Pub Date : 2020-08-20DOI: 10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00390
Anisur Rahman, S. Rahman, Jamsed Faridi, A. Salam, Tarzia Asma Zafrullah, Saki Sadia
Purpose: Keratoconus is an ectatic disorder of cornea and mostly involve teen aged group, still the pathogenesis and aetiology is not clearly defined. We try to establish the progression of the diseases is inversely proportional to the age of onset of the patient. Design: It was an observational study, carried out at a private eye hospital where patient was referred for RGP contact lenses. Methods: This observational study was carried out from Jan’ 2017 to Dec’ 2019 total three year period and 304 patients with Keratoconus were in the initial study and we divided them into two groups. Group: A, ≤25 years old and Group: B, >25 years old but among these 304 patient we included 200 patients in our study those who completed minimum 3 years follow-up and meet the inclusion criteria. Results: After three years ‘K’ value in group: A, <0.0001 in group: B, <0.3655. Sim K’s Astigmatism <0.0001 in group: A. <0.0223 in group: B. Central corneal thickness <0.0001 in group: A and 0.1957 in group: B. ‘K’ value and central corneal thickness (CCT) deteriorate more in group: A, than group: B. It is also found that KC progress more in case of VKC and it is more prominent in dominant hand side. Conclusion: At diagnosis, keratoconus is often more advanced in children than in adults, with faster disease progression. Early detection and close monitoring are therefore crucial in young patients.
{"title":"Keratoconus: early onset, the worst prognosis, eye rubbing and hand-dominance","authors":"Anisur Rahman, S. Rahman, Jamsed Faridi, A. Salam, Tarzia Asma Zafrullah, Saki Sadia","doi":"10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00390","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: Keratoconus is an ectatic disorder of cornea and mostly involve teen aged group, still the pathogenesis and aetiology is not clearly defined. We try to establish the progression of the diseases is inversely proportional to the age of onset of the patient. Design: It was an observational study, carried out at a private eye hospital where patient was referred for RGP contact lenses. Methods: This observational study was carried out from Jan’ 2017 to Dec’ 2019 total three year period and 304 patients with Keratoconus were in the initial study and we divided them into two groups. Group: A, ≤25 years old and Group: B, >25 years old but among these 304 patient we included 200 patients in our study those who completed minimum 3 years follow-up and meet the inclusion criteria. Results: After three years ‘K’ value in group: A, <0.0001 in group: B, <0.3655. Sim K’s Astigmatism <0.0001 in group: A. <0.0223 in group: B. Central corneal thickness <0.0001 in group: A and 0.1957 in group: B. ‘K’ value and central corneal thickness (CCT) deteriorate more in group: A, than group: B. It is also found that KC progress more in case of VKC and it is more prominent in dominant hand side. Conclusion: At diagnosis, keratoconus is often more advanced in children than in adults, with faster disease progression. Early detection and close monitoring are therefore crucial in young patients.","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83992197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-16DOI: 10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00380
P. Silguero D, Encinas Pisa P, Bermal Blasco I, Pérez Silguero MA, P. Silguero D, Encinas Pisa P, Pérez Silguero MA
Objective: To show the improvement of visual acuity in five clinical cases of irregular astigmatism, achieved with contact lenses of different materials and geometries. Case reports: Five case reports are exposed and their adaptations for the use of this type of lenses are evaluated. After inserting corneo-scleral lenses or soft contact lenses, each adaptation is evaluated. Results: All patients have improved meaningfully their visual acuity without affecting their corneal integrity and improving their quality of life. Conclusion: Advances in the design and materials of contact lenses have helped eye-care professionals to solve visual problems that would have been difficult to solve years ago. Keywords: irregular astigmatism, keratoconus, keratoplasty, custom contact lenses, cornea-scleral contact lenses
{"title":"Custom contact lenses and cornea-scleral contact lenses from irregular astigmatism","authors":"P. Silguero D, Encinas Pisa P, Bermal Blasco I, Pérez Silguero MA, P. Silguero D, Encinas Pisa P, Pérez Silguero MA","doi":"10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00380","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: To show the improvement of visual acuity in five clinical cases of irregular astigmatism, achieved with contact lenses of different materials and geometries. Case reports: Five case reports are exposed and their adaptations for the use of this type of lenses are evaluated. After inserting corneo-scleral lenses or soft contact lenses, each adaptation is evaluated. Results: All patients have improved meaningfully their visual acuity without affecting their corneal integrity and improving their quality of life. Conclusion: Advances in the design and materials of contact lenses have helped eye-care professionals to solve visual problems that would have been difficult to solve years ago. Keywords: irregular astigmatism, keratoconus, keratoplasty, custom contact lenses, cornea-scleral contact lenses","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"134 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79416208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-07DOI: 10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00376
Ismail Ersan, Aydın Yildiz
Purpose: To investigate the intraocular pressure and conjunctival thickness changes following the intravitreal injection Methods: Sixty eyes of 60 patients having intravitreal injection for age-related macular degeneration, macular edema associated with diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion, and branch retinal vein occlusion were enrolled. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by Tonopen-Avia (Reichert Inc., NY, USA) in sitting position and five superior-temporal conjunctival images were obtained using the Anterior Segment 5 Line Raster scanning protocol of Cirrus HD-OCT 4000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) just before the intravitreal injection. 0.05 ml bevacizumab with 27-gauge needle, 0.05 ml ranibizumab with 30-gauge needle, or dexamethasone implant with 23-gauge needle was injected into the vitreous cavity. The second IOP measurements and OCT measurements were taken within 5 mins of injection. Results: The ranibizumab group included 25 subjects, the bevacizumab group included 23 subjects, and the dexamethasone group included 12 subjects. IOP increases following intravitreal injection were significantly higher in ranibizumab and bevacizumab groups compared with Dexamethasone implant group (p<0.001 and p=0.007, respectively). Although, the increase of conjunctival thickness following the intravitreal injection was highest in Dexamethasone implant group, the differences between the groups did not reach statistically significance (p=0.153). Conclusion: A higher IOP elevation is observed if a small-gauge needle is used for intravitreal injection. The conjunctival thickness changes following the intravitreal injection did not differ between the groups
{"title":"Reflux after intravitreal injection: an anterior segment optical coherence tomography study","authors":"Ismail Ersan, Aydın Yildiz","doi":"10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/AOVS.2020.10.00376","url":null,"abstract":"Purpose: To investigate the intraocular pressure and conjunctival thickness changes following the intravitreal injection Methods: Sixty eyes of 60 patients having intravitreal injection for age-related macular degeneration, macular edema associated with diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion, and branch retinal vein occlusion were enrolled. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by Tonopen-Avia (Reichert Inc., NY, USA) in sitting position and five superior-temporal conjunctival images were obtained using the Anterior Segment 5 Line Raster scanning protocol of Cirrus HD-OCT 4000 (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Dublin, CA, USA) just before the intravitreal injection. 0.05 ml bevacizumab with 27-gauge needle, 0.05 ml ranibizumab with 30-gauge needle, or dexamethasone implant with 23-gauge needle was injected into the vitreous cavity. The second IOP measurements and OCT measurements were taken within 5 mins of injection. Results: The ranibizumab group included 25 subjects, the bevacizumab group included 23 subjects, and the dexamethasone group included 12 subjects. IOP increases following intravitreal injection were significantly higher in ranibizumab and bevacizumab groups compared with Dexamethasone implant group (p<0.001 and p=0.007, respectively). Although, the increase of conjunctival thickness following the intravitreal injection was highest in Dexamethasone implant group, the differences between the groups did not reach statistically significance (p=0.153). Conclusion: A higher IOP elevation is observed if a small-gauge needle is used for intravitreal injection. The conjunctival thickness changes following the intravitreal injection did not differ between the groups","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81856791","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-02-04DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00374
B. DeBroff
{"title":"Ophthalmic abbreviations: “I” will save time, but will “eye” be mistaken?","authors":"B. DeBroff","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00374","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00374","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"50 1","pages":"13-14"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90828884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-21DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00373
Hira Anwar, Iqra Khalil, Saba Ikram, A. Batool, S. Iqbal
Diabetic macular edema is one of the main features of diabetic retinopathy which is associated with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic macular edema is characterized by increased vascular leakage in central part of retina and leading cause of serious central visual impairment in diabetic patients.1 The common characteristic is the increase in levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is responsible for the disruption of the inner blood–retinal barrier.2 Disruption of the blood retinal barrier leads to the accumulation of subretinal and intraretinal fluid, which in turn alters the macular structure and function. If diabetic macular edema is left untreated, the potential loss of vision from diabetic macular edema poses a significant concern with regard to reduction inhealth-related quality of life affecting the socioeconomic status of community.3 A population-based study in south Wisconsin projected that the prevalence of diabetic macular edema after 20 years ofknown diabetes was around 28% in both type I and II diabetes.4 Assessment of Diabetic Macular Edema with Visual Impairment (PREVAIL) study of patients with diabetes mellitus in seven European countries, concluded that Visual Impairment due to Diabetic macular Edema is a significant complication of Diabetes Mellitus. Progression of diabetic retinopathy can be prevented through control of blood pressure and diabetes.It is well established that the widely used treatments that reduce DME can improve or stabilize visual acuity.5 Early treatment option for patients with visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema was laser photocoagulation. In laser photocoagulation study, two macular laser treatment techniques were defined: focal and grid, both performed between 500 and 300 microns from the fovea but not within the papillary border. In focal/grid photocoagulation laser shots are applied to leaking micro aneurysms directly or delivered in grid pattern on the edematous part of the retina.6 The management option for patients having diabetic macular edema have expanded in recent years. For many years it has been established that vascular endothelial growth factor plays a role in the creation of retinal ischemia and increase vascular permeability that gives rise to macular edema.7 Anti VEGF is new treatment modality in management of diabetic macular edema. In anti VEGF therapy, an antibody is administered as intravitreal injections.8 Given the substantial burden of Visual Impairment due to Diabetic Macular Edema and the developing options and clinical evidence for treatment, it is important to regularly compare the relative efficacy of available therapies. This study compares the relative efficacy of current firstline therapies that have current data.
糖尿病黄斑水肿是糖尿病视网膜病变的主要特征之一，与糖尿病相关。糖尿病性黄斑水肿以视网膜中央部血管渗漏增加为特征，是糖尿病患者严重中枢性视力损害的主要原因共同的特征是血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平的增加，这是导致内部血液-视网膜屏障破坏的原因血液视网膜屏障的破坏导致视网膜下和视网膜内液体的积聚，这反过来改变了黄斑的结构和功能。如果糖尿病性黄斑水肿不及时治疗，糖尿病性黄斑水肿可能导致视力丧失，这与健康相关的生活质量降低有关，影响社区的社会经济地位南威斯康辛州的一项基于人群的研究预测，在患有糖尿病20年后，1型和2型糖尿病患者的糖尿病性黄斑水肿患病率约为28%糖尿病性黄斑水肿伴视力损害的评估(evaluate of Diabetic Macular Edema with vision Impairment，简称precvi)研究了欧洲7个国家的糖尿病患者，认为糖尿病性黄斑水肿所致视力损害是糖尿病的重要并发症。糖尿病视网膜病变的进展可以通过控制血压和糖尿病来预防。目前已广泛应用的减少二甲醚的治疗方法可以改善或稳定视力糖尿病性黄斑水肿视力损害患者的早期治疗选择是激光光凝。在激光光凝研究中，定义了两种黄斑激光治疗技术:焦点和网格，均在距中央凹500 - 300微米范围内进行，但不在乳头边界内进行。在聚焦/网格光凝治疗中，激光直接照射或网格状照射视网膜水肿部位，用于漏出的微动脉瘤近年来，糖尿病性黄斑水肿患者的治疗选择已经扩大。多年来，人们已经确定血管内皮生长因子在视网膜缺血的产生和血管通透性的增加中起作用，从而引起黄斑水肿抗VEGF是治疗糖尿病性黄斑水肿的新方法。在抗VEGF治疗中，一种抗体通过玻璃体内注射给药鉴于糖尿病性黄斑水肿引起的视力损害的巨大负担以及治疗的发展选择和临床证据，定期比较现有治疗方法的相对疗效是很重要的。本研究比较了现有一线治疗方法的相对疗效。
{"title":"Comparison of laser and anti VEGF therapy in treatment of diabetic macular edema","authors":"Hira Anwar, Iqra Khalil, Saba Ikram, A. Batool, S. Iqbal","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00373","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00373","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetic macular edema is one of the main features of diabetic retinopathy which is associated with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic macular edema is characterized by increased vascular leakage in central part of retina and leading cause of serious central visual impairment in diabetic patients.1 The common characteristic is the increase in levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is responsible for the disruption of the inner blood–retinal barrier.2 Disruption of the blood retinal barrier leads to the accumulation of subretinal and intraretinal fluid, which in turn alters the macular structure and function. If diabetic macular edema is left untreated, the potential loss of vision from diabetic macular edema poses a significant concern with regard to reduction inhealth-related quality of life affecting the socioeconomic status of community.3 A population-based study in south Wisconsin projected that the prevalence of diabetic macular edema after 20 years ofknown diabetes was around 28% in both type I and II diabetes.4 Assessment of Diabetic Macular Edema with Visual Impairment (PREVAIL) study of patients with diabetes mellitus in seven European countries, concluded that Visual Impairment due to Diabetic macular Edema is a significant complication of Diabetes Mellitus. Progression of diabetic retinopathy can be prevented through control of blood pressure and diabetes.It is well established that the widely used treatments that reduce DME can improve or stabilize visual acuity.5 Early treatment option for patients with visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema was laser photocoagulation. In laser photocoagulation study, two macular laser treatment techniques were defined: focal and grid, both performed between 500 and 300 microns from the fovea but not within the papillary border. In focal/grid photocoagulation laser shots are applied to leaking micro aneurysms directly or delivered in grid pattern on the edematous part of the retina.6 The management option for patients having diabetic macular edema have expanded in recent years. For many years it has been established that vascular endothelial growth factor plays a role in the creation of retinal ischemia and increase vascular permeability that gives rise to macular edema.7 Anti VEGF is new treatment modality in management of diabetic macular edema. In anti VEGF therapy, an antibody is administered as intravitreal injections.8 Given the substantial burden of Visual Impairment due to Diabetic Macular Edema and the developing options and clinical evidence for treatment, it is important to regularly compare the relative efficacy of available therapies. This study compares the relative efficacy of current firstline therapies that have current data.","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"28 1","pages":"8-11"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80450099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-20DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00372
Fatima Iqbal, Iqra Khalil, Mawra Zahid
Refractive error is condition in which problem with eye to properly focusing the light rays on retina as a result blurred image formed on retina.1 Normal corneal shape and curvature bent the light and focus on retina properly. But when corneal shape abnormally changed it affect the normal visual process, light not properly focus on retina and image not received clear and it causes blurring of vision.2 Some factors enhanced the refractive errors including Age, diabetes, trauma, many ocular diseases, hereditary, tv use and UV ray’s exposure, use to some drugs (alcohol consumption, antihistamine and anti-depressant) that enhanced refractive errors.3 There are following types of refractive errors including emmetropia, myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism. Emmetropia is a condition in which no error occurred and rays are clearly focused on retina and clear image formed on retina. Myopia is Also called nearsightedness is a condition in which light rays are focused in front of retina may be due to abnormal corneal structure and elongation of eye ball then average size of eye ball. Due to this patient cannot not see clear distance objects its sees blurred but near objects seen clear. It can be inherited developed in children’s and early adulthood. Hypermetropia is also called farsightedness in which rays focus behind the retina so near objects are blurred but distance objects seen clear. But in case of high hypermetropia both distance and near vision is blurring. It is due shortage of length of eyeball then normal length of eyeball and abnormal shape of cornea. Astigmatism is condition in which cornea has irregular curvature. Curvature and power differ in all meridians of cornea. But has blurred vision at all distances near and far. It causes blurring of vision it is more symptomatic condition then other errors.4 Sign and Symptoms of Refractive Errors: Blur vision, squinting eye, Haloes, Glare, Headache, Eye strain and Rubbing of eyes, dizziness.2 Prevalence of refractive errors in Pakistan, Uncorrected refractive errors: 23.97% among males and 20% among females. Visually disabling refractive errors 6.89% in males and 5.71% in females.5 Total 120 million individuals are affected due to refractive errors in United States.6 Total 153 million peoples are visually impaired due to un-corrected refractive errors and 8 million are blinds in whole world. Prevalence of un-corrected refracted error was highest in low-income poor countries about 90%. Rate of myopia increased due to changes in demography and living life style. Myopia increased rapidly in world from 1.95 in 2010 to 4.76 billion.7 Refractive errors also affect the economy of many countries. Worldwide annual loss of economy due to un-corrected refractive errors is $269 billion. Above 50 years old individuals show index $121.4 billion loss in whole world. Refractive errors are not equally distributed in countries. Myopia is more common and having more prevalence in East Asian countries. Myopia is more
{"title":"Prevalence of refractive errors in school going children in district Faisalabad, Pakistan","authors":"Fatima Iqbal, Iqra Khalil, Mawra Zahid","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00372","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00372","url":null,"abstract":"Refractive error is condition in which problem with eye to properly focusing the light rays on retina as a result blurred image formed on retina.1 Normal corneal shape and curvature bent the light and focus on retina properly. But when corneal shape abnormally changed it affect the normal visual process, light not properly focus on retina and image not received clear and it causes blurring of vision.2 Some factors enhanced the refractive errors including Age, diabetes, trauma, many ocular diseases, hereditary, tv use and UV ray’s exposure, use to some drugs (alcohol consumption, antihistamine and anti-depressant) that enhanced refractive errors.3 There are following types of refractive errors including emmetropia, myopia, hypermetropia and astigmatism. Emmetropia is a condition in which no error occurred and rays are clearly focused on retina and clear image formed on retina. Myopia is Also called nearsightedness is a condition in which light rays are focused in front of retina may be due to abnormal corneal structure and elongation of eye ball then average size of eye ball. Due to this patient cannot not see clear distance objects its sees blurred but near objects seen clear. It can be inherited developed in children’s and early adulthood. Hypermetropia is also called farsightedness in which rays focus behind the retina so near objects are blurred but distance objects seen clear. But in case of high hypermetropia both distance and near vision is blurring. It is due shortage of length of eyeball then normal length of eyeball and abnormal shape of cornea. Astigmatism is condition in which cornea has irregular curvature. Curvature and power differ in all meridians of cornea. But has blurred vision at all distances near and far. It causes blurring of vision it is more symptomatic condition then other errors.4 Sign and Symptoms of Refractive Errors: Blur vision, squinting eye, Haloes, Glare, Headache, Eye strain and Rubbing of eyes, dizziness.2 Prevalence of refractive errors in Pakistan, Uncorrected refractive errors: 23.97% among males and 20% among females. Visually disabling refractive errors 6.89% in males and 5.71% in females.5 Total 120 million individuals are affected due to refractive errors in United States.6 Total 153 million peoples are visually impaired due to un-corrected refractive errors and 8 million are blinds in whole world. Prevalence of un-corrected refracted error was highest in low-income poor countries about 90%. Rate of myopia increased due to changes in demography and living life style. Myopia increased rapidly in world from 1.95 in 2010 to 4.76 billion.7 Refractive errors also affect the economy of many countries. Worldwide annual loss of economy due to un-corrected refractive errors is $269 billion. Above 50 years old individuals show index $121.4 billion loss in whole world. Refractive errors are not equally distributed in countries. Myopia is more common and having more prevalence in East Asian countries. Myopia is more ","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"45 1","pages":"4-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90781662","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-17DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00371
E. Selim
Watzke and Allen3 devised a test to examine for macular holes. Thinking now about this ingenious test, it had used the principles of Optical coherence tomography (OCT) even before OCT was ever known. Their test utilized the distortion caused displacement of photoreceptors along the perimeter of the whole and later lack of junction of those photoreceptors. By shining a line of light mostly vertically over the macular hole, a small waist or dehiscence can appear in the line of light. In the pre era, Gass4 devised a grading system for macular holes based on biomicroscopic findings. This system is still widely used in clinics and literature. It is also useful in predicting the visual outcome of surgical interference for macular holes. In the OCT era, new findings can be deducted from scanning the retina. With the availability of OCT to almost all major eye units at least; in western countries, OCT features of macular holes can be used in conjunction to the original Gass grading system. We are now aware of the term Occult PVD which means that posterior hyaloid is detached from the fovea but still attached to the optic disc.
{"title":"Natural history of macular holes in the era of optical coherence tomography","authors":"E. Selim","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00371","url":null,"abstract":"Watzke and Allen3 devised a test to examine for macular holes. Thinking now about this ingenious test, it had used the principles of Optical coherence tomography (OCT) even before OCT was ever known. Their test utilized the distortion caused displacement of photoreceptors along the perimeter of the whole and later lack of junction of those photoreceptors. By shining a line of light mostly vertically over the macular hole, a small waist or dehiscence can appear in the line of light. In the pre era, Gass4 devised a grading system for macular holes based on biomicroscopic findings. This system is still widely used in clinics and literature. It is also useful in predicting the visual outcome of surgical interference for macular holes. In the OCT era, new findings can be deducted from scanning the retina. With the availability of OCT to almost all major eye units at least; in western countries, OCT features of macular holes can be used in conjunction to the original Gass grading system. We are now aware of the term Occult PVD which means that posterior hyaloid is detached from the fovea but still attached to the optic disc.","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"55 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86924579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-01-01DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00375
H. Haidar
{"title":"How should we communicate, listen and respond to patient in ophthalmology?","authors":"H. Haidar","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00375","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2020.10.00375","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"1 1","pages":"16-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88607103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-16DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00369
B. Turgut
of the neighboring neuron.4−10 LI prevents the spread of action potentials from the stimulated neurons to the lateral neighboring neurons. Cells using LI have existed mainly in the cerebral cortex and thalamus. LI has been observed in the retina and lateral geniculate nuclei of the animals in experimental studies. Although LI has been identified primarily in the processings in visual sensation, it also occurs during sensory procedures such as touch, hearing, and smell. 4−10 Retinal lateral inhibition (RLI) is also known as contrast encoder. RLI creates a stimulation contrast allowing increased sensory perception and enhances the contrast between the center and the periphery in a stimulated region. If activated at the same time, neighboring photoreceptors react less, although they are activated alone. Thus, when fewer neighboring neurons are stimulated, a neuron reacts more strongly. RLI is that the rod and cone photoreceptors in the perception zone interfere with each other to be active, inhibiting the response to central illumination by an increase in environmental illumination.1-10 When a certain type of cone is stimulated at a point, the same cone sends an inhibitory signal to the adjacent cone carrying the same photosensitive pigment to it with the help of horizontal cells (HCs). RLI is the main mechanism for achieving high visual acuity, sharpening the sensory location and color discrimination, which is involved in the transmission of contrasting edges in the visual image and increasing the contrasting sharpness.3,7−10
{"title":"Retinal lateral inhibition: an important mechanism for sharp-vision and color discrimination with high contrast sensitivity","authors":"B. Turgut","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00369","url":null,"abstract":"of the neighboring neuron.4−10 LI prevents the spread of action potentials from the stimulated neurons to the lateral neighboring neurons. Cells using LI have existed mainly in the cerebral cortex and thalamus. LI has been observed in the retina and lateral geniculate nuclei of the animals in experimental studies. Although LI has been identified primarily in the processings in visual sensation, it also occurs during sensory procedures such as touch, hearing, and smell. 4−10 Retinal lateral inhibition (RLI) is also known as contrast encoder. RLI creates a stimulation contrast allowing increased sensory perception and enhances the contrast between the center and the periphery in a stimulated region. If activated at the same time, neighboring photoreceptors react less, although they are activated alone. Thus, when fewer neighboring neurons are stimulated, a neuron reacts more strongly. RLI is that the rod and cone photoreceptors in the perception zone interfere with each other to be active, inhibiting the response to central illumination by an increase in environmental illumination.1-10 When a certain type of cone is stimulated at a point, the same cone sends an inhibitory signal to the adjacent cone carrying the same photosensitive pigment to it with the help of horizontal cells (HCs). RLI is the main mechanism for achieving high visual acuity, sharpening the sensory location and color discrimination, which is involved in the transmission of contrasting edges in the visual image and increasing the contrasting sharpness.3,7−10","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"58 1","pages":"156-157"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83957001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-12-04DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00368
Fatima Iqbal, Iqra Khalil, H. A. Khalil, Maria Sadiq, Hafiza Azka Noor, Mavra zahid
The World Health Organization describes a person with low vision as” one who has an impairment of visual function, even after treatment and/or standard refractive correction, and has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light perception or a visual field of less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation, but who uses, or is potentially able to use, vision for the planning and/or execution of a task.1 Eye diseases or conditions can cause visual impairment. Some of the more common causes of low vision include macular degeneration is a disorder that affects the retina, the light sensitive lining at the back of eye where images are focused.2 The macula the area on the retina responsible for sharp central vision deteriorates, causing blurred vision difficulty reading. Diabetic retinopathy people with diabetes can experience day to day change in their vision and /or visual functioning as a result of the disease. Retinitis pigmentosa gradually destroys night vision, severely reduces side vision and may result in total vision impairment. In amblyopia the visual system fails to develop normally during childhood.3 Retinopathy of prematurity occurs in infants born prematurity. Glaucoma causes damage to the optic nerve. Signs of damage are defects in peripheral vision and difficulty with night vision. Retinal detachment the retina separates from its underlying layer. It can cause total vision impairment in the affected eye. Cataract is a clouding of part of the entire lens inside the eye.4 People with low vision may experience the following symptoms loss of central vision, night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, blurred vision and hazy vision.5 There are many signs of vision loss including finding it difficult or impossible to read write watch television drive a car recognize faces. It may be difficult to set dials and manage glare. With low vision you might have trouble picking out and matching the color of your clothes.6 Vision loss has a substantial impact on activities of daily living, symptoms of depression and feelings of anxiety.7 Low vision can occur at any stage in life, but it primarily affects the elderly. It is estimated that approximately 17 percent of people over the age of 65 are either or have low vision.8 A number of rehabilitation professionals provide services for low vision patients, including ophthalmologists, optometrist, occupational therapists, orientation and mobility specialists, vision rehabilitation teachers, assistants in low vision, psychologists, and social workers.9 The ophthalmologist should know of the availability of local services and must be able to initiate an appropriate referral. Oriention and mobility specialists help patients whose ability to move about safely is compromised by vision loss.10 Through skill training, independent movement (aided by a long cane, remaining visual cues, or a telescope if residual vision is adequate) is encouraged and maintained.11
{"title":"Frequency of low vision patient and their causes presenting in Madinah Teaching Hospital, Pakistan","authors":"Fatima Iqbal, Iqra Khalil, H. A. Khalil, Maria Sadiq, Hafiza Azka Noor, Mavra zahid","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00368","url":null,"abstract":"The World Health Organization describes a person with low vision as” one who has an impairment of visual function, even after treatment and/or standard refractive correction, and has a visual acuity of less than 6/18 to light perception or a visual field of less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation, but who uses, or is potentially able to use, vision for the planning and/or execution of a task.1 Eye diseases or conditions can cause visual impairment. Some of the more common causes of low vision include macular degeneration is a disorder that affects the retina, the light sensitive lining at the back of eye where images are focused.2 The macula the area on the retina responsible for sharp central vision deteriorates, causing blurred vision difficulty reading. Diabetic retinopathy people with diabetes can experience day to day change in their vision and /or visual functioning as a result of the disease. Retinitis pigmentosa gradually destroys night vision, severely reduces side vision and may result in total vision impairment. In amblyopia the visual system fails to develop normally during childhood.3 Retinopathy of prematurity occurs in infants born prematurity. Glaucoma causes damage to the optic nerve. Signs of damage are defects in peripheral vision and difficulty with night vision. Retinal detachment the retina separates from its underlying layer. It can cause total vision impairment in the affected eye. Cataract is a clouding of part of the entire lens inside the eye.4 People with low vision may experience the following symptoms loss of central vision, night blindness, loss of peripheral vision, blurred vision and hazy vision.5 There are many signs of vision loss including finding it difficult or impossible to read write watch television drive a car recognize faces. It may be difficult to set dials and manage glare. With low vision you might have trouble picking out and matching the color of your clothes.6 Vision loss has a substantial impact on activities of daily living, symptoms of depression and feelings of anxiety.7 Low vision can occur at any stage in life, but it primarily affects the elderly. It is estimated that approximately 17 percent of people over the age of 65 are either or have low vision.8 A number of rehabilitation professionals provide services for low vision patients, including ophthalmologists, optometrist, occupational therapists, orientation and mobility specialists, vision rehabilitation teachers, assistants in low vision, psychologists, and social workers.9 The ophthalmologist should know of the availability of local services and must be able to initiate an appropriate referral. Oriention and mobility specialists help patients whose ability to move about safely is compromised by vision loss.10 Through skill training, independent movement (aided by a long cane, remaining visual cues, or a telescope if residual vision is adequate) is encouraged and maintained.11","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"47 1","pages":"151-154"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87913675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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