 对 SLA I 和 PLC 的影响分别在 mRNA 和蛋白水平上通过 qRT-PCR 和 Western 印迹进行了分析。表达 pUS6 或 pUL44 基因的细胞明显抑制了表面和总 SLA I 分子的表达。此外,与 UL44 不同的是,US6 基因会下调与抗原处理相关的转运体 1(TAP1)、TAP2 和 Tapasin 分子。研究结果表明,PRV pUS6 可能通过直接调控 SLA I、TAP 二聚体和 Tapasin 分子,从而阻断 TAP 结合肽向 ER 运输以结合 SLA I 分子,参与病毒的免疫逃逸。我们为 PRV 通过 TAP 介导的免疫逃逸机制提供了理论依据。
{"title":"pUS6 in pseudorabies virus participates in the process of inhibiting antigen presentation by inhibiting the assembly of peptide loading complex.","authors":"Ningning Ma, Yawei Sun, Chenmeng Ding, Yongtao Li, Linyang Yu, Lu Chen","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04294-3","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04294-3","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pseudorabies virus (PRV) can establish lifelong latent infection in peripheral nervous ganglion, and persistent infections in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Establishing an infection in the lymphocytes does not only enable the PRV to escape host immune surveillance but pass through the placental barrier, leading to fetal death and abortion. Due to the pathogenicity of the PRV, it poses a huge challenge in its prevention and control. The PRV escapes host immunity through downregulation of swine leukocyte antigen class I (SLA I) molecules on infected cells. However, data on the molecular mechanisms of the SLA I suppression remains scant. Here, in order to verify the effect of candidate proteins PRV pUL44 and pUS6 on PRV immune escape related molecules SLA I and peptide loading complex (PLC), we detected the expression of SLA I and PLC components after expressing PRV pUL44 and pUS6. The effects of pUS6 and pUL44 on SLA I and PLC were analyzed by qRT-PCR and Western blot at mRNA and protein level, respectively. Cells expressing pUS6 or pUL44 genes showed a significantly suppressed expression of surface and total SLA I molecules. In addition, unlike UL44, the US6 gene was shown to downregulate the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP1), TAP2 and Tapasin molecules. The results show that PRV pUS6 may participate in virus immune escape by directly regulating the SLA I, TAP dimer and Tapasin molecules, thus blocking the transportation of TAP-bound peptides to the ER to bind SLA I molecules. We provide a theoretical basis on the mechanism of TAP mediated immune escape by the PRV.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11463114/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387760","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04293-4
Anna Czech, Dorota Kowalska, Łukasz Wlazło, Paweł Bielański, Mateusz Ossowski, Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek
Background: Many studies conducted on livestock point to fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) as a component that provides adequate quality and quantity of protein. Additionally, it is a very good source of probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and antioxidants. A study was undertaken to assess the impact of a feed supplemented with FRSM fermented with Bacillus subtilis strain 87Y on production parameters, nutrient digestibility, and haematological and lipid indicators of the blood in growing rabbits. Forty New Zealand White rabbits (body weight 816,25 ± 24,98 g) aged 35 days were used in this study. The animals were divided into four groups, a control group (C) was fed a standard diet, while in the diet of three experimental groups, soybean meal (SBM) was replaced with FRSM at 4% (FR4 group), 8% (FR8 group), or 12% (FR12 group).
Results: Detailed analysis revealed that the contribution of FRSM in the rabbit feed, regardless of the amount, had a significant effect on body weight gain (BWG), as well as average daily gain (ADG), compared to the control group (C), (P = 0.017). All groups receiving FRSM had a significantly lower (P = 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. In rabbits fed a diet containing 8% FRSM, the blood haematological parameters, such as red blood cells (RBC), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), were significantly higher compared to the control group (P = 0.037). In addition, a significant reduction in the plasma levels of the low-density lipoprotein fraction (LDL-chol), the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (CHOL/HDL), (P = 0.001), and triacylglycerols (TG), (P = 0.004) were observed in the experimental groups compared to the control group.
Conclusions: Based on the encouraging outcomes, it is possible to recommend domestically produced FRSM as a viable substitute for genetically-modified (GM) SBM in rabbit feed.
{"title":"Improving nutrient digestibility and health in rabbits: effect of fermented rapeseed meal supplementation on haematological and lipid parameters of blood.","authors":"Anna Czech, Dorota Kowalska, Łukasz Wlazło, Paweł Bielański, Mateusz Ossowski, Bożena Nowakowicz-Dębek","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04293-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04293-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Many studies conducted on livestock point to fermented rapeseed meal (FRSM) as a component that provides adequate quality and quantity of protein. Additionally, it is a very good source of probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, and antioxidants. A study was undertaken to assess the impact of a feed supplemented with FRSM fermented with Bacillus subtilis strain 87Y on production parameters, nutrient digestibility, and haematological and lipid indicators of the blood in growing rabbits. Forty New Zealand White rabbits (body weight 816,25 ± 24,98 g) aged 35 days were used in this study. The animals were divided into four groups, a control group (C) was fed a standard diet, while in the diet of three experimental groups, soybean meal (SBM) was replaced with FRSM at 4% (FR4 group), 8% (FR8 group), or 12% (FR12 group).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Detailed analysis revealed that the contribution of FRSM in the rabbit feed, regardless of the amount, had a significant effect on body weight gain (BWG), as well as average daily gain (ADG), compared to the control group (C), (P = 0.017). All groups receiving FRSM had a significantly lower (P = 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the control group. In rabbits fed a diet containing 8% FRSM, the blood haematological parameters, such as red blood cells (RBC), haematocrit (HCT), haemoglobin (HGB), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV), were significantly higher compared to the control group (P = 0.037). In addition, a significant reduction in the plasma levels of the low-density lipoprotein fraction (LDL-chol), the ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (CHOL/HDL), (P = 0.001), and triacylglycerols (TG), (P = 0.004) were observed in the experimental groups compared to the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Based on the encouraging outcomes, it is possible to recommend domestically produced FRSM as a viable substitute for genetically-modified (GM) SBM in rabbit feed.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11457326/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04312-4
Adem Kumbe, Haileleul Negussie, Yitbarek Getachew, Biruk Alemu, Gezahagn Alemayehu, Sisay Girma, Demeke Sibhatu, Kemal Emiyu, Hika Waktole, Samson Leta
Background: Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a contagious disease caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). The disease poses a significant economic threat to small ruminant production in Ethiopia, particularly to the striving pastoral production system. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of PPR in the small ruminants of the Borena Zone. A total of 384 serum samples were collected randomly from sheep and goats and examined for the presence of PPRV antibodies using competition enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (c-ELISA). Additionally, a retrospective analysis of five years of outbreak data was performed to provide insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease.
Results: The seroprevalence of PPRV antibodies in nonvaccinated, vaccinated, and unknown vaccination status of small ruminants in this study was found to be 32.1%, 68.8%, and 45.5%, respectively. Multivariable logistic analysis revealed a statistically significant association between PPRV seropositivity and several factors, including age, animal origin, flock size, and veterinary services status. A retrospective analysis revealed 53 PPR outbreaks in the Borena Zone from 2018 to 2022, exacerbated by low vaccination coverage relative to the at-risk animal population.
Conclusion: The study revealed significant gaps in current vaccination efforts, with herd immunity levels falling below the FAO-WOAH recommended threshold of 80%. Despite Ethiopia's ambitious goal to eradicate PPR by 2027, the frequent outbreaks and insufficient herd immunity highlight the inadequacy of the existing strategies. To effectively move toward eradication, Ethiopia must align its approach with the global PPR eradication framework, which emphasizes a comprehensive strategy that includes diagnostics, surveillance, prevention, and the establishment of a robust veterinary regulatory system, rather than relying solely on vaccination. Overcoming logistical challenges, improving vaccination coverage, and optimizing the timing of vaccination campaigns, especially in hard-to-reach areas, will be crucial for reducing outbreaks and making progress toward eradication.
{"title":"Epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants in selected districts of Borena zone, Ethiopia.","authors":"Adem Kumbe, Haileleul Negussie, Yitbarek Getachew, Biruk Alemu, Gezahagn Alemayehu, Sisay Girma, Demeke Sibhatu, Kemal Emiyu, Hika Waktole, Samson Leta","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04312-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04312-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Peste des petits ruminant (PPR) is a contagious disease caused by the peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV). The disease poses a significant economic threat to small ruminant production in Ethiopia, particularly to the striving pastoral production system. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence and associated risk factors of PPR in the small ruminants of the Borena Zone. A total of 384 serum samples were collected randomly from sheep and goats and examined for the presence of PPRV antibodies using competition enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (c-ELISA). Additionally, a retrospective analysis of five years of outbreak data was performed to provide insight into the spatial and temporal distribution of the disease.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The seroprevalence of PPRV antibodies in nonvaccinated, vaccinated, and unknown vaccination status of small ruminants in this study was found to be 32.1%, 68.8%, and 45.5%, respectively. Multivariable logistic analysis revealed a statistically significant association between PPRV seropositivity and several factors, including age, animal origin, flock size, and veterinary services status. A retrospective analysis revealed 53 PPR outbreaks in the Borena Zone from 2018 to 2022, exacerbated by low vaccination coverage relative to the at-risk animal population.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The study revealed significant gaps in current vaccination efforts, with herd immunity levels falling below the FAO-WOAH recommended threshold of 80%. Despite Ethiopia's ambitious goal to eradicate PPR by 2027, the frequent outbreaks and insufficient herd immunity highlight the inadequacy of the existing strategies. To effectively move toward eradication, Ethiopia must align its approach with the global PPR eradication framework, which emphasizes a comprehensive strategy that includes diagnostics, surveillance, prevention, and the establishment of a robust veterinary regulatory system, rather than relying solely on vaccination. Overcoming logistical challenges, improving vaccination coverage, and optimizing the timing of vaccination campaigns, especially in hard-to-reach areas, will be crucial for reducing outbreaks and making progress toward eradication.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11457360/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142387748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}