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Whole-genome sequencing of toxigenic Clostridioides difficile reveals multidrug resistance and virulence genes in strains of environmental and animal origin. 致毒艰难梭菌的全基因组测序揭示了环境和动物来源菌株的多药耐药性和毒力基因。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-21 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04332-0
Daniela Tercero-Guerrero, José L Blanco, Marta Hernández, Laura Torre-Fuentes, Julio Alvarez, Marta E García

Background: Clostridioides difficile has been recognized as an emerging pathogen in both humans and animals. In this context, antimicrobial resistance plays a major role in driving the spread of this disease, often leading to therapeutic failure. Moreover, recent increases in community-acquired C. difficile infections have led to greater numbers of investigations into the animal origin of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic similarities between 23 environmental and animal isolates by using whole-genome sequencing and to determine antimicrobial resistance and virulence factor genes in toxigenic C. difficile strains to provide important data for the development of diagnostic methods or treatment guidelines.

Results: The most common sequence type was ST11 (87%), followed by ST2 (9%) and ST19 (4%). In addition, 86.95% of the strains exhibited multidrug resistance, with antimicrobial resistance to mainly aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline and B-lactams; nevertheless, one strain also carried other resistance genes that conferred resistance to lincosamide, macrolides, streptogramin a, streptogramin b, pleuromutilin, oxazolidinone and amphenicol. In addition, a wide range of virulence factor genes, such as those encoding adherence factors, exoenzymes and toxins, were found. However, we observed variations between toxinotypes, ribotypes and sequence types.

Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrated significant genetic similarity between ST11 strains isolated from environmental sampling and from animal origin; these strains may represent a reservoir for community-acquired C. difficile infection, which is becoming a growing public health threat due to the development of multridug resistant (MDR) bacteria and the number of virulence factors detected.

背景:艰难梭菌已被认为是一种新出现的人类和动物病原体。在这种情况下,抗菌药耐药性在这种疾病的传播中起着重要作用,往往导致治疗失败。此外,近来社区获得性艰难梭菌感染的增加也导致了对该疾病动物来源的更多调查。本研究旨在通过全基因组测序评估 23 个环境和动物分离株之间的遗传相似性,并确定毒性艰难梭菌菌株的抗菌药耐药性和毒力因子基因,从而为诊断方法或治疗指南的制定提供重要数据:最常见的序列类型是 ST11(87%),其次是 ST2(9%)和 ST19(4%)。此外,86.95%的菌株表现出多药耐药性,主要对氨基糖苷类、氟喹诺酮类、四环素类和B-内酰胺类药物具有耐药性;但也有一株菌株携带其他耐药基因,对林可霉素类、大环内酯类、链霉素a、链霉素b、胸腺肽、恶唑烷酮和安替比林具有耐药性。此外,我们还发现了多种毒力因子基因,如编码黏附因子、外酵素和毒素的基因。然而,我们观察到毒素型、核糖型和序列类型之间存在差异:本研究的结果表明,从环境采样和动物来源中分离出的 ST11 菌株之间具有显著的遗传相似性;这些菌株可能是社区获得性艰难梭菌感染的贮藏库,由于耐多杀菌素(MDR)细菌的发展和所检测到的毒力因子的数量,艰难梭菌感染正成为一个日益严重的公共卫生威胁。
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引用次数: 0
Aligning with the 3Rs: alternative models for research into muscle development and inherited myopathies. 符合 3R:肌肉发育和遗传性肌病研究的替代模式。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04309-z
Hashir Mehmood, Paul R Kasher, Richard Barrett-Jolley, Gemma L Walmsley

Inherited and acquired muscle diseases are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in human medical and veterinary patients. Researchers use models to study skeletal muscle development and pathology, improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and explore new treatment options. Experiments on laboratory animals, including murine and canine models, have led to huge advances in congenital myopathy and muscular dystrophy research that have translated into clinical treatment trials in human patients with these debilitating and often fatal conditions. Whilst animal experimentation has enabled many significant and impactful discoveries that otherwise may not have been possible, we have an ethical and moral, and in many countries also a legal, obligation to consider alternatives. This review discusses the models available as alternatives to mammals for muscle development, biology and disease research with a focus on inherited myopathies. Cell culture models can be used to replace animals for some applications: traditional monolayer cultures (for example, using the immortalised C2C12 cell line) are accessible, tractable and inexpensive but developmentally limited to immature myotube stages; more recently, developments in tissue engineering have led to three-dimensional cultures with improved differentiation capabilities. Advances in computer modelling and an improved understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms are likely to herald new models and opportunities for replacement. Where this is not possible, a 3Rs approach advocates partial replacement with the use of less sentient animals (including invertebrates (such as worms Caenorhabditis elegans and fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster) and embryonic stages of small vertebrates such as the zebrafish Danio rerio) alongside refinement of experimental design and improved research practices to reduce the numbers of animals used and the severity of their experience. An understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of potential models is essential for researchers to determine which can best facilitate answering a specific scientific question. Applying 3Rs principles to research not only improves animal welfare but generates high-quality, reproducible and reliable data with translational relevance to human and animal patients.

遗传性和获得性肌肉疾病是人类医学和兽医学患者发病和死亡的重要原因。研究人员利用模型来研究骨骼肌的发育和病理,提高我们对疾病发病机制的认识,并探索新的治疗方案。在实验动物(包括鼠类和犬类模型)上进行的实验使先天性肌病和肌肉萎缩症的研究取得了巨大进步,这些研究成果已转化为对人类患者的临床治疗试验。虽然动物实验促成了许多重大而有影响的发现,否则这些发现可能无法实现,但我们有伦理道德义务,在许多国家还有法律义务考虑替代方法。本综述讨论了可替代哺乳动物进行肌肉发育、生物学和疾病研究的模型,重点是遗传性肌病。在某些应用中,细胞培养模型可用于替代动物:传统的单层培养(例如,使用永生化的 C2C12 细胞系)容易获得、易于操作且成本低廉,但在发育上仅限于未成熟的肌管阶段;最近,组织工程学的发展带来了分化能力更强的三维培养。计算机建模的进步和对病理机制认识的提高很可能预示着新的模型和替代机会。如果不可能实现,3Rs 方法主张部分替代,即使用智商较低的动物(包括无脊椎动物(如秀丽隐杆线虫和果蝇)和小型脊椎动物(如斑马鱼)的胚胎阶段),同时改进实验设计和研究方法,以减少使用动物的数量和动物经历的严重程度。了解潜在模型的优缺点对于研究人员确定哪种模型最有利于回答特定的科学问题至关重要。将 3Rs 原则应用于研究,不仅能改善动物福利,还能产生高质量、可重复和可靠的数据,对人类和动物患者具有转化意义。
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引用次数: 0
Challenges in diagnosing bovine tuberculosis through surveillance and characterization of Mycobacterium species in slaughtered cattle in Kolkata. 通过监测加尔各答屠宰牛中的分枝杆菌种类并确定其特征来诊断牛结核病所面临的挑战。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04272-9
Molla Zakirul Haque, Chanchal Guha, Ayan Mukherjee, Sukhen Samanta, Partha Sarathi Jana, Ujjwal Biswas, Sangeeta Mandal, Santanu Pal, Manigandan Venkatesan, Joy Sarojini Michael, Pramod Kumar Nanda, Samiran Bandyopadhyay, Arun K Das, Premanshu Dandapat

Background: Tuberculosis in cattle is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) species. Apart from MTBC, different Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) species have also been isolated from cattle. The presence of NTM infection in bovines makes the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) a cumbersome task. Therefore, a cross sectional study was conducted to isolate and characterize different Mycobacterium spp. from a slaughterhouse situated in Kolkata, a city in the eastern part of India.

Results: Out of 258 morbid samples, 98 isolates were found to be positive for bacterial growth, and 35% (n = 34) were positive for Mycobacterium. 94% of Mycobacterial cultural isolates were NTM (n = 32), and the rest (n = 2) were found to be MTBC. Species-level identification of the isolates by hsp65 sequencing revealed that out of 32 isolates, 24 were M. fortuitum, three were M. abscessus, two each were M. chelonae and M. parascrofulaceum, and one was M. novocastrense. A phylogenetic tree with partial hsp65 gene sequences was also constructed to determine the relatedness of the unknown isolates to the reference strains.

Conclusion: Both NTM species and MTBCs were identified from TB-like lesions in cattle that were slaughtered at the Kolkata abattoir. This discovery may indicate that NTM contributes to the development of lesions in cattle. Also, we recommend implication of more specific diagnostic tests for bTB.

背景:牛结核病是由复合结核分枝杆菌(MTBC)引起的。除 MTBC 外,牛体内还分离出不同的非结核分枝杆菌 (NTM)。牛感染非结核分枝杆菌使得牛结核病(bTB)的诊断变得十分棘手。因此,我们开展了一项横断面研究,从印度东部城市加尔各答的一个屠宰场中分离出不同的分枝杆菌属并确定其特征:结果:在 258 个病死样本中,发现 98 个分离物的细菌生长呈阳性,35%(n = 34)对分枝杆菌呈阳性。94%的分枝杆菌培养分离物为 NTM(n = 32),其余(n = 2)为 MTBC。通过 hsp65 测序对分离株进行种级鉴定发现,32 个分离株中有 24 个是 M. fortuitum,3 个是 M. abscessus,M. chelonae 和 M. parascrofulaceum 各有 2 个,还有 1 个是 M. novocastrense。还利用部分 hsp65 基因序列构建了系统发生树,以确定未知分离株与参考菌株的亲缘关系:结论:在加尔各答屠宰场屠宰的牛的结核病样病变中发现了 NTM 和 MTBC。这一发现可能表明,NTM 是导致牛发生病变的原因之一。此外,我们还建议对结核病进行更具针对性的诊断测试。
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引用次数: 0
Toxicological screening of zinc oxide nanoparticles in mongrel dogs after seven days of repeated subcutaneous injections. 经过七天反复皮下注射后,对杂种狗体内氧化锌纳米颗粒的毒理学筛选。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-18 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04268-5
Marwa H Hassan, Ibrahim A Emam, Haitham Farghali, Marwa A Ibrahim, Neven H Hassan, Khaled Y Farroh, Eman I Hassanen

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have recently been applied in various veterinary and medical fields, however, the toxicological evaluations of these NPs in dogs are lacking. Therefore, the current study is designed to assess the impact of exposure to daily subcutaneous (SC) injections of ZnO NPs at different concentrations on various organs of mongrel dogs. Nine dogs were randomly divided into three groups (n = 3 for each) as follows: group (1) served as the control group, whereas groups (2&3) received SC injections of 50 and 100 ppm ZnO NPs (8 and 16 μg/kg bwt), respectively, once/day for 7 days. Our results revealed that ZnO NPs disrupted the oxidant/antioxidant balance in the lungs, liver, and kidneys of dogs in a dose-dependent manner. ZnO NPs induced dose-dependent radiological, ultrasonographical, and histopathological alterations in various organs especially lungs, spleen, liver, and kidneys along with disturbance in both liver and kidney biomarkers levels. Most organs of both ZnO NPs receiving groups displayed strong caspase-3 protein expression. Additionally, it upregulates the transcriptase levels of TNF-α and VEGF, as well as downregulates the antiapoptotic gene IL-10 in lung, kidney, and liver tissue homogenates. It was concluded that the daily SC injections of dogs with ZnO NPs at concentrations of 50 and 100 ppm caused extensive oxidative stress damage in various organs which provoked serious pathological processes such as apoptosis and inflammation.

氧化锌纳米粒子(ZnO NPs)最近已被应用于各种兽医和医疗领域,但对这些纳米粒子在狗体内的毒理学评估还很缺乏。因此,本研究旨在评估每天皮下注射不同浓度的氧化锌纳米粒子对杂种狗各器官的影响。九只狗被随机分为以下三组(每组 n = 3):第(1)组为对照组,第(2)组和第(3)组每天分别皮下注射一次 50 ppm 和 100 ppm 的氧化锌氮氧化物(8 微克和 16 微克/千克体重),连续注射 7 天。我们的研究结果表明,氧化锌氮氧化物以剂量依赖的方式破坏了狗肺、肝脏和肾脏中的氧化剂/抗氧化剂平衡。氧化锌氮氧化物会诱导各器官(尤其是肺、脾、肝和肾)发生剂量依赖性的放射学、超声波和组织病理学改变,同时还会扰乱肝脏和肾脏的生物标志物水平。两组 ZnO NPs 受体的大多数器官都显示出较强的 caspase-3 蛋白表达。此外,它还能上调肺、肾和肝组织匀浆中 TNF-α 和血管内皮生长因子的转录酶水平,并下调抗凋亡基因 IL-10。研究得出结论,每天给狗注射浓度为 50 和 100 ppm 的氧化锌氮氧化物会对各器官造成广泛的氧化应激损伤,引发严重的病理过程,如细胞凋亡和炎症。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of zinc oxide nanoparticles on the behavior and stress indicators of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to heat stress. 纳米氧化锌对非洲鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus)暴露于热应激下的行为和应激指标的影响。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04302-6
Amr Saber Mahmoud, Alaa El Din H Sayed, Usama T Mahmoud, Ahmed A A Mohammed, Madeha H A Darwish

This study was designed to assess the role of nano-zinc oxide in mitigating the deleterious effects of heat stress in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) by evaluating parameters such as aggressive behavior (biting frequency and chasing duration), hematological indicators, and stress-related biochemical markers. A total of 96 catfish were divided into four distinct groups (24 fish/group): The first group (CON) served as the control group, receiving a diet free of nano-zinc oxide. The second group (HS) was exposed to heat stress at 35 °C ± 1 °C. The third group (ZN) was fed a diet containing nano-zinc oxide at 30 mg/kg of the diet, and the fourth group (ZHN) was exposed to heat stress (35 °C ± 1 °C) and fed a diet containing nano-zinc oxide at 30 mg/kg of the diet. The results clarified that the aggressive behavior and cortisol levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the HS group compared to the CON and ZHN groups. Additionally, the level of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the HS group compared to the CON and ZHN groups. Meanwhile, a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in red blood cells, hemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cells, alkaline phosphatase, and lymphocytes, was observed in fish belonging to the HS group, while the levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, neutrophils, and monocytes showed a significant increase (P < 0.05). Supplementation with nano-zinc oxide significantly recovered most hematological and biochemical parameters. In conclusion, nano-zinc oxide contributed significantly to the regulation of the negative impacts of heat stress on fish by reducing aggressive behavior and cortisol levels. Additionally, it improved the levels of AChE and certain hematological and biochemical parameters.

本研究旨在通过评估非洲鲶鱼(Clarias gariepinus)的攻击行为(咬钩频率和追逐持续时间)、血液学指标和应激相关生化指标等参数,评估纳米氧化锌在减轻热应激有害影响方面的作用。总共有 96 条鲶鱼被分为四个不同的组(每组 24 条):第一组(CON)为对照组,食物中不含纳米氧化锌。第二组(HS)在 35 °C ± 1 °C的温度下接受热胁迫。第三组(ZN)饲喂含纳米氧化锌(30 毫克/千克)的日粮,第四组(ZHN)暴露于热应激(35 °C ± 1 °C)并饲喂含纳米氧化锌(30 毫克/千克)的日粮。结果表明,动物的攻击行为和皮质醇水平明显高于对照组(P
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引用次数: 0
Effects of poultry by-product meal and complete replacement of fish oil with alternative oils on growth performance and gut health of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): a FEEDNETICS™ validation study. 家禽副产品粉和替代油完全替代鱼油对虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)生长性能和肠道健康的影响:FEEDNETICS™ 验证研究。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04324-0
Imam Hasan, Simona Rimoldi, Biagina Chiofalo, Marianna Oteri, Micaela Antonini, Rosangela Armone, Violeta Kalemi, Laura Gasco, Genciana Terova

Background: Aquaculture, traditionally a form of biotechnology, has evolved to integrate innovative biotechnological applications, such as advanced feed formulations, aimed at improving the growth performance and health of farmed fish species. In the present study, the effects of feeding rainbow trout with novel feed formulations were investigated. Fish growth, gut and liver morphology, the concentration of fatty acids in the fillet, and volatile fatty acids in the gut were assessed. The study also validated scenarios from in vivo experiments using a nutrient-based model called FEEDNETICS™. This globally used model serves as a tool for data interpretation and decision support in the context of precision fish farming.

Methods: Alternative protein and oil sources, including poultry by-product meal (PBM) and natural algae oil, were explored as sustainable replacements for fishmeal (FM) and fish oil (FO). A 90-day feeding trial was conducted using rainbow trout, comparing two isoproteic, isolipidic and isoenergetic diets. The control diet contained 15% FM, 5% PBM, and 8% FO, while the test diet replaced FM with 15% PBM and 5% feather meal hydrolysate (FMH), and fully substituted FO with VeraMaris® natural algae oil and rapeseed oil.

Results: PBM successfully replaced FM protein without negatively affecting feed intake, growth performance or feed utilization in trout. The combination of PBM and natural algae oil was well tolerated by the trout and showed no negative effects on gut health. A detailed analysis of fatty acids in the fillet revealed that PUFAs of the n3 and n6 series were significantly higher in the PBM group than in the FM group. Values of fatty acid-related health indexes, including atherogenicity index, and thrombogenicity index, confirmed the high nutritional value of trout filet, thus representing a healthy product for human. In addition, the predictions using the FEEDNETICS™ indicated that the tested novel alternative formulations are economically viable. The validation of the model for fish growth resulted in a Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 8%.

Conclusions: The FEEDNETICS™ application enhances our ability to optimize feeding strategies and improve production efficiency in the aquaculture industry. VeraMaris® algae oil and PBM could serve as viable and sustainable raw materials for fish feed, promoting environmentally friendly aquaculture practices.

背景:水产养殖历来是生物技术的一种形式,如今已发展到集成创新生物技术应用,如先进的饲料配方,旨在改善养殖鱼类的生长性能和健康状况。本研究调查了用新型饲料配方喂养虹鳟鱼的效果。对鱼类的生长、肠道和肝脏形态、鱼片中脂肪酸的浓度以及肠道中挥发性脂肪酸进行了评估。该研究还利用一个名为 FEEDNETICS™ 的营养模型验证了体内实验的情景。这一全球通用的模型可作为精准养鱼的数据解读和决策支持工具:方法:探索了替代蛋白质和油脂来源,包括家禽副产品粉(PBM)和天然藻油,作为鱼粉(FM)和鱼油(FO)的可持续替代品。使用虹鳟鱼进行了为期 90 天的喂养试验,比较了两种等蛋白、隔离脂和等能量日粮。对照日粮中含有15%的羽毛粉、5%的PBM和8%的鱼油,而试验日粮则用15%的PBM和5%的羽毛粉水解物(FMH)替代了羽毛粉,并用VeraMaris®天然藻油和菜籽油完全替代了鱼油:结果:PBM成功地替代了羽毛粉蛋白质,而不会对鳟鱼的采食量、生长性能和饲料利用率产生负面影响。鳟鱼对 PBM 和天然藻油的组合耐受性良好,对肠道健康没有负面影响。对鱼片中脂肪酸的详细分析显示,PBM 组中 n3 和 n6 系列的 PUFAs 明显高于 FM 组。与脂肪酸相关的健康指数值(包括动脉粥样硬化指数和血栓形成指数)证实了鳟鱼片的高营养价值,因此是人类的健康产品。此外,使用 FEEDNETICS™ 进行的预测表明,所测试的新型替代配方在经济上是可行的。鱼类生长模型的验证结果是平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)为 8%:FEEDNETICS™应用提高了我们优化喂养策略和提高水产养殖业生产效率的能力。VeraMaris® 藻油和 PBM 可作为可行的、可持续的鱼饲料原料,促进环境友好型水产养殖业的发展。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative pathogenesis of Ethiopia/Habru/2014 Lineage-IV peste des petits ruminants virus in goats and cattle. 埃塞俄比亚/哈布鲁/2014 Lineage-IV 小反刍兽疫病毒在山羊和牛中的致病机理比较。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04313-3
Fasil Aklilu, Hagos Ashenafi, Tesfu Kassa, Hassen Chaka, Demeke Sibhatu, Dereje Shegu, Abde Aliy Mohammed, Redeat Belaineh, Menbere Kidane, Hagos Asgedom, Tesfaye Chibssa, Getnet Mekonnen, Asegedetch Sirak, Solomon Gebredufe, Claudia Schulz, Catherine M Herzog, Vivek Kapur

Background: Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious viral disease primarily affecting goats and sheep, with clinical manifestations ranging from peracute disease to subclinical infection, particularly in atypical hosts such as cattle. The role of atypical hosts such as cattle to the spread of PPR remains controversial, with conflicting reports in the literature. Despite its worldwide significance, considerable knowledge gaps exist regarding the pathogenesis and clinical progression in both primary and atypical hosts. This study aimed to elucidate the tissue tropism, pathogenesis, virus shedding, clinical progression, and pathology associated with experimental PPR virus infection in indigenous goats and cattle. To this end, 32 animals-16 goats and 16 cattle-were intranasally inoculated with the Ethiopia/Habru/2014 Lineage-IV strain of the PPR virus followed by detailed clinical evaluations and systematic sampling at pre-established intervals to assess serological conversion, viral shedding, and the pathogenesis of the infection across both species.

Results: The results show that goats exhibited typical clinical signs 4 days post-inoculation, with seroconversion by day 6 and early detection of viral RNA in swabs and tissues by day 3 and virus isolation starting day 4. In contrast, cattle exhibited minimal clinical signs, with seroconversion occurring at day 8 with viral RNA detected in tissue samples at day 4 and virus isolation starting day 6 in tissues and in a single nasal swab at day 8. Clinical scores and tissue positivity rates significantly differed between goats and cattle (P = 0.007 and P < 0.001, respectively). While goats exhibited expected gross and histopathological lesions, cattle showed only nonspecific lesions.

Conclusions: Together, our findings highlight the importance of comparative pathology studies for better understanding virus dynamics and transmission pathways that may help inform more effective PPR control programs. Future research should explore the pathogenesis of different PPRV lineages in cattle, assessing variations in disease progression and potential for epidemiological impact.

背景:小反刍兽疫(PPR)是一种高度传染性的病毒性疾病,主要影响山羊和绵羊,临床表现从急性疾病到亚临床感染不等,尤其是在牛等非典型宿主中。牛等非典型宿主在 PPR 传播中所起的作用仍存在争议,文献中也有相互矛盾的报道。尽管 PPR 在全球范围内具有重要意义,但在原发宿主和非典型宿主的发病机制和临床进展方面仍存在相当大的知识差距。本研究旨在阐明与土著山羊和牛实验性感染 PPR 病毒有关的组织滋养、致病机理、病毒脱落、临床进展和病理学。为此,对 32 头动物(16 头山羊和 16 头牛)鼻内接种埃塞俄比亚/哈布鲁/2014 株系-IV 型 PPR 病毒,然后进行详细的临床评估,并在预先确定的时间间隔内进行系统采样,以评估血清学转换、病毒脱落以及两种动物的感染发病机制:结果表明,山羊在接种后 4 天出现典型的临床症状,第 6 天出现血清转换,第 3 天在拭子和组织中检测到病毒 RNA,第 4 天开始进行病毒分离。相比之下,牛的临床症状极轻,第 8 天出现血清转换,第 4 天在组织样本中检测到病毒 RNA,第 6 天开始在组织中分离到病毒,第 8 天在单个鼻拭子中分离到病毒。山羊和牛的临床评分和组织阳性率存在显著差异(P = 0.007 和 P 结论):总之,我们的研究结果凸显了比较病理学研究对于更好地了解病毒动态和传播途径的重要性,这有助于为更有效的 PPR 控制计划提供依据。未来的研究应探索不同 PPRV 系在牛体内的致病机理,评估疾病进展的差异和流行病学影响的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Occurrence and characterization of ESKAPE organisms on the hands of veterinary students before patient contact at a veterinary academic hospital, South Africa. 南非一家兽医学术医院的兽医专业学生在接触病人之前手部出现 ESKAPE 微生物的情况及特征。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04322-2
Dikeledi C Sebola, James W Oguttu, Mogaugedi N Malahlela, Marleen M Kock, Daniel N Qekwana

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the presence of ESKAPE organisms on the hands of students working in the intensive care unit (ICU) at a veterinary academic hospital.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among students working in an ICU at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa. Students were sampled before the start of the ICU shift using a modified glove-juice method. Standard microbiological techniques and a series of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to identify and characterize the bacteria. All the isolates were tested for resistance against a specific panel of antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Proportions of bacterial species and their antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles were calculated.

Results: At screening, all the veterinary students (n = 62) carried at least one of the ESKAPE organisms on their hands. Escherichia coli was the most isolated organism (76%, 47/62), followed by P. aeruginosa (48%, 30/62), A. baumannii (47%, 29/62), E. faecium (35%, 22/62), K. pneumoniae (27%, 17/62), and S. aureus (24%, 15/62). A reduced proportion of isolates were recovered from the samples, E. coli (26%, 12/47), E. faecium (23%, 5/22), P. aeruginosa (43%, 13/30), A. baumannii (24%,7/29), K. pneumoniae (41%, 7/17), and S. aureus (20%, 3/15). Most of the organisms showed a high proportion of resistance to at least one antibiotic. Multidrug resistance was reported among just over half (56%, 5/9) of E. coli, 40% (2/5) of E. faecium, 100% (13/13) of P. aeruginosa, and 33% (1/3) of S. aureus isolates.

Conclusion: Students working in the ICU carry several organisms belonging to the ESKAPE group of organisms before contact with patients. Moreover, MDR resistance was common among this group of organisms. The findings of the present study underscore the importance of infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies to help reduce the likelihood of the spread of these organisms to personnel, owners, family members, and patients.

研究目的本研究旨在调查在一家兽医学术医院重症监护室(ICU)工作的学生手上是否存在ESKAPE微生物:对在南非一家兽医学术医院重症监护室工作的学生进行了一项横断面研究。在重症监护室轮班开始前,使用改良的手套汁液法对学生进行采样。采用标准微生物学技术和一系列聚合酶链反应 (PCR) 检测方法对细菌进行鉴定和定性。使用磁盘扩散法检测了所有分离菌对特定抗生素的耐药性。计算细菌种类比例及其抗菌药敏感性:在筛查时,所有兽医专业学生(n = 62)的手上至少携带一种 ESKAPE 细菌。大肠埃希菌是分离最多的微生物(76%,47/62),其次是铜绿假单胞菌(48%,30/62)、鲍曼不动杆菌(47%,29/62)、粪大肠杆菌(35%,22/62)、肺炎双球菌(27%,17/62)和金黄色葡萄球菌(24%,15/62)。从样本中回收的分离菌比例较低,分别为大肠杆菌(26%,12/47)、粪大肠杆菌(23%,5/22)、铜绿假单胞菌(43%,13/30)、鲍曼不动杆菌(24%,7/29)、肺炎双球菌(41%,7/17)和金黄色葡萄球菌(20%,3/15)。大多数微生物对至少一种抗生素的耐药性比例较高。超过一半(56%,5/9)的大肠杆菌、40%(2/5)的粪大肠杆菌、100%(13/13)的铜绿假单胞菌和 33%(1/3)的金黄色葡萄球菌分离物对多种药物产生了耐药性:结论:在重症监护室工作的学生在与病人接触前会携带几种属于 ESKAPE 菌群的微生物。结论:在重症监护室工作的学生在接触病人之前会携带几种属于 ESKAPE 菌群的微生物,而且这类微生物普遍存在 MDR 耐药性。本研究的结果凸显了感染预防和控制(IPC)策略的重要性,有助于降低这些微生物向工作人员、业主、家庭成员和患者传播的可能性。
{"title":"Occurrence and characterization of ESKAPE organisms on the hands of veterinary students before patient contact at a veterinary academic hospital, South Africa.","authors":"Dikeledi C Sebola, James W Oguttu, Mogaugedi N Malahlela, Marleen M Kock, Daniel N Qekwana","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04322-2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-024-04322-2","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to investigate the presence of ESKAPE organisms on the hands of students working in the intensive care unit (ICU) at a veterinary academic hospital.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted among students working in an ICU at a veterinary academic hospital in South Africa. Students were sampled before the start of the ICU shift using a modified glove-juice method. Standard microbiological techniques and a series of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to identify and characterize the bacteria. All the isolates were tested for resistance against a specific panel of antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Proportions of bacterial species and their antimicrobial-susceptibility profiles were calculated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At screening, all the veterinary students (n = 62) carried at least one of the ESKAPE organisms on their hands. Escherichia coli was the most isolated organism (76%, 47/62), followed by P. aeruginosa (48%, 30/62), A. baumannii (47%, 29/62), E. faecium (35%, 22/62), K. pneumoniae (27%, 17/62), and S. aureus (24%, 15/62). A reduced proportion of isolates were recovered from the samples, E. coli (26%, 12/47), E. faecium (23%, 5/22), P. aeruginosa (43%, 13/30), A. baumannii (24%,7/29), K. pneumoniae (41%, 7/17), and S. aureus (20%, 3/15). Most of the organisms showed a high proportion of resistance to at least one antibiotic. Multidrug resistance was reported among just over half (56%, 5/9) of E. coli, 40% (2/5) of E. faecium, 100% (13/13) of P. aeruginosa, and 33% (1/3) of S. aureus isolates.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Students working in the ICU carry several organisms belonging to the ESKAPE group of organisms before contact with patients. Moreover, MDR resistance was common among this group of organisms. The findings of the present study underscore the importance of infection prevention and control (IPC) strategies to help reduce the likelihood of the spread of these organisms to personnel, owners, family members, and patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11484101/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142457658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Physiology, gene expression, and behavior as potential indicators of oxidative stress in piglets. 作为仔猪氧化应激潜在指标的生理、基因表达和行为。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04320-4
Raúl David Guevara, Jose J Pastor, Sergi López-Vergé, Xavier Manteca, Gemma Tedo, Pol Llonch

The goal of the current study was to develop a pig model to investigate oxidative stress with a low negative impact on piglet welfare. Four independent trials (A, B, C, and D) were performed using a single intraperitoneal shot of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an immune challenge, aiming to assess the minimal LPS dose for piglets of different age to trigger a measurable acute oxidative stress response in healthy animals. In trial A, piglets received an LPS dose of 25 µg/KgBW at 41 days post-weaning (p.w.). In trial B, piglets received 25 µg/KgBW of LPS at 28 days p.w., in trials C And D, piglets were injected with 50 µg/KgBW of LPS at 21 days p.w., respectively. Piglets were randomly allocated either to the T1) Control group with saline solution (Ctrl), or T2) LPS challenge (LPS). The oxidative stress response was measured through the enzymatic activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), in both plasma and intestinal tissues. Intestinal gene expression of oxidative stress and inflammatory markers was assessed. Discomfort behaviors (panting, prostration, trembling, and vomits) were also recorded. Plasmatic and intestinal oxidative stress response was inconsistent across the four trials even when the dose and pig age were similar, possibly due to individual variability. Relative gene expression differences of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10), oxidation precursor (iNOS), and antioxidant markers (GPx4, MnSOD, and CAT) were detected between Ctrl and LPS treatment (P < 0.05) when assessed. Behavioral observations were sensitive to the LPS dose relative to Ctrl (P < 0.05) in all four trials. These results suggest that behavioral observations can be used as a non-invasive methodology to detect the presence of oxidative stress in pigs in challenging conditions. Behavioral observations were more sensitive than other indicators (i.e., biomarkers and gene expression) in the current study. However, a sensitivity scale system needs to be developed to qualify and rank the impact of oxidative stress in pigs.

本研究的目的是开发一种猪模型,用于研究对仔猪福利负面影响较小的氧化应激。我们进行了四项独立试验(A、B、C 和 D),使用单次腹腔注射脂多糖(LPS)作为免疫挑战,旨在评估不同年龄的仔猪在健康动物体内引发可测量的急性氧化应激反应所需的最小 LPS 剂量。在试验 A 中,仔猪在断奶后 41 天(p.w.)接受 25 µg/KgBW 的 LPS 剂量。在试验 B 中,仔猪在断奶后 28 天注射 25 µg/KgBW 的 LPS;在试验 C 和 D 中,仔猪分别在断奶后 21 天注射 50 µg/KgBW 的 LPS。仔猪被随机分配到 T1(生理盐水对照组)或 T2(LPS 挑战组)。通过测定血浆和肠道组织中谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的酶活性来衡量氧化应激反应。评估了氧化应激和炎症标志物的肠道基因表达。还记录了动物的不适行为(喘气、匍匐、颤抖和呕吐)。在四次试验中,即使剂量和猪龄相似,血浆和肠道氧化应激反应也不一致,这可能是由于个体差异造成的。抗炎细胞因子(IL10)、氧化前体(iNOS)和抗氧化标志物(GPx4、MnSOD 和 CAT)的相对基因表达在 Ctrl 和 LPS 处理之间存在差异(P<0.05)。
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引用次数: 0
An apparently healthy female British shorthair cat with a rare complication of colonic stenosis after flank approach ovariohysterectomy. 一只看似健康的雌性英国短毛猫在侧腹卵巢切除术后出现结肠狭窄的罕见并发症。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04328-w
Yixing Xie, Yintong Deng, Jiaxun Mai, Heyu Li, Yizhou Chen

Background: Colonic stenosis is a rare postoperative complication of ovariohysterectomy in cats, leading to dyschezia and fecal diameter reduction. In cats, while there are reports of colonic stenosis after midline approach ovariohysterectomy, there are no specific reports of flank approach ovariohysterectomy.

Case presentation: This report describes a severe case of a one-year-old British shorthair female cat presenting with gastrointestinal signs, including dyschezia and reduced fecal diameter, three weeks after flank approach ovariohysterectomy. Despite abdominal radiography, proctography with barium sulfate, colonoscopy, CT, and hematological analysis, the cause of colonic stenosis remained unclear. During exploratory laparotomy, an annular tissue band was found encircling the descending colon, resulting in severe local stenosis. After excision of the tissue band, the presenting clinical signs of the cat were rapidly improved. This result suggests that colonic stenosis caused by tissue band should be considered when diagnosing postoperative complications in flank approach ovariohysterectomy in cats.

Conclusion: Colon stenosis due to annular tissue band restriction should be considered one of the differentials for postoperative complications in flank approach ovariohysterectomy in cats.

背景:结肠狭窄是猫卵巢切除术后的一种罕见并发症,会导致排便困难和粪便直径缩小。在猫科动物中,虽然有关于中线入路卵巢切除术后结肠狭窄的报道,但没有关于侧翼入路卵巢切除术的具体报道:本报告描述了一例严重病例:一只一岁大的英国短毛猫雌猫在侧腹卵巢切除术后三周出现胃肠道症状,包括排便困难和粪便直径变小。尽管进行了腹部放射线检查、直肠硫酸钡造影、结肠镜检查、CT 和血液学分析,但结肠狭窄的原因仍不明确。在探查性开腹手术中,发现一条环状组织带环绕降结肠,导致局部严重狭窄。切除组织带后,猫的临床症状迅速好转。这一结果表明,在诊断猫侧腹卵巢切除术术后并发症时,应考虑组织带引起的结肠狭窄:结论:环形组织带限制导致的结肠狭窄应被视为猫侧腹卵巢切除术术后并发症的鉴别因素之一。
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引用次数: 0
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