Pub Date : 2019-05-14DOI: 10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021302
Noelle K Brigden
This article juxtaposes the Underground Railroad with contemporary Central American smuggling practices. Activists in the US Sanctuary Movement, seeking to provide safe passage to the USA for Central American refugees, summon the legacy of the Underground Railroad as a normative frame for understanding their mission. In the original Underground Railroad, a loose network of 'conductors' ushered escaped slaves north to freedom. In contrast to immigrant rights activists and slavery abolitionists, for-profit smugglers have been vilified as violent predators. Nevertheless, surprising similarities in social practices and relationships that underpin such dramatically different cases of migration brokerage point to the contingencies, complexities and ambiguous roles of smugglers. A counterintuitive comparison between the contemporary smuggling route and the historical freedom trail shows how normative imaginaries reshape social boundaries and territorial borders in North America.
{"title":"Underground Railroads and coyote conductors: brokering clandestine passages, then and now","authors":"Noelle K Brigden","doi":"10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021302","url":null,"abstract":"This article juxtaposes the Underground Railroad with contemporary Central American smuggling practices. Activists in the US Sanctuary Movement, seeking to provide safe passage to the USA for Central American refugees, summon the legacy of the Underground Railroad as a normative frame for understanding their mission. In the original Underground Railroad, a loose network of 'conductors' ushered escaped slaves north to freedom. In contrast to immigrant rights activists and slavery abolitionists, for-profit smugglers have been vilified as violent predators. Nevertheless, surprising similarities in social practices and relationships that underpin such dramatically different cases of migration brokerage point to the contingencies, complexities and ambiguous roles of smugglers. A counterintuitive comparison between the contemporary smuggling route and the historical freedom trail shows how normative imaginaries reshape social boundaries and territorial borders in North America.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48532575","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-14DOI: 10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021305
Vasanthi Venkatesh
This paper provides a conceptual intervention through an analysis of the myths surrounding agricultural citizenship and migrant work that underlie the temporary foreign worker program in two settler countries: Canada and Israel. The paper offers a brief insight into the ideologies around farm work that informed the colonisation and dispossession of Indigenous peoples and the expropriation of non-citizen labour. It begins with a historical overview of how agriculture was used as a tool of colonisation even as settlers struggled to cultivate Canadian lands because of the seasonal nature and the persistent lack of labour. From the time of Confederation, agriculture began to be intimately tied with immigration policies culminating in the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) that persists to this day. The paper then expands the analysis to Israel to show how other settler nations have also followed similar ideological and policy trajectories. The paper illustrates how racial capitalism intertwines with settler colonial practices discursively and institutionally through immigration policies.
{"title":"Confronting myths: agricultural citizenship and temporary foreign worker programs","authors":"Vasanthi Venkatesh","doi":"10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021305","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021305","url":null,"abstract":"This paper provides a conceptual intervention through an analysis of the myths surrounding agricultural citizenship and migrant work that underlie the temporary foreign worker program in two settler countries: Canada and Israel. The paper offers a brief insight into the ideologies around farm work that informed the colonisation and dispossession of Indigenous peoples and the expropriation of non-citizen labour. It begins with a historical overview of how agriculture was used as a tool of colonisation even as settlers struggled to cultivate Canadian lands because of the seasonal nature and the persistent lack of labour. From the time of Confederation, agriculture began to be intimately tied with immigration policies culminating in the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP) that persists to this day. The paper then expands the analysis to Israel to show how other settler nations have also followed similar ideological and policy trajectories. The paper illustrates how racial capitalism intertwines with settler colonial practices discursively and institutionally through immigration policies.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43255255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-14DOI: 10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021298
N. Hiemstra
In the last 30 years, the USA has constructed a complex architecture throughout Latin America aimed at stopping migrants in transit before they reach US borders. This article identifies several components critical to this transnational policing. One component is the development of security 'partnerships' with transit countries, through which the USA provides funding, equipment, and training for migrant interdiction. Another component is a vast international expansion of Department of Homeland Security networks aimed at detecting and intercepting the illicit mobility of people and things. A third component entails the significant stretching of US military presence throughout Latin America and the Caribbean through a variety of means. This paper argues that as the USA extends its border policing activities through time and space, it conceals its direct role in migration policing activities that violate human rights and fuel illicit activities, distracts from policy failures, and evades international obligations.
{"title":"Pushing the US-Mexico border south: United States' immigration policing throughout the Americas","authors":"N. Hiemstra","doi":"10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021298","url":null,"abstract":"In the last 30 years, the USA has constructed a complex architecture throughout Latin America aimed at stopping migrants in transit before they reach US borders. This article identifies several components critical to this transnational policing. One component is the development of security 'partnerships' with transit countries, through which the USA provides funding, equipment, and training for migrant interdiction. Another component is a vast international expansion of Department of Homeland Security networks aimed at detecting and intercepting the illicit mobility of people and things. A third component entails the significant stretching of US military presence throughout Latin America and the Caribbean through a variety of means. This paper argues that as the USA extends its border policing activities through time and space, it conceals its direct role in migration policing activities that violate human rights and fuel illicit activities, distracts from policy failures, and evades international obligations.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41474287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-05-14DOI: 10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021304
S. Jackson
This article uses habitus as a tool to unpack the transnational experience of workers who move between Canada and home through the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP). Through disciplining regulations and annual forced exits, the SAWP engenders a particular form of transnationalism that is marked by precarity but also efforts to subversively carve out space at home and abroad. Habitus provides a unifying theory to understand workers' experiences while also locating the SAWP within broader systems of exclusion. This article moves in three parts: first, transnationalism and habitus are examined as tools to explore the experiences of SAWP workers. Then, the SAWP policy context is reviewed. It concludes with an analysis of migrant workers' renegotiations of the boundaries of habitus through subversive acts of citizenship.
{"title":"Seasonal agricultural workers and the habitus of mobile precarity","authors":"S. Jackson","doi":"10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMBS.2019.10021304","url":null,"abstract":"This article uses habitus as a tool to unpack the transnational experience of workers who move between Canada and home through the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program (SAWP). Through disciplining regulations and annual forced exits, the SAWP engenders a particular form of transnationalism that is marked by precarity but also efforts to subversively carve out space at home and abroad. Habitus provides a unifying theory to understand workers' experiences while also locating the SAWP within broader systems of exclusion. This article moves in three parts: first, transnationalism and habitus are examined as tools to explore the experiences of SAWP workers. Then, the SAWP policy context is reviewed. It concludes with an analysis of migrant workers' renegotiations of the boundaries of habitus through subversive acts of citizenship.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48438684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027298
F. Vacchiano
This article examines the asylum seekers' relocation scheme laid down in the framework of the European Agenda on Migration, and its implementation in Portugal – a country that has strongly endorsed the initiative since its inception. Portugal's attitude is certainly commendable when compared to the xenophobic reactions that have occurred in other EU countries. However, the self-promoting narrative of generosity and solidarity reiterated by Portuguese institutions is at odds with the voices of beneficiaries, who recurrently express frustration and criticism. Engaging with their perspective, I show that relocation, beyond the humanitarian rhetoric with which it has been presented in Portugal and elsewhere, is consistent with a broader project of border-making. Drawing inspiration from the scholarship on migration containment, I propose to consider 'emplacement' as a further strategy for producing specific forms of life and subjectivity associated to subaltern citizenship.
{"title":"Camouflaging borders: relocation, neglect and disciplines of emplacement in Portugal","authors":"F. Vacchiano","doi":"10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027298","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027298","url":null,"abstract":"This article examines the asylum seekers' relocation scheme laid down in the framework of the European Agenda on Migration, and its implementation in Portugal – a country that has strongly endorsed the initiative since its inception. Portugal's attitude is certainly commendable when compared to the xenophobic reactions that have occurred in other EU countries. However, the self-promoting narrative of generosity and solidarity reiterated by Portuguese institutions is at odds with the voices of beneficiaries, who recurrently express frustration and criticism. Engaging with their perspective, I show that relocation, beyond the humanitarian rhetoric with which it has been presented in Portugal and elsewhere, is consistent with a broader project of border-making. Drawing inspiration from the scholarship on migration containment, I propose to consider 'emplacement' as a further strategy for producing specific forms of life and subjectivity associated to subaltern citizenship.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66692395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027301
R. Matos, F. Esposito
In recent years, new migration patterns emerged in Europe and border control operations became more complex and broader, resulting in an increasing number of non-nationals detained for migration-related reasons. This paper aims to explore how gender, migration and border control intersect in the lives of women detained for not having authorisation to remain in Portugal. Several visits were made to a detention facility, where ten women detainees were interviewed. Our findings reveal how gender plays a crucial role in women's mobility pathways, and how the lack of a secure migrant status can be used as a control mechanism within the context of gendered relationships. Overall, due attention is paid to the way crossing borders impacts the lives of these women, reinforcing their vulnerabilities, and to the ways in which women deal with and resist the precariousness and violence they are exposed to, seeking a meaning and continuity for their lives.
{"title":"Women's experiences of border crossing: gender, mobility and border control","authors":"R. Matos, F. Esposito","doi":"10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027301","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027301","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, new migration patterns emerged in Europe and border control operations became more complex and broader, resulting in an increasing number of non-nationals detained for migration-related reasons. This paper aims to explore how gender, migration and border control intersect in the lives of women detained for not having authorisation to remain in Portugal. Several visits were made to a detention facility, where ten women detainees were interviewed. Our findings reveal how gender plays a crucial role in women's mobility pathways, and how the lack of a secure migrant status can be used as a control mechanism within the context of gendered relationships. Overall, due attention is paid to the way crossing borders impacts the lives of these women, reinforcing their vulnerabilities, and to the ways in which women deal with and resist the precariousness and violence they are exposed to, seeking a meaning and continuity for their lives.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66692416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027303
Elizabeth Challinor
The production of border-generating categories in social and bureaucratic encounters in northern Portugal is examined in two sites: the organisation and implementation of training activities promoted within the ambit of a local integration plan and bureaucratic encounters with state officials. Examining how the significance of an individual's citizenship status changes according to context, the article addresses particular circumstances where migrants and refugees comply with or contest the imposition of border-generating categories. The analytical limitations of the concept of human agency for researching these processes are elucidated through an alternative focus on the exercise of human freedom. The case material illustrates how self-fashioning strategies, humour and strategic docility all constitute acts of freedom that may too easily pass unobserved when individual responses manifest compliance. These nuances are only accessible by engaging with people's moral subjectivities through participant observation, serving to highlight the importance of ethnography for border studies.
{"title":"When does difference matter Border-generating categories in the lives of foreign nationals in northern Portugal","authors":"Elizabeth Challinor","doi":"10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027303","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027303","url":null,"abstract":"The production of border-generating categories in social and bureaucratic encounters in northern Portugal is examined in two sites: the organisation and implementation of training activities promoted within the ambit of a local integration plan and bureaucratic encounters with state officials. Examining how the significance of an individual's citizenship status changes according to context, the article addresses particular circumstances where migrants and refugees comply with or contest the imposition of border-generating categories. The analytical limitations of the concept of human agency for researching these processes are elucidated through an alternative focus on the exercise of human freedom. The case material illustrates how self-fashioning strategies, humour and strategic docility all constitute acts of freedom that may too easily pass unobserved when individual responses manifest compliance. These nuances are only accessible by engaging with people's moral subjectivities through participant observation, serving to highlight the importance of ethnography for border studies.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66692470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027302
A. Barradas
This paper will analyse the 2013 revision of the Portuguese Asylum Law due to the need to harmonise national law with the European Union (EU) 'Dublin Regulation'. The government1 stated the need to harmonise national law with EU Directives related to the Common European Asylum System and several legal changes took place as a consequence. The non-refoulement principle will be approached, namely, the possibility of sending back asylum seekers to their countries of origin while awaiting a decision on their request for international protection. The fact that the new law broadened detention to more situations will also be considered. Some of the reasons why these changes occurred will be explored within the context of refugee issues and International Human Rights Law.
{"title":"The new Portuguese asylum law in 'fortress Europe'","authors":"A. Barradas","doi":"10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027302","url":null,"abstract":"This paper will analyse the 2013 revision of the Portuguese Asylum Law due to the need to harmonise national law with the European Union (EU) 'Dublin Regulation'. The government1 stated the need to harmonise national law with EU Directives related to the Common European Asylum System and several legal changes took place as a consequence. The non-refoulement principle will be approached, namely, the possibility of sending back asylum seekers to their countries of origin while awaiting a decision on their request for international protection. The fact that the new law broadened detention to more situations will also be considered. Some of the reasons why these changes occurred will be explored within the context of refugee issues and International Human Rights Law.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66692458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027304
Sílvia Gomes
In the context of crime studies that link variables as race, ethnicity, class, and gender, it seems that issues of social inequalities are transversal, in both an attempt to understand the causes of crime and the performance of the criminal and social control institutions. Based on a qualitative study developed in Portugal, it is argued that the pathways to prison of foreign male and female individuals must be understood not only by the objective living conditions, which are a result of various social inequalities along their life trajectories, but as well as by the role that the criminal justice system itself plays, existing revealed dynamics of police corruption and special surveillance in certain social spaces. It is concluded that the objective living conditions and identity intersections co-structure the criminal involvement and imprisonment and that the state through its formal control institution reproduces social inequalities and creates borders of social vulnerability.
{"title":"Pathways to prison: bordering social inequalities through prison and state","authors":"Sílvia Gomes","doi":"10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027304","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027304","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of crime studies that link variables as race, ethnicity, class, and gender, it seems that issues of social inequalities are transversal, in both an attempt to understand the causes of crime and the performance of the criminal and social control institutions. Based on a qualitative study developed in Portugal, it is argued that the pathways to prison of foreign male and female individuals must be understood not only by the objective living conditions, which are a result of various social inequalities along their life trajectories, but as well as by the role that the criminal justice system itself plays, existing revealed dynamics of police corruption and special surveillance in certain social spaces. It is concluded that the objective living conditions and identity intersections co-structure the criminal involvement and imprisonment and that the state through its formal control institution reproduces social inequalities and creates borders of social vulnerability.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66692479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-01-01DOI: 10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027299
Ambra Formenti
In a world where people's increasing mobility coexists with the multiplication of borders, migration for health reasons brings to light the contradiction between humanitarian principles and the tightening of migration policies. In this article, I address contemporary debates on border-making, biopolitics, humanitarianism and migration policies, by focusing on the case of Bissau-Guinean patients who arrive in Portugal under the terms of an international cooperation agreement on health. Drawing on patients' life stories and interviews with health professionals, I explore the ways in which medical bordering devices are exercised on migrants' bodies in hospitals, in order to test the truthfulness of their demands for care and, ultimately, the legitimacy of their stay in Portugal. Finally, I analyse the impact of these practices on the lives of patients and their strategies for dealing with them.
{"title":"Migrant bodies and medical bordering: travelling for health reasons from Guinea-Bissau to Portugal","authors":"Ambra Formenti","doi":"10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027299","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmbs.2019.10027299","url":null,"abstract":"In a world where people's increasing mobility coexists with the multiplication of borders, migration for health reasons brings to light the contradiction between humanitarian principles and the tightening of migration policies. In this article, I address contemporary debates on border-making, biopolitics, humanitarianism and migration policies, by focusing on the case of Bissau-Guinean patients who arrive in Portugal under the terms of an international cooperation agreement on health. Drawing on patients' life stories and interviews with health professionals, I explore the ways in which medical bordering devices are exercised on migrants' bodies in hospitals, in order to test the truthfulness of their demands for care and, ultimately, the legitimacy of their stay in Portugal. Finally, I analyse the impact of these practices on the lives of patients and their strategies for dealing with them.","PeriodicalId":90549,"journal":{"name":"International journal of migration and border studies","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66692406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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