Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00350
B. Turgut
Multiple cranial nerve paresis (MCNP) can occur due to some syndromes, systemic diseases, extracranial and intracranial pathologies. The paresies including cranial nerves III, IV, V, VI, and VII are eye-associated MCNP. The common causes of eye- associated MCNP often include cavernous sinus syndrome, superior orbital fissure syndrome, orbital apex syndrome, and cerebellopontine angle syndrome. Clinical approach to MCNP includes the careful examination for generalized limitation in various gaze positions, proptosis, decreased corneal and facial sensation, conjunctival injection, ptosis, anisocoria, and cerebellar signs. In this review, we aim to briefly remind the main causes of MCNP associated with the eye.
{"title":"Eye-associated multiple cranial nerve palsies","authors":"B. Turgut","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00350","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2019.09.00350","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple cranial nerve paresis (MCNP) can occur due to some syndromes, systemic diseases, extracranial and intracranial pathologies. The paresies including cranial nerves III, IV, V, VI, and VII are eye-associated MCNP. The common causes of eye- associated MCNP often include cavernous sinus syndrome, superior orbital fissure syndrome, orbital apex syndrome, and cerebellopontine angle syndrome. Clinical approach to MCNP includes the careful examination for generalized limitation in various gaze positions, proptosis, decreased corneal and facial sensation, conjunctival injection, ptosis, anisocoria, and cerebellar signs. In this review, we aim to briefly remind the main causes of MCNP associated with the eye.","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90688792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-12-26DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00330
L. Abad, Cruz Ruiz Gali Mauro, Carlos E Cury
An 11-year-old girl consulted with her parents and reported that the girl had low vision with her right eye. Her parents reported that the girl did not have trauma to that eye nor had a history of eye inflammation. Snellen’s visual acuity was 20/80 in her right eye and 20/20 in her left eye. In the biomicroscopy, there were no significant alterations, the ocular pressure remained within normal limits (14mmHg in both eyes) and, in the fundoscopy of the right eye, revealed a circumscribed lesion in the paramacular area, with irregular borders, nodular type and dark brown pigmentation affecting the RPE, which presented slight hyperplasia, with an increase in retinal thickness in the lower paramacular area with minimal invasion into the vitreous cavity (Figure 1-retinography). The lesion measured 586 microns of basal dimension and 656 microns of thickness in the OCT. The temporal arches were slightly tractioned to the lesion area with elevation of paramacular retina. There was no atrophy of the RPE at the level of lesion or macular edema or subretinal fluid. Ultrasound showed a nodular mass of high echogenicity in the paramacular area. The OCT revealed a prominent reflectivity of the retinal surface at the level of lesion, with an increase in the local thickness of the retina and slight disorganization of the paramacular RPE, causing an abrupt and complete shading of the optical transmission. The RPE outside the limits of lesion next to the choroid did not present alterations. The vitreous presented adhesion to the borders of lesion, by invasion of it to the vitreous cavity.1–3
一个11岁的女孩咨询了她的父母，并报告说她的右眼视力低下。她的父母报告说，女孩的眼睛没有外伤，也没有眼睛炎症史。Snellen的右眼视力为20/80，左眼视力为20/20。生物显微镜下未见明显改变，眼压维持正常范围(双眼14mmHg)，右眼眼底镜检查显示黄斑旁区病变边界分明，边界不规则，结节型，影响RPE的深棕色色素沉着，呈轻度增生，黄斑下黄斑旁区视网膜厚度增加，对玻璃体腔的侵犯最小(图1视网膜造影)。病变基底尺寸586 μ m, oct厚度656 μ m，颞弓轻微牵拉至病变区，伴视网膜旁突升高。在病变或黄斑水肿或视网膜下积液的水平上，RPE没有萎缩。超声显示一高回声的结节状肿块。OCT显示病变水平视网膜表面反射率突出，局部视网膜厚度增加，黄斑旁RPE轻度紊乱，导致光透射突然完全遮挡。病变范围外靠近脉络膜的RPE未见改变。玻璃体因侵入玻璃体腔而与病变边缘粘连
{"title":"Hamartoma simple congenital of retina, with OCT and ultrasonorography evaluation","authors":"L. Abad, Cruz Ruiz Gali Mauro, Carlos E Cury","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00330","url":null,"abstract":"An 11-year-old girl consulted with her parents and reported that the girl had low vision with her right eye. Her parents reported that the girl did not have trauma to that eye nor had a history of eye inflammation. Snellen’s visual acuity was 20/80 in her right eye and 20/20 in her left eye. In the biomicroscopy, there were no significant alterations, the ocular pressure remained within normal limits (14mmHg in both eyes) and, in the fundoscopy of the right eye, revealed a circumscribed lesion in the paramacular area, with irregular borders, nodular type and dark brown pigmentation affecting the RPE, which presented slight hyperplasia, with an increase in retinal thickness in the lower paramacular area with minimal invasion into the vitreous cavity (Figure 1-retinography). The lesion measured 586 microns of basal dimension and 656 microns of thickness in the OCT. The temporal arches were slightly tractioned to the lesion area with elevation of paramacular retina. There was no atrophy of the RPE at the level of lesion or macular edema or subretinal fluid. Ultrasound showed a nodular mass of high echogenicity in the paramacular area. The OCT revealed a prominent reflectivity of the retinal surface at the level of lesion, with an increase in the local thickness of the retina and slight disorganization of the paramacular RPE, causing an abrupt and complete shading of the optical transmission. The RPE outside the limits of lesion next to the choroid did not present alterations. The vitreous presented adhesion to the borders of lesion, by invasion of it to the vitreous cavity.1–3","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"400 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76460490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-20DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00329
N. Agrawal, Mk Jharawal, N. Paharia, K. Bansal
Tobacco smoking is a serious public health problem which contains various heavy metals and toxic mineral elements that has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. Tobacco smoke contain more than 4000 compounds and a puff of smoke contain 300million to 3.5billion particles existing either in gas or particulate form which on exposure are eventually toxic to ocular tissue and affect eye through ischemic and oxidative mechanism.1
{"title":"Effect of smoking on ocular surface and tear film: A clinico- pathological study","authors":"N. Agrawal, Mk Jharawal, N. Paharia, K. Bansal","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00329","url":null,"abstract":"Tobacco smoking is a serious public health problem which contains various heavy metals and toxic mineral elements that has been associated with cardiovascular and respiratory disorders. Tobacco smoke contain more than 4000 compounds and a puff of smoke contain 300million to 3.5billion particles existing either in gas or particulate form which on exposure are eventually toxic to ocular tissue and affect eye through ischemic and oxidative mechanism.1","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"88 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75444212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-19DOI: 10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00328
C. Yasmine
{"title":"An eleven year old girl with ophtalmic zoster","authors":"C. Yasmine","doi":"10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00328","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"35 6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77065128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00327
I. Agarwalla, Dipankar Das, K. Bhattacharjee, P. Deka, Sumita borthakur, Balmukund Agarwal, M. Barman, D. Misra, Arun Prakash Upadhyay, P. Dhir, Apurba Deka
Small medulloepitheliomas often go undetected due to anterior placement of iris. Even after symptoms develop, clinical suspicion of tumor is often overlooked due to wide variation in presentation. Medulloepitheliomas being slow-growing tumors are not visible until they enlarge enough to protrude into the pupil, distort the iris, or invade adjacent tissues.1 The decreased vision in medulloepithelioma are due to subluxation and dislocation of the lens with cataract formation. With subsequent ciliary body epithelium involvement, the aqueous production is hampered, leading to signs of glaucoma as well as hypotony.
{"title":"Blessing in disguise: medulloepitheloma unmasked by incidental trauma","authors":"I. Agarwalla, Dipankar Das, K. Bhattacharjee, P. Deka, Sumita borthakur, Balmukund Agarwal, M. Barman, D. Misra, Arun Prakash Upadhyay, P. Dhir, Apurba Deka","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00327","url":null,"abstract":"Small medulloepitheliomas often go undetected due to anterior placement of iris. Even after symptoms develop, clinical suspicion of tumor is often overlooked due to wide variation in presentation. Medulloepitheliomas being slow-growing tumors are not visible until they enlarge enough to protrude into the pupil, distort the iris, or invade adjacent tissues.1 The decreased vision in medulloepithelioma are due to subluxation and dislocation of the lens with cataract formation. With subsequent ciliary body epithelium involvement, the aqueous production is hampered, leading to signs of glaucoma as well as hypotony.","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79159990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00326
Dipankar Das, Samir Serasiya, D. Misra, H. Bhattacharjee, Prafulla Sarma, Shahinur Tayab, Amjad Ali, Bhavya C. Mehta, Rammohan Paidi
In this prospective, interventional, case series one uveitis expert conducted the investigation in an institutional set-up. Study was carried out from March 2009 to November 2014 in a tertiary institute of northeast India after ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee. All injections (40mg, 1.0mL of non-filtered Triamcinolone acetonide) were given with a disposable syringe, 25 gauges, 5/8-inch in supero-temporal quadrant (recommended by Nozik )5 after the informed oral consent from the patient. Topical anesthesia applied for one minute in the lower conjunctival sac in each of the case. Patient was asked to look away from the site of injection. Upper eyelid was elevated and cotton swab soaked in topical anesthetic drops placed over the injection site for about 15-20seconds. Bulbar side of the conjunctiva was chosen for the injection entry because of more visibility and more firm attachment to the Tenon’s capsule in that area so that sub-tenon’s space could be reached early and accurately. After everting the eyelid, penetration of needle was done in the bulbar conjunctiva (2-3mm from fornix) with the tip of needle’s bevel end facing towards the globe. Needle was inserted posteriorly while following the curvature of the eyeball, keeping a close look to the globe and the limbus. Wide side-to-side motions were done while the needle advanced gradually in sub-tenon space. Movement in the limbus during the side-to side movements would mean that we have penetrated the sclera which was undesirable. When needle had reached to maximum, twisting of the needle was done circumferentially until the bevel end reached the edge of the sclera. Plunger was withdrawn to see if any blood was coming out. If not then drug was injected in the posterior sub-tenon space. No white swelling was visible at the injection site in most of the uncomplicated cases. First post-injection check-up was done on 15th day. Patients were followed up for at least 3months after receiving the injections. All complications associated with the injection itself were noted. Pre-injection and post-injection IOP was measured with Goldman explanation tono meter. Most of the patients had been treated previously with topical and systemic steroids and the included eyes did not react with excessive increase of IOP.
{"title":"Complications and safety profile of posterior sub-tenon triamcinolone injections in sclero-uveitis cases in a tertiary institute of northeast India","authors":"Dipankar Das, Samir Serasiya, D. Misra, H. Bhattacharjee, Prafulla Sarma, Shahinur Tayab, Amjad Ali, Bhavya C. Mehta, Rammohan Paidi","doi":"10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00326","url":null,"abstract":"In this prospective, interventional, case series one uveitis expert conducted the investigation in an institutional set-up. Study was carried out from March 2009 to November 2014 in a tertiary institute of northeast India after ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee. All injections (40mg, 1.0mL of non-filtered Triamcinolone acetonide) were given with a disposable syringe, 25 gauges, 5/8-inch in supero-temporal quadrant (recommended by Nozik )5 after the informed oral consent from the patient. Topical anesthesia applied for one minute in the lower conjunctival sac in each of the case. Patient was asked to look away from the site of injection. Upper eyelid was elevated and cotton swab soaked in topical anesthetic drops placed over the injection site for about 15-20seconds. Bulbar side of the conjunctiva was chosen for the injection entry because of more visibility and more firm attachment to the Tenon’s capsule in that area so that sub-tenon’s space could be reached early and accurately. After everting the eyelid, penetration of needle was done in the bulbar conjunctiva (2-3mm from fornix) with the tip of needle’s bevel end facing towards the globe. Needle was inserted posteriorly while following the curvature of the eyeball, keeping a close look to the globe and the limbus. Wide side-to-side motions were done while the needle advanced gradually in sub-tenon space. Movement in the limbus during the side-to side movements would mean that we have penetrated the sclera which was undesirable. When needle had reached to maximum, twisting of the needle was done circumferentially until the bevel end reached the edge of the sclera. Plunger was withdrawn to see if any blood was coming out. If not then drug was injected in the posterior sub-tenon space. No white swelling was visible at the injection site in most of the uncomplicated cases. First post-injection check-up was done on 15th day. Patients were followed up for at least 3months after receiving the injections. All complications associated with the injection itself were noted. Pre-injection and post-injection IOP was measured with Goldman explanation tono meter. Most of the patients had been treated previously with topical and systemic steroids and the included eyes did not react with excessive increase of IOP.","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"123 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75687122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00325
Saurabh Deshmukh, K. Bhattacharjee, Surpriya Hawaibam, Krati Gupta
Conjunctival inclusion cysts are benign in nature and filled with serous fluid containing shed cells and slimy mucous secretions.1 They can either be congenital or acquired in origin.2 Acquired type occurs due to implantation of conjunctival epithelium. It has been reported following trauma and surgeries.3 The incidence rate of unintended filtering bleb formation after cataract surgery is between 1% and 7.7%.4,5 To the best of our knowledge, this case report is one the few reported in Indian literature emphasizing on the importance of factors responsible for formation conjunctival cyst after small incision cataract surgery (SICS) and its effects on vision, and the methods to decrease its incidence.
{"title":"Conjunctival inclusion cyst, an uncommon complication of a common surgery: a case report and review of literature","authors":"Saurabh Deshmukh, K. Bhattacharjee, Surpriya Hawaibam, Krati Gupta","doi":"10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00325","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/aovs.2018.08.00325","url":null,"abstract":"Conjunctival inclusion cysts are benign in nature and filled with serous fluid containing shed cells and slimy mucous secretions.1 They can either be congenital or acquired in origin.2 Acquired type occurs due to implantation of conjunctival epithelium. It has been reported following trauma and surgeries.3 The incidence rate of unintended filtering bleb formation after cataract surgery is between 1% and 7.7%.4,5 To the best of our knowledge, this case report is one the few reported in Indian literature emphasizing on the importance of factors responsible for formation conjunctival cyst after small incision cataract surgery (SICS) and its effects on vision, and the methods to decrease its incidence.","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84764376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-12DOI: 10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00324
Adish Ts
to long-term high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Prolonged hyperglycemia causes irreversible pathological changes in the retina, leading to leaking or bleeding of the blood vessels or the growth of abnormal blood vessel and diabetic macular edema (DME). The international clinical classification of DR is based on the observation of micro vascular changes. The first recognizable vascular abnormalities are micro aneurysms and small haemorrhages, followed by more severe signs of vascular leakage, such as cotton wool spot; and more widespread haemorrhages and neovascularization. Macular edema is a major cause of central vision impairment in persons with diabetic retinopathy. Proliferative diabectic retinopathy is also a reason for severe vision loss in diabetic patients which is either due to Vitreous haemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment involving the macula or combined retinal detachment.
{"title":"Clinic based diabetic retinopathy screening in a quaternary referral centre in Southern India","authors":"Adish Ts","doi":"10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00324","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00324","url":null,"abstract":"to long-term high levels of blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Prolonged hyperglycemia causes irreversible pathological changes in the retina, leading to leaking or bleeding of the blood vessels or the growth of abnormal blood vessel and diabetic macular edema (DME). The international clinical classification of DR is based on the observation of micro vascular changes. The first recognizable vascular abnormalities are micro aneurysms and small haemorrhages, followed by more severe signs of vascular leakage, such as cotton wool spot; and more widespread haemorrhages and neovascularization. Macular edema is a major cause of central vision impairment in persons with diabetic retinopathy. Proliferative diabectic retinopathy is also a reason for severe vision loss in diabetic patients which is either due to Vitreous haemorrhage, tractional retinal detachment involving the macula or combined retinal detachment.","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74435148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-12DOI: 10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00323
A. Furdová, K. Kapitánová, Juraj Sekáč, P. Vesely, I. Durkovic, Alex, R. Kollárová, R. Furda
Dry eye is a multi-factorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms, in which tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities play etiological roles.” This is an actualized definition of the dry eye disease according to the TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Subcommittee published in 2017.1 Common symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) include dryness, irritation and foreign body sensation, light sensitivity, increased tearing or itching. The pathogenesis of the disease is not clear.2 Reduced lacrimal tear secretion and volume causes tear hyperosmolarity leading to hyperosmolarity of the ocular surface epithelial cells. This stimulates a cascade of inflammatory events which play an important role.3 Mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases promote the activation of immature antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This leads to expansion of autoreactive CD4+ helper T cells followed by self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation.2 Prevalence of the DED is between 5 and 35% according to many published studies depending on diagnostic criteria. Increased prevalence is present in women and older population.4 The severe form of the disease is characterized by persistent and recurrent symptoms that are poorly correlating with the objective clinical findings.5
{"title":"Cyclosporine A cationic emulsion in patients after conjunctival tumors surgery","authors":"A. Furdová, K. Kapitánová, Juraj Sekáč, P. Vesely, I. Durkovic, Alex, R. Kollárová, R. Furda","doi":"10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00323","url":null,"abstract":"Dry eye is a multi-factorial disease of the ocular surface characterized by a loss of homeostasis of the tear film, and accompanied by ocular symptoms, in which tear film instability and hyperosmolarity, ocular surface inflammation and damage, and neurosensory abnormalities play etiological roles.” This is an actualized definition of the dry eye disease according to the TFOS DEWS II Definition and Classification Subcommittee published in 2017.1 Common symptoms of dry eye disease (DED) include dryness, irritation and foreign body sensation, light sensitivity, increased tearing or itching. The pathogenesis of the disease is not clear.2 Reduced lacrimal tear secretion and volume causes tear hyperosmolarity leading to hyperosmolarity of the ocular surface epithelial cells. This stimulates a cascade of inflammatory events which play an important role.3 Mediators such as cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases promote the activation of immature antigen-presenting cells (APCs). This leads to expansion of autoreactive CD4+ helper T cells followed by self-perpetuating cycle of inflammation.2 Prevalence of the DED is between 5 and 35% according to many published studies depending on diagnostic criteria. Increased prevalence is present in women and older population.4 The severe form of the disease is characterized by persistent and recurrent symptoms that are poorly correlating with the objective clinical findings.5","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82466235","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-08DOI: 10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00322
A. Furdová, I. Waczulíková, M. Šramka, G. Králik, P. Zahorjanova, K. Kapitánová
{"title":"Relative survival rates and presence of complications in uveal melanoma patients after stereotactic radio surgery","authors":"A. Furdová, I. Waczulíková, M. Šramka, G. Králik, P. Zahorjanova, K. Kapitánová","doi":"10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00322","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/AOVS.2018.08.00322","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90420,"journal":{"name":"Advances in ophthalmology & visual system","volume":"28 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79190631","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：