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Urethral obstruction in a ram with a periurethral abscess: clinical findings, diagnostic imaging and pathology. 患有尿道周围脓肿的公羊尿道梗阻:临床发现、影像诊断和病理学。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04363-7
Mathilde Laetitia Pas, Laurens Chantillon, Justine Clinquart, Raphaela Hiltrop, Louis Vandekerckhove, Bart Pardon, Jan Govaere, Maya Meesters

Background: Urethral obstruction is a common and life-threatening condition in male small ruminants.

Case presentation: This case report describes a 3-year old 103 kg Zwartbles breeding ram, presented with the complaint of straining, suspected to have an urethral obstruction. The work-up included clinical examination, laboratory analyses, ultrasound imaging, (contrast) radiography and urine examination. At presentation, blood analysis revealed a respiratory alkalosis, hyperkalaemia and mild azotaemia. On transabdominal ultrasound an enlarged bladder (diameter 11 cm) and free fluid surrounding the right kidney were observed. Treatment of the animal included tube cystostomy, intravenous perfusion, antimicrobial treatment, ammonium chloride and NSAIDs. No indications for urolithiasis were found on ultrasound, radiography, or urine examination. As no improvement was seen despite 16 days of therapy, a contrast radiograph of the urinary tract, as well as reproductive exam were conducted. Positive anterograde urethrogram showed a contrast filled cavitary lesion at the caudal aspect of the pelvic urethra. The reproductive ultrasonography revealed the same large urethral distention or abscess compressing the pelvic urethra, as well as severe testicular degeneration in both testis. The results of the contrast radiograph and the reproductive exam lead to the decision to euthanize the animal, as the animal would not be capable of breeding. Computed tomography was performed post-mortem, which showed close relation between the cavitary lesion and the left bulbourethral gland. Pathology revealed a lymphoplasmacytic to suppurative infection at the level of the urogenital tract, chronic interstitial nephritis and a perirenal to cortical abscess of the right kidney as well as a periurethral abscess. As for the reproductive system, multifocal interstitial inflammatory infiltrates were seen on the entire system. Marked fibrosis and atrophy was seen at the level of the testes and both epididymides.

Conclusions: A periurethral abscess should be included in the differential diagnosis for an urethral obstruction in small ruminants. The extensive medical imaging, together with the ante-mortem and post-mortem findings, makes this a good reference case for diagnosticians confronted with urethral problems in a ram.

背景:尿道阻塞是雄性小型反刍动物常见的一种危及生命的疾病:本病例报告描述的是一只 3 岁、体重 103 千克的 Zwartbles 种公羊,主诉拉稀,疑似尿道阻塞。检查包括临床检查、实验室分析、超声波成像、(对比)射线照相和尿液检查。就诊时,血液分析显示呼吸性碱中毒、高钾血症和轻度氮质血症。经腹超声波检查发现膀胱肿大(直径 11 厘米),右肾周围有游离液体。对该动物的治疗包括膀胱插管术、静脉灌注、抗菌治疗、氯化铵和非甾体抗炎药。超声波检查、放射线检查和尿液检查均未发现尿路结石的迹象。由于治疗了 16 天仍不见好转,于是进行了尿路造影和生殖系统检查。前行尿道造影呈阳性,显示骨盆尿道尾部有一个充满造影剂的腔隙性病变。生殖超声波检查显示,同样的巨大尿道膨胀或脓肿压迫骨盆尿道,以及双侧睾丸严重退化。造影和生殖检查的结果导致决定对该动物实施安乐术,因为该动物无法繁殖。尸体解剖后进行了计算机断层扫描,结果显示腔隙性病变与左侧球部尿道腺体关系密切。病理结果显示,泌尿生殖道有淋巴浆细胞性化脓感染、慢性间质性肾炎、右肾肾周至皮质脓肿以及尿道周围脓肿。至于生殖系统,整个系统都出现了多灶性间质性炎症浸润。睾丸和两个附睾都出现了明显的纤维化和萎缩:结论:小反刍动物尿道梗阻的鉴别诊断应包括尿道周围脓肿。广泛的医学影像检查,加上死前和死后的检查结果,使本病例成为诊断人员在面对公羊尿道问题时的一个很好的参考病例。
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引用次数: 0
Iron deficiency in dogs suffering from atopic dermatitis. 患有特应性皮炎的狗缺铁。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04350-y
Carolina Frizzo Ramos, Pavlos G Doulidis, Nina Polakova, Iwan A Burgener, Erika Jensen-Jarolim, Giulia Cimarelli, Lucia Panakova, Franziska Roth-Walter

Background: Iron-deficiency is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in non-communicable diseases. However, iron parameters are rarely assessed in dogs. Here, we aimed to assess and correlate iron parameters in dogs suffering from Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD) compared to non-atopic, healthy dogs.

Results: For this retrospective study, blood values and sera of 34 dogs with confirmed CAD were compared with 94 healthy non-atopic dogs. In our cohort, dogs with CAD had significantly lower mean corpuscular volume (MCV, ) mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) but higher white blood cell counts due to increased levels of circulating neutrophils and monocytes. CAD patients also had elevated total protein and c-reactive protein (CRP), but lower albumin levels compared to our healthy control dogs, indicated low-grade inflammation in the CAD cohort. Spearman correlations associated negatively clinical symptom (CADESI-4/PVAS) with MCV; ceruloplasmin and hepcidin, but positively with serum iron. Only in the CAD-cohort, MCV, CRP and albumin-levels negatively affected serum iron-levels and were positively associated with ceruloplasmin. Linear regression analysis revealed that serum iron-levels in CAD subjects, were positively dependent on hematocrit (packed cell volume, PCV) and albumin, and negatively dependent with white blood cells and neutrophils numbers. In contrast, in the healthy cohort, hepcidin was the sole factor associated with serum iron.

Conclusions: A decreased iron status was associated with a higher symptom burden. Iron homeostasis differed markedly in healthy and atopic dermatitis dogs. CAD patients had depleted iron-stores and presented themselves with subclinical inflammation.

背景:缺铁与非传染性疾病的发病率和死亡率增加有关。然而,很少对犬的铁参数进行评估。在此,我们旨在评估犬异位性皮炎(CAD)患者与非异位性皮炎健康犬的铁参数并进行相关比较:在这项回顾性研究中,我们将 34 只确诊为犬特应性皮炎的犬的血液值和血清与 94 只非特应性皮炎的健康犬进行了比较。在我们的队列中,患有 CAD 的狗的平均血球容积(MCV)和平均血球血红蛋白(MCH)明显较低,但由于循环中性粒细胞和单核细胞水平升高,白细胞计数较高。与健康对照犬相比,CAD 患者的总蛋白和 c 反应蛋白 (CRP) 也有所升高,但白蛋白水平较低,这表明 CAD 组群中存在低度炎症。临床症状(CADESI-4/PVAS)与 MCV、ceruloplasmin 和 hepcidin 呈负相关,但与血清铁呈正相关。只有在 CAD 队列中,MCV、CRP 和白蛋白水平对血清铁水平呈负相关,而与脑磷脂蛋白呈正相关。线性回归分析表明,在 CAD 受试者中,血清铁水平与血细胞比容(包装细胞体积,PCV)和白蛋白呈正相关,而与白细胞和中性粒细胞数量呈负相关。相比之下,在健康人群中,血红素是唯一与血清铁相关的因素:结论:铁含量降低与症状加重有关。健康犬和特应性皮炎犬体内的铁平衡存在明显差异。特应性皮炎患者体内的铁储存耗尽,并表现出亚临床炎症。
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引用次数: 0
Autologous platelet-rich fibrin enhances skin wound healing in a feline trauma model. 自体富血小板纤维蛋白可促进猫科动物创伤模型的皮肤伤口愈合。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04358-4
Shuai Zhang, Haoyang Tan, Xin Cheng, Xinyi Dou, Hao Fang, Cuihong Zhang, Guiyan Yang, Haotian Yang, Yuan Zhao, Tongtong Feng, Honggang Fan, Wanli Sha

Trauma is a common cause of cutaneous surgical disease with an increased risk of secondary infection in cat clinics. Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a platelet and leukocyte concentrate containing multiple cytokines and growth factors, is known to accelerate the healing of wounds. However, how PRF affects wound healing in the cat trauma model has not been fully investigated. The study aimed to examine the impact of PRF on skin wound healing in the cat trauma model. In this study, PRF from cats was successfully produced for our investigation. The models of feline trauma were effectively established. A total of 18 cats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 6): (1) Control group (CON); (2) PRF group; (3) Manuka honey group (MAN, as a positive control). Experiments were performed separately on days 7, 14, 21, and 28. Our results showed that PRF was a safe and efficient method of wound healing that did not influence the cat's body temperature, respiration rate, and heart rate (HR). PRF accelerated skin wound healing in the cat trauma model based on the rate and histological observation of wound healing. In addition, PRF promoted the production of growth factors and suppressed inflammation during wound healing. PRF accelerated wound healing by increasing the formation of collagen fibers, as shown by Masson-trichrome staining. The outcomes of the PRF and MAN groups were comparable. In conclusion, PRF improves the healing of skin wounds in cats by boosting the synthesis of growth factors, reducing inflammation, and enhancing the synthesis of collagen fibers.

外伤是皮肤外科疾病的常见原因,在猫科动物诊所中,外伤会增加继发感染的风险。富血小板纤维蛋白(PRF)是一种血小板和白细胞浓缩物,含有多种细胞因子和生长因子,可加速伤口愈合。然而,PRF 如何影响猫创伤模型的伤口愈合尚未得到充分研究。本研究旨在探讨 PRF 对猫创伤模型中皮肤伤口愈合的影响。在本研究中,我们成功制作了猫的 PRF 用于研究。有效建立了猫创伤模型。总共 18 只猫被随机分为 3 组(n = 6):(1)对照组(CON);(2)PRF 组;(3)麦卢卡蜂蜜组(MAN,作为阳性对照)。实验分别在第 7、14、21 和 28 天进行。结果表明,PRF 是一种安全有效的伤口愈合方法,不会影响猫的体温、呼吸频率和心率(HR)。根据伤口愈合的速度和组织学观察,PRF 加快了猫创伤模型的皮肤伤口愈合。此外,PRF 还能促进伤口愈合过程中生长因子的产生并抑制炎症。Masson-trichrome 染色法显示,PRF 通过增加胶原纤维的形成加速了伤口愈合。PRF 组和 MAN 组的疗效相当。总之,PRF 通过促进生长因子的合成、减少炎症和增强胶原纤维的合成,改善了猫皮肤伤口的愈合。
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引用次数: 0
Metabolomics and proteomics insights into hepatic responses of weaned piglets to dietary Spirulina inclusion and lysozyme supplementation. 代谢组学和蛋白质组学对断奶仔猪对日粮中添加螺旋藻和溶菌酶的肝脏反应的深入研究。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04339-7
Cátia Falcão Martins, Manolis Matzapetakis, David M Ribeiro, Josipa Kuleš, Anita Horvatić, Nicholas Guillemin, Peter David Eckersall, João P B Freire, André M Almeida, José A M Prates
<p><strong>Background: </strong>Studying the effect of dietary Spirulina and lysozyme supplementation on the metabolome and proteome of liver tissue contributes to understanding potential hepatic adaptations of piglets to these novel diets. This study aimed to understand the influence of including 10% Spirulina on the metabolome and proteome of piglet liver tissue. Three groups of 10 post-weaned piglets, housed in pairs, were fed for 28 days with one of three experimental diets: a cereal and soybean meal-based diet (Control), a base diet with 10% Spirulina (SP), and an SP diet supplemented with 0.01% lysozyme (SP + L). At the end of the trial, animals were sacrificed and liver tissue was collected. Metabolomics analysis (n = 10) was performed using NMR data analysed with PCA and PLS-DA. Proteomics analysis (n = 5) was conducted using a filter aided sample preparation (FASP) protocol and Tandem Mass Tag (TMT)-based quantitative approach with an Orbitrap mass spectrometer.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Growth performance showed an average daily gain reduction of 9.5% and a feed conversion ratio increase of 10.6% in groups fed Spirulina compared to the control group. Metabolomic analysis revealed no significant differences among the groups and identified 60 metabolites in the liver tissue. Proteomics analysis identified 2,560 proteins, with 132, 11, and 52 differentially expressed in the Control vs. SP, Control vs. SP + L and SP vs. SP + L comparisons, respectively. This study demonstrated that Spirulina enhances liver energy conversion efficiency, detoxification and cellular secretion. It improves hepatic metabolic efficiency through alterations in fatty acid oxidation (e.g., upregulation of enzymes like fatty acid synthase and increased acetyl-CoA levels), carbohydrate catabolism (e.g., increased glucose and glucose-6-phosphate), pyruvate metabolism (e.g., higher levels of pyruvate and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase), and cellular defence mechanisms (e.g., upregulation of glutathione and metallothionein). Lysozyme supplementation mitigates some adverse effects of Spirulina, bringing physiological responses closer to control levels. This includes fewer differentially expressed proteins and improved dry matter, organic matter and energy digestibility. Lysozyme also enhances coenzyme availability, skeletal myofibril assembly, actin-mediated cell contraction, tissue regeneration and development through mesenchymal migration and nucleic acid synthesis pathways.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>While Spirulina inclusion had some adverse effects on growth performance, it also enhanced hepatic metabolic efficiency by improving fatty acid oxidation, carbohydrate catabolism and cellular defence mechanisms. The addition of lysozyme further improved these benefits by reducing some of the negative impacts on growth and enhancing nutrient digestibility, tissue regeneration, and overall metabolic balance. Together, Spirulina and lysozyme demonstrate pote
背景:研究日粮中添加螺旋藻和溶菌酶对肝组织代谢组和蛋白质组的影响有助于了解仔猪肝脏对这些新型日粮的潜在适应性。本研究旨在了解添加 10% 螺旋藻对仔猪肝组织代谢组和蛋白质组的影响。三组 10 头断奶后的仔猪成对饲养,用三种试验日粮中的一种饲喂 28 天:以谷物和豆粕为基础的日粮(对照组)、添加 10% 螺旋藻的基础日粮(SP)和添加 0.01% 溶菌酶的 SP 日粮(SP + L)。试验结束后,动物被处死并收集肝脏组织。利用 PCA 和 PLS-DA 分析的 NMR 数据进行代谢组学分析(n = 10)。蛋白质组学分析(n = 5)采用过滤辅助样品制备(FASP)方案和基于串联质谱标签(TMT)的定量方法,使用 Orbitrap 质谱仪进行:生长性能显示,与对照组相比,饲喂螺旋藻组的平均日增重降低了 9.5%,饲料转化率提高了 10.6%。代谢组学分析表明,各组之间没有显著差异,肝脏组织中发现了 60 种代谢物。蛋白质组学分析确定了 2,560 种蛋白质,在对照组与 SP 组、对照组与 SP + L 组和 SP 组与 SP + L 组的比较中,分别有 132、11 和 52 种蛋白质表达不同。这项研究表明,螺旋藻能提高肝脏的能量转换效率、解毒能力和细胞分泌能力。螺旋藻通过改变脂肪酸氧化(如脂肪酸合成酶等酶的上调和乙酰-CoA水平的增加)、碳水化合物分解(如葡萄糖和葡萄糖-6-磷酸水平的增加)来提高肝脏代谢效率、丙酮酸代谢(如丙酮酸和磷酸烯醇丙酮酸羧激酶水平升高)和细胞防御机制(如谷胱甘肽和金属硫蛋白水平升高)。补充溶菌酶可减轻螺旋藻的一些不利影响,使生理反应更接近控制水平。这包括减少差异表达蛋白,提高干物质、有机物和能量的消化率。溶菌酶还能通过间质迁移和核酸合成途径,提高辅酶可用性、骨骼肌纤维组装、肌动蛋白介导的细胞收缩、组织再生和发育:虽然螺旋藻对生长性能有一些不利影响,但它也通过改善脂肪酸氧化、碳水化合物分解和细胞防御机制提高了肝脏代谢效率。溶菌酶的添加进一步改善了这些益处,减少了对生长的一些负面影响,提高了营养消化率、组织再生和整体代谢平衡。螺旋藻和溶菌酶共同展示了作为功能性膳食成分的潜力,但还需要进一步优化,才能在不影响生长性能的前提下充分发挥它们的优势。
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引用次数: 0
Descriptive embryological insights of the colorectum of quail embryos with concern to its functional morphology. 对鹌鹑胚胎结肠功能形态的描述性胚胎学研究。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04341-z
Fatma Abdelhakeem, Fatma A Madkour

Background: Quail is an interesting emerging bird species gaining attention in developmental embryology research due to its small size, quick lifespan, and fast growth rate. These characteristics make quail an ideal model for examining the development of the gastrointestinal tract. Consequently, the embryonic development of the colorectum was conducted to provide a comprehensive understanding of its functions in digestion, absorption, and immunity.

Methodology: The morphological anatomy and microscopical structure of the colorectal wall of 74 embryos were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Histologically, the embryos were collected and dissected to extract the intestine. The samples were then fixed in 10% neutral buffer formalin for a minimum of 24 h, and in 2.5% glutaraldehyde buffer formalin for semithin processing and scanning electron microscopy.

Results: The wall of the embryonic colorectum on the hatching day consisted of three layers; mucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa. Mucosa was a simple layer of columnar enterocytes interspersed with goblet cells that appeared as cub-like shaped cells. Additionally, two ganglionic plexuses were also developed in the colorectal wall; Auerbach plexus (among the colorectal tunica muscularis) and Meissner plexus (submucosal plexus).

Conclusion: The morphological characteristics of the quail colorectum at different ages were closely related to its functional features.

背景:鹌鹑是一种有趣的新兴鸟类物种,因其体型小、寿命短、生长速度快而在发育胚胎学研究中备受关注。这些特点使鹌鹑成为研究胃肠道发育的理想模型。因此,我们对结肠直肠的胚胎发育进行了研究,以全面了解其在消化、吸收和免疫方面的功能:使用光镜和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究了 74 个胚胎的结直肠壁的形态解剖和显微结构。在组织学上,收集并解剖胚胎以提取肠道。然后将样本在10%中性缓冲福尔马林中固定至少24小时,再在2.5%戊二醛缓冲福尔马林中进行半切片处理和扫描电子显微镜观察:孵化当天的胚胎大肠壁由三层组成:粘膜、外侧肌层和浆膜。粘膜是一层简单的柱状肠细胞,其中夹杂着呈长方体状的鹅口疮细胞。此外,结直肠壁上还发育有两个神经节丛:奥尔巴赫丛(在结直肠鳞状肌之间)和梅斯纳丛(粘膜下丛):结论:不同年龄段鹌鹑结直肠的形态特征与其功能特征密切相关。
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引用次数: 0
Somatic cell count in dairy goats I: association with infectious and non-infectious factors. 奶山羊体细胞数 I:与感染性和非感染性因素的关系。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04348-6
Marit Smistad, Ragnhild Aabøe Inglingstad, Liv Sølverød, Siv Skeie, Bjørn Gunnar Hansen

Background: Intramammary infections negatively affect milk quality, animal welfare and productivity in the dairy industry. Somatic cell count (SCC) is the most used screening tool to detect subclinical mastitis caused by intramammary infections. In dairy goats, SCC is greatly influenced by non-infectious factors, which complicates the interpretation. The aim of this research paper was to determine the association between SCC, intramammary infections and non-infectious factors including parity, season, lactation stage, and milk yield in dairy goats. In this longitudinal study, 451 goats from four Norwegian dairy goat herds were sampled for bacteriology and SCC up to nine times during two lactations. Factors like parity, milk yield, and stage of lactation were retrieved from the Norwegian goat recording system.

Results: The most prevalent udder pathogen findings were Staphylococcus caprae (6.8%), Staphylococcus warneri (6.3%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (3.8%), all of which had a mild but significant impact on SCC. Staphylococcus aureus was detected in 3.6% of the udder halves and had a major effect on SCC. Parity, stage of lactation, season, and milk yield significantly influenced SCC.

Conclusions: This study highlights that intramammary infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, along with factors such as increasing parity and the seasonal effects of pasturing, significantly influence the SCC. Understanding these key contributors is essential for improving udder health management and improving milk quality in goat milk production.

背景:乳房内感染会对牛奶质量、动物福利和乳业生产率产生负面影响。体细胞计数(SCC)是检测乳房内感染引起的亚临床乳腺炎最常用的筛查工具。在奶山羊中,SCC 受非感染因素的影响很大,这使得解释变得复杂。本研究论文旨在确定奶山羊 SCC、乳房内感染和非感染因素(包括奇数、季节、泌乳阶段和产奶量)之间的关联。在这项纵向研究中,对来自挪威四个奶山羊牧场的451只奶山羊进行了细菌学和SCC采样,在两个泌乳期进行了多达九次采样。从挪威山羊记录系统中检索了诸如胎次、产奶量和泌乳阶段等因素:最常见的乳房病原菌是卡氏葡萄球菌(6.8%)、沃纳里葡萄球菌(6.3%)和表皮葡萄球菌(3.8%),它们对SCC的影响轻微但显著。在 3.6% 的半乳房中检测到金黄色葡萄球菌,对 SCC 有重大影响。胎次、泌乳阶段、季节和产奶量对 SCC 有显著影响:本研究强调,由金黄色葡萄球菌引起的乳房内感染,以及诸如胎次增加和牧场季节性影响等因素,对 SCC 有重大影响。了解这些关键因素对于改善乳房健康管理和提高山羊奶生产中的牛奶质量至关重要。
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引用次数: 0
Comparative analysis of innate immune responses in Sonali and broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus. 三型 H9N2 低致病性禽流感病毒感染索纳里鸡和肉鸡先天性免疫反应的比较分析。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04346-8
Ismail Hossain, Rupaida Akter Shila, Md Mohi Uddin, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Rokshana Parvin, Jahan Ara Begum

Background: H9N2 avian influenza viruses have been circulating in Bangladesh since 2006, affecting multiple avian species and resulting in economic losses. The recent emergence of tribasic strains, along with co-infections, has increased the risk to poultry health. Therefore, the study aimed to compare the immune responses of Sonali (crossbred) and commercial broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus.

Methods: Following H9N2 infection, proinflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α) and antiviral (IFN-β and IFN-γ) cytokine expressions were observed in the trachea, lungs, intestine, and lymphoid tissues in Sonali and broiler chickens from 1 day post infection (dpi) to 10 dpi by qPCR.

Results: Sonali chickens exhibited significantly higher proinflammatory and antiviral cytokine expressions in the trachea at 3-7 days post infection (dpi), while broiler chickens showed lower immune responses. Broiler chickens displayed prolonged IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β expression in lungs at 3-10 dpi compared to Sonali chickens. In the intestine, broiler chickens showed higher IL-6 and IL-8 expression that peaks at 1-3 dpi, while in Sonali chickens only IL-1β elevated at 10 dpi. In response to the H9N2 viruses, broiler chickens exhibited a stronger early IFN-β responses and a delayed IFN-γ responses in their lymphoid organs compared to Sonali chickens.

Conclusion: This suggests distinct immune profiles between the chicken types in response to the H9N2 infection. The information sheds light on the function of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of currently circulating tribasic H9N2 virus and could assist in effective controlling of avian influenza virus spread in poultry and designing vaccines.

背景:自 2006 年以来,H9N2 禽流感病毒一直在孟加拉国流行,影响多个禽类物种并造成经济损失。最近出现的三联株以及合并感染增加了家禽健康的风险。因此,本研究旨在比较感染三型 H9N2 低致病性禽流感(LPAI)病毒的 Sonali 鸡(杂交鸡)和商品肉鸡的免疫反应:感染 H9N2 病毒后,通过 qPCR 观察感染后 1 dpi 至 10 dpi 期间索娜丽鸡和肉鸡气管、肺、肠和淋巴组织中促炎细胞因子(IL-6、IL-8、IL-1β 和 TNF-α)和抗病毒细胞因子(IFN-β 和 IFN-γ)的表达:结果:感染后 3-7 天(dpi),索纳里鸡气管中的促炎细胞因子和抗病毒细胞因子表达量明显增加,而肉鸡的免疫反应较低。与索纳里鸡相比,肉鸡在感染后 3-10 dpi 肺部的 IL-6、IL-8 和 IL-1β 表达延长。在肠道中,肉鸡的 IL-6 和 IL-8 表达较高,在 1-3 dpi 达到峰值,而在 Sonali 鸡中,只有 IL-1β 在 10 dpi 出现升高。与索纳里鸡相比,肉鸡对 H9N2 病毒的早期 IFN-β 反应更强,而淋巴器官中的 IFN-γ 反应延迟:结论:这表明不同类型的鸡对 H9N2 感染有不同的免疫反应。这些信息揭示了先天免疫在目前流行的三型 H9N2 病毒病理生理学中的功能,有助于有效控制禽流感病毒在家禽中的传播和设计疫苗。
{"title":"Comparative analysis of innate immune responses in Sonali and broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus.","authors":"Ismail Hossain, Rupaida Akter Shila, Md Mohi Uddin, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Rokshana Parvin, Jahan Ara Begum","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04346-8","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04346-8","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>H9N2 avian influenza viruses have been circulating in Bangladesh since 2006, affecting multiple avian species and resulting in economic losses. The recent emergence of tribasic strains, along with co-infections, has increased the risk to poultry health. Therefore, the study aimed to compare the immune responses of Sonali (crossbred) and commercial broiler chickens infected with tribasic H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Following H9N2 infection, proinflammatory (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β and TNF-α) and antiviral (IFN-β and IFN-γ) cytokine expressions were observed in the trachea, lungs, intestine, and lymphoid tissues in Sonali and broiler chickens from 1 day post infection (dpi) to 10 dpi by qPCR.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sonali chickens exhibited significantly higher proinflammatory and antiviral cytokine expressions in the trachea at 3-7 days post infection (dpi), while broiler chickens showed lower immune responses. Broiler chickens displayed prolonged IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1β expression in lungs at 3-10 dpi compared to Sonali chickens. In the intestine, broiler chickens showed higher IL-6 and IL-8 expression that peaks at 1-3 dpi, while in Sonali chickens only IL-1β elevated at 10 dpi. In response to the H9N2 viruses, broiler chickens exhibited a stronger early IFN-β responses and a delayed IFN-γ responses in their lymphoid organs compared to Sonali chickens.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This suggests distinct immune profiles between the chicken types in response to the H9N2 infection. The information sheds light on the function of innate immunity in the pathophysiology of currently circulating tribasic H9N2 virus and could assist in effective controlling of avian influenza virus spread in poultry and designing vaccines.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529290/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142557179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Genetic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pig farms in Korea: emergence of cfr-positive CC398 lineage. 韩国养猪场分离出的金黄色葡萄球菌的遗传特征和抗菌药耐药性:CFR 阳性 CC398 菌系的出现。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04360-w
Jun Bong Lee, Ji Hyun Lim, Ji Heon Park, Gi Yong Lee, Kun Taek Park, Soo-Jin Yang

Background: Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus (LA-SA) has gained global attention because of its ability to colonize farm animals and transmit to the environment and humans, leading to symptomatic infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In the last decade, numerous studies have reported a high prevalence of S. aureus clonal complex (CC) 398 in pig farms.

Results: In this study, 163 S. aureus isolates were collected from healthy pigs (n = 110), farm environments (n = 42), and farm workers (n = 11), and their AMR profiles and epidemiological characteristics were analyzed. We identified 51 (31.3%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 112 (68.7%) methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), with 161 (98.8%) isolates belonging to the CC398 lineage. The highest prevalence of spa type t571 was observed among the CC398 isolates. All 47 sequence type (ST) 398 MRSA isolates carried staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) V, while four ST541 isolates carried SCCmec IV. High levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including phenicols, quinolones, lincosamides, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines, have been observed on Korean pig farms. Notably, 21 cfr-positive CC398 isolates (four ST541-SCCmec IV MRSA and 17 ST398 MSSA) displaying increased resistance to linezolid were identified in healthy pigs.

Conclusions: In summary, these findings suggest that the multidrug-resistant CC398 S. aureus lineage predominantly colonizes healthy pigs and farm environments in Korea. The emergence of cfr-positive S. aureus at human-animal interfaces presents a significant threat to food safety and public health.

背景:家畜相关金黄色葡萄球菌(LA-SA)已引起全球关注,因为它能够在农场动物中定植并传播给环境和人类,导致症状性感染和抗菌药耐药性(AMR)的传播。在过去十年中,许多研究都报道了金黄色葡萄球菌克隆复合体(CC)398 在养猪场的高流行率:本研究从健康猪(n = 110)、猪场环境(n = 42)和猪场工人(n = 11)中收集了 163 株金葡菌分离物,并对其 AMR 图谱和流行病学特征进行了分析。我们发现了 51 株(31.3%)耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和 112 株(68.7%)甲氧西林易感金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA),其中 161 株(98.8%)属于 CC398 菌系。在 CC398 分离物中,t571 型 spa 的流行率最高。所有 47 个序列类型(ST)398 MRSA 分离物都携带葡萄球菌盒式染色体mec(SCCmec)V,而 4 个 ST541 分离物携带 SCCmec IV。在韩国的养猪场发现,对常用抗生素(包括酚类、喹诺酮类、林可酰胺类、大环内酯类、氨基糖苷类和四环素类)的耐药性很高。值得注意的是,在健康猪体内发现了 21 个 cfr 阳性 CC398 分离物(4 个 ST541-SCCmec IV MRSA 和 17 个 ST398 MSSA),它们对利奈唑胺的耐药性增强:总之,这些研究结果表明,耐多药 CC398 金黄色葡萄球菌菌系主要定植于韩国的健康猪和农场环境中。在人与动物交界处出现的 cfr 阳性金黄色葡萄球菌对食品安全和公共卫生构成了重大威胁。
{"title":"Genetic characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from pig farms in Korea: emergence of cfr-positive CC398 lineage.","authors":"Jun Bong Lee, Ji Hyun Lim, Ji Heon Park, Gi Yong Lee, Kun Taek Park, Soo-Jin Yang","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04360-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04360-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Livestock-associated Staphylococcus aureus (LA-SA) has gained global attention because of its ability to colonize farm animals and transmit to the environment and humans, leading to symptomatic infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). In the last decade, numerous studies have reported a high prevalence of S. aureus clonal complex (CC) 398 in pig farms.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In this study, 163 S. aureus isolates were collected from healthy pigs (n = 110), farm environments (n = 42), and farm workers (n = 11), and their AMR profiles and epidemiological characteristics were analyzed. We identified 51 (31.3%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and 112 (68.7%) methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), with 161 (98.8%) isolates belonging to the CC398 lineage. The highest prevalence of spa type t571 was observed among the CC398 isolates. All 47 sequence type (ST) 398 MRSA isolates carried staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) V, while four ST541 isolates carried SCCmec IV. High levels of resistance to commonly used antibiotics, including phenicols, quinolones, lincosamides, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines, have been observed on Korean pig farms. Notably, 21 cfr-positive CC398 isolates (four ST541-SCCmec IV MRSA and 17 ST398 MSSA) displaying increased resistance to linezolid were identified in healthy pigs.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In summary, these findings suggest that the multidrug-resistant CC398 S. aureus lineage predominantly colonizes healthy pigs and farm environments in Korea. The emergence of cfr-positive S. aureus at human-animal interfaces presents a significant threat to food safety and public health.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529005/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142563903","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and urinary aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio in healthy Chihuahuas. 健康吉娃娃犬的血浆 N 端前 B 型钠利尿肽和尿液中醛固酮与肌酐的比率。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04344-w
Alberto Galizzi, Greta Dossi, Paola Pocar, Vitaliano Borromeo, Chiara Locatelli

Background: Chihuahua represents an increasingly widespread breed predisposed to cardiac disease. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) might be a useful point-of-care biomarker for dogs suspected of having heart disease, but breed differences have been reported. The urinary aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio (UAldo: C) appears to be a good indicator of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in dogs, but Chihuahuas showed significantly higher UAldo: C than other breeds. The objective of this study was to assess preliminary breed-specific reference intervals for NT-proBNP and UAldo: C in healthy Chihuahuas and evaluate sex differences in these parameters.

Results: Forty-three healthy Chihuahuas dogs were enrolled. The median NT-proBNP was 347 (125-515) pmol/L, and the median UAldo: C was 2.59 (1.57-4.61) µg/g. The NT-proBNP reference interval was 125 (90% CI 125-125) - 2121.4 (90% CI 941.6-2248) pmol/L. 91% of the Chihuahuas were below the nonbreed-specific cut-off (900 pmol/L). The UAldo: C reference interval was 0.6 (90% CI 0.5-0.9) - 16.8 (90% CI 10.9-27.4) µg/g. No significant sex differences in NT-proBNP or UAldo: C were found.

Conclusions: The median value, interindividual coefficient of variation and reference interval of NT-proBNP were in line with those reported for other small breeds. In contrast to previous studies, no sex differences in NT-proBNP were detected. As previously suggested, Chihuahuas seem to be characterized by higher values of UAldo: C than other breeds.

背景:吉娃娃犬是越来越普遍的易患心脏病的犬种。N 端前 B 型钠尿肽(NT-proBNP)可能是疑似患有心脏病的狗的一种有用的护理点生物标志物,但有报道称犬种之间存在差异。尿醛固酮与肌酐的比率(UAldo: C)似乎是狗体内肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统活性的良好指标,但吉娃娃的 UAldo: C 明显高于其他品种。本研究的目的是评估健康吉娃娃犬 NT-proBNP 和 UAldo: C 的初步品种特异性参考区间,并评估这些参数的性别差异:结果:43 只健康的吉娃娃犬参加了研究。NT-proBNP 的中位数为 347 (125-515) pmol/L,UAldo: C 的中位数为 2.59 (1.57-4.61) µg/g。NT-proBNP 参考区间为 125(90% CI 125-125)-2121.4(90% CI 941.6-2248)pmol/L。91%的吉娃娃犬低于非品种特异性临界值(900 pmol/L)。UAldo:C 参考区间为 0.6(90% CI 0.5-0.9)-16.8(90% CI 10.9-27.4)微克/克。NT-proBNP和UAldo: C没有发现明显的性别差异:结论:NT-proBNP的中值、个体间变异系数和参考区间与其他小型犬种的报告一致。与之前的研究相比,NT-proBNP 没有发现性别差异。正如之前所说,吉娃娃犬的 UAldo: C 值似乎高于其他犬种。
{"title":"Plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide and urinary aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio in healthy Chihuahuas.","authors":"Alberto Galizzi, Greta Dossi, Paola Pocar, Vitaliano Borromeo, Chiara Locatelli","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04344-w","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04344-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Chihuahua represents an increasingly widespread breed predisposed to cardiac disease. N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) might be a useful point-of-care biomarker for dogs suspected of having heart disease, but breed differences have been reported. The urinary aldosterone-to-creatinine ratio (UAldo: C) appears to be a good indicator of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activity in dogs, but Chihuahuas showed significantly higher UAldo: C than other breeds. The objective of this study was to assess preliminary breed-specific reference intervals for NT-proBNP and UAldo: C in healthy Chihuahuas and evaluate sex differences in these parameters.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Forty-three healthy Chihuahuas dogs were enrolled. The median NT-proBNP was 347 (125-515) pmol/L, and the median UAldo: C was 2.59 (1.57-4.61) µg/g. The NT-proBNP reference interval was 125 (90% CI 125-125) - 2121.4 (90% CI 941.6-2248) pmol/L. 91% of the Chihuahuas were below the nonbreed-specific cut-off (900 pmol/L). The UAldo: C reference interval was 0.6 (90% CI 0.5-0.9) - 16.8 (90% CI 10.9-27.4) µg/g. No significant sex differences in NT-proBNP or UAldo: C were found.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The median value, interindividual coefficient of variation and reference interval of NT-proBNP were in line with those reported for other small breeds. In contrast to previous studies, no sex differences in NT-proBNP were detected. As previously suggested, Chihuahuas seem to be characterized by higher values of UAldo: C than other breeds.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529297/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142563906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Upper respiratory tract detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae employing nasopharyngeal swabs. 利用鼻咽拭子检测上呼吸道卵肺炎支原体。
IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q1 VETERINARY SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04342-y
David R Herndon, Paige C Grossman, Julianne K Hwang, Lindsay M W Piel

Background: Flock-level prevalence and characterization of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is determined almost exclusively using nasal swabbing followed by molecular detection with either quantitative PCR or multi-locus sequence typing. However, the diagnostic performance and efficiency of swabbing the nasal passage compared to other anatomical locations has not been determined within sheep populations. The goal of this research was to assess the diagnostic capability of nasopharyngeal swabs in comparison to nasal swabs for the detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.

Results: Nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected during a controlled exposure study of domestic sheep with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Both swab types were then analyzed via conventional and quantitative PCR. This dataset showed that the use of nasopharyngeal swabs in lieu of nasal swabs resulted in higher sensitivity, reduced inhibition during quantitative PCR, and higher bacterial copy numbers per swab. Moreover, it was demonstrated that diagnostic sensitivity could be further increased during quantitative PCR via ten-fold dilution of the extracted DNA. To confirm these observations in naturally infected animals, we conducted a field study employing a production flock of domestic sheep using both nasal and nasopharyngeal swabbing techniques. Extracted DNA was assessed using the same molecular techniques, where detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was confirmed by sequencing of either the rpoB or 16S rRNA gene. Similar improvements were observed for nasopharyngeal swabs and template treatment methods within the naturally infected flock.

Conclusions: Results demonstrate increased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when sampling with nasopharyngeal swabs as compared to nasal swabs. Therefore, alternate field-testing strategies employing nasopharyngeal swabs should be considered for diagnosis of the presence of M. ovipneumoniae. Importantly, sample treatment following acquisition was found to affect the sensitivity of quantitative PCR, where dilution of eluted DNA template doubled the calculated sensitivity. This demonstrates that, in addition to anatomical location, the presence of inhibitory components in swab extracts also strongly influences diagnostic performance.

背景:羊群中卵型肺炎支原体的流行率和特征描述几乎都是通过鼻腔拭子测定,然后用定量 PCR 或多焦点序列分型进行分子检测。然而,与其他解剖位置相比,鼻腔拭子的诊断性能和效率尚未在羊群中得到确定。本研究的目的是评估鼻咽拭子与鼻拭子检测卵肺炎支原体的诊断能力:结果:在对家养绵羊进行卵肺炎支原体接触控制研究期间,采集了鼻腔和鼻咽拭子。然后通过常规和定量 PCR 对这两种拭子进行分析。该数据集显示,用鼻咽拭子代替鼻拭子可提高灵敏度,减少定量 PCR 的抑制作用,并提高每个拭子的细菌拷贝数。此外,实验还证明,通过将提取的 DNA 稀释 10 倍,可进一步提高定量 PCR 的诊断灵敏度。为了在自然感染的动物身上证实这些观察结果,我们使用鼻拭子和鼻咽拭子技术对家羊生产群进行了实地研究。我们使用相同的分子技术对提取的 DNA 进行了评估,并通过 rpoB 或 16S rRNA 基因测序确认了卵肺炎支原体的检测结果。在自然感染的鸡群中,鼻咽拭子和模板处理方法也有类似的改进:结果表明,与鼻拭子相比,使用鼻咽拭子采样可提高诊断灵敏度和特异性。因此,在诊断是否存在卵翼肺炎霉形体时,应考虑使用鼻咽拭子的其他现场检测策略。重要的是,样本采集后的处理会影响定量 PCR 的灵敏度,稀释洗脱的 DNA 模板会使计算出的灵敏度提高一倍。这表明,除了解剖位置外,拭子提取物中抑制成分的存在也会对诊断效果产生很大影响。
{"title":"Upper respiratory tract detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae employing nasopharyngeal swabs.","authors":"David R Herndon, Paige C Grossman, Julianne K Hwang, Lindsay M W Piel","doi":"10.1186/s12917-024-04342-y","DOIUrl":"10.1186/s12917-024-04342-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Flock-level prevalence and characterization of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is determined almost exclusively using nasal swabbing followed by molecular detection with either quantitative PCR or multi-locus sequence typing. However, the diagnostic performance and efficiency of swabbing the nasal passage compared to other anatomical locations has not been determined within sheep populations. The goal of this research was to assess the diagnostic capability of nasopharyngeal swabs in comparison to nasal swabs for the detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Nasal and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected during a controlled exposure study of domestic sheep with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae. Both swab types were then analyzed via conventional and quantitative PCR. This dataset showed that the use of nasopharyngeal swabs in lieu of nasal swabs resulted in higher sensitivity, reduced inhibition during quantitative PCR, and higher bacterial copy numbers per swab. Moreover, it was demonstrated that diagnostic sensitivity could be further increased during quantitative PCR via ten-fold dilution of the extracted DNA. To confirm these observations in naturally infected animals, we conducted a field study employing a production flock of domestic sheep using both nasal and nasopharyngeal swabbing techniques. Extracted DNA was assessed using the same molecular techniques, where detection of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae was confirmed by sequencing of either the rpoB or 16S rRNA gene. Similar improvements were observed for nasopharyngeal swabs and template treatment methods within the naturally infected flock.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Results demonstrate increased diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when sampling with nasopharyngeal swabs as compared to nasal swabs. Therefore, alternate field-testing strategies employing nasopharyngeal swabs should be considered for diagnosis of the presence of M. ovipneumoniae. Importantly, sample treatment following acquisition was found to affect the sensitivity of quantitative PCR, where dilution of eluted DNA template doubled the calculated sensitivity. This demonstrates that, in addition to anatomical location, the presence of inhibitory components in swab extracts also strongly influences diagnostic performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":9041,"journal":{"name":"BMC Veterinary Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11529185/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142563909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
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BMC Veterinary Research
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