Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00214
M. Qadir, M. Rizvi
Inherited hemoglobinopathies are basically thalassemia syndromes that occur due to decreased or absent formation of normal hemoglobin. Abnormal globin gene in thalassemia describes its type. Patients who have defective alpha globin genes suffer from alpha thalassemia and patients who have defective beta globin genes suffer from beta thalassemia. There are clinical presentations which varied widely in thalassemia patients, the severity range from asymptomatic to severe anemia in which blood transfusions are needed for lifetime and in multiple organ system many complications occur.1 Alpha thalassemia has been prevailed in India, Africa and South East Africa. Beta thalassaemia has been spread in many areas of Middle East, Mediterranean, in Southern China, in South, Central and South East Asia. The carriers of alpha thalassemia are 5% and of beta thalassemia is 1.5% all over the world. Genotypes of alpha and beta thalassaemia are highly prevalent in those regions which are infected with Plasmodium falciparum. This leads to a theory that evolutionary protection mechanism is represented by thalassemia gene mutation. The populations which are at risk to thalassemia are migrating towards non-endemic areas and increasing the rate of thalassemia gene mutations all over the world.2
{"title":"Awareness about thalassemia in post graduate students","authors":"M. Qadir, M. Rizvi","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00214","url":null,"abstract":"Inherited hemoglobinopathies are basically thalassemia syndromes that occur due to decreased or absent formation of normal hemoglobin. Abnormal globin gene in thalassemia describes its type. Patients who have defective alpha globin genes suffer from alpha thalassemia and patients who have defective beta globin genes suffer from beta thalassemia. There are clinical presentations which varied widely in thalassemia patients, the severity range from asymptomatic to severe anemia in which blood transfusions are needed for lifetime and in multiple organ system many complications occur.1 Alpha thalassemia has been prevailed in India, Africa and South East Africa. Beta thalassaemia has been spread in many areas of Middle East, Mediterranean, in Southern China, in South, Central and South East Asia. The carriers of alpha thalassemia are 5% and of beta thalassemia is 1.5% all over the world. Genotypes of alpha and beta thalassaemia are highly prevalent in those regions which are infected with Plasmodium falciparum. This leads to a theory that evolutionary protection mechanism is represented by thalassemia gene mutation. The populations which are at risk to thalassemia are migrating towards non-endemic areas and increasing the rate of thalassemia gene mutations all over the world.2","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43130460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/moji.2018.06.00224
W. Onuigbo, M. Ac, Aghaji
OA, a 35-year-old man was admitted to the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital at Enugu by one of us (MACA). The complaint was that of neck swelling for 1 month with associated difficulty in breathing. Distended superficial veins were noted as well as tracheal deviation. Surgical biopsy was undertaken, while the tissue was submitted to the coauthor (WIBO). The specimen was received as a 1.8x1.2x0.8cm pale firm mass. On microscopy, thyroid tissue was scarcely apparent on account of sheets of small, round, hyperchromatic, tumor cells of the lymphoid series. Neither giant cell formation nor the starry-sky picture was evident. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma was diagnosed firmly Figure 1.
{"title":"Lymphoma of the thyroid gland in a Nigerian","authors":"W. Onuigbo, M. Ac, Aghaji","doi":"10.15406/moji.2018.06.00224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/moji.2018.06.00224","url":null,"abstract":"OA, a 35-year-old man was admitted to the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital at Enugu by one of us (MACA). The complaint was that of neck swelling for 1 month with associated difficulty in breathing. Distended superficial veins were noted as well as tracheal deviation. Surgical biopsy was undertaken, while the tissue was submitted to the coauthor (WIBO). The specimen was received as a 1.8x1.2x0.8cm pale firm mass. On microscopy, thyroid tissue was scarcely apparent on account of sheets of small, round, hyperchromatic, tumor cells of the lymphoid series. Neither giant cell formation nor the starry-sky picture was evident. Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma was diagnosed firmly Figure 1.","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":"2 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44933780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00229
W. Salém, Alanood Alshammari, Fatimah Alshehri
The Botulinum toxin can be considered as a neurotoxin present in nature. It is produced by the Clostridium botulinum Bacteria. Botox is the most commonly known commercial name for the Botulinum toxin.1 It is a strong toxin because as little as 30–100 mg can be theoretically fatal. Ingesting of a few milligrams of such toxin in contaminated food can cause severe illness or even death to humans, animals, and birds.2 Once the toxin reaches the cytoplasm of the nerve cells, the toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine. This stops the nerve signal and paralysis may occur. By the 2002, the FDA accepted the Allergan’s Botox cosmetic for the resolution of momentarily deleting the facial lines. For several years, many physicians also have used Botox “off-label” (without FDA approval) in treating some other medical problems.3 Those injections obviously diminish those seriousness of motor contraction–induced abnormal head position and accompanying with neck pain. Also in 2000, the FDA accepted BoNT/B as a treatment for cervical dystonia in the patients who developed BoNT/A resistance. Since that time, BoNT/A has been accepted for the decrease of the deep glabellar lines in the face. FDA accepted the use of specifications for BoNT/A and BoNT/B. 4 Nowadays, many dentists worldwide are providing the botulinum toxin (Botox) to their patients. The following is a review of the scientific literature about benefit of Botox in Dentistry problems.5
{"title":"The botox in dentistry, a review study","authors":"W. Salém, Alanood Alshammari, Fatimah Alshehri","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00229","url":null,"abstract":"The Botulinum toxin can be considered as a neurotoxin present in nature. It is produced by the Clostridium botulinum Bacteria. Botox is the most commonly known commercial name for the Botulinum toxin.1 It is a strong toxin because as little as 30–100 mg can be theoretically fatal. Ingesting of a few milligrams of such toxin in contaminated food can cause severe illness or even death to humans, animals, and birds.2 Once the toxin reaches the cytoplasm of the nerve cells, the toxin prevents the release of acetylcholine. This stops the nerve signal and paralysis may occur. By the 2002, the FDA accepted the Allergan’s Botox cosmetic for the resolution of momentarily deleting the facial lines. For several years, many physicians also have used Botox “off-label” (without FDA approval) in treating some other medical problems.3 Those injections obviously diminish those seriousness of motor contraction–induced abnormal head position and accompanying with neck pain. Also in 2000, the FDA accepted BoNT/B as a treatment for cervical dystonia in the patients who developed BoNT/A resistance. Since that time, BoNT/A has been accepted for the decrease of the deep glabellar lines in the face. FDA accepted the use of specifications for BoNT/A and BoNT/B. 4 Nowadays, many dentists worldwide are providing the botulinum toxin (Botox) to their patients. The following is a review of the scientific literature about benefit of Botox in Dentistry problems.5","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42678288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00211
A. Carlo, Di Berardino Federica, M. Valentina, D. Manuela, Berardi Carlo
Ménière’s disease (MD) is a chronic illness of the inner ear with an incidence, in Europe about 50-200/100.000 a year [1]. It is characterised by intermittent episodes of vertigo lasting from minutes to hours, with sensor neural, usually fluctuating, hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural pressure. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical course and MD is usually considered as a multifactorial disease, thus there are not yet evidences for a specific treatment [2,3]. The inner ear comprehends hearing and balance sensory organs it is deeply embedded into the petro us part of the temporal bone, its blood supply is provided through the labyrinthine artery, a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (>85% cases) or basilar artery (<15% cases), its drainage is formed by the labyrinthine veins that flow, via the inferior petro us sinus, into the Internal Jugular Veins (IJVs) [4]. The luminal compartment of the inner ear, known as the endolymphatic space, is separated by the abluminal compartment, the perilymphatic space, through highly specialized epithelial cells with tight junctions. The fluid volume within the bony labyrinth remains constant. Changes in the volumes of the endolymphatic and perilymphatic compartments are responses to osmotic gradients between the compartments themselves [5]. MD is characterized by impairment of this balance between the compartments causing the so called Endolymphatic Hydrops (EH), usually considered the pathogenesis of MD. The EH associated with Ménière’s disease has been correlated to many etiological factors able to alter the endolymphatic homeostasis, such as abnormalities in end lymph production or absorption [6], cervico-cephalic venous drainage impairment [7-9] genetic anomalies, allergies [10], viral infections [11] and autoimmunity or inflammatory processes [12]. It has been suggested that certain cases of MD may have an altered immunological background, which may be attributable to an autoimmune mechanism that depends on humoral and/or cellular responses leading to an altered blood-labyrinth barrier [13]. The underlying mechanism of EH is still debated, with some researches in favour of a purely hydraulic mechanism and others hypothesizing a control mechanism of ionic balance. Hydraulic hypothesis supports ES surgical treatment while Control hypothesis a pharmachologic and dietary approach.
{"title":"The putative role of brain lymphatic system in ménière disease pathogenesis","authors":"A. Carlo, Di Berardino Federica, M. Valentina, D. Manuela, Berardi Carlo","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00211","url":null,"abstract":"Ménière’s disease (MD) is a chronic illness of the inner ear with an incidence, in Europe about 50-200/100.000 a year [1]. It is characterised by intermittent episodes of vertigo lasting from minutes to hours, with sensor neural, usually fluctuating, hearing loss, tinnitus, and aural pressure. Diagnosis is mainly based on clinical course and MD is usually considered as a multifactorial disease, thus there are not yet evidences for a specific treatment [2,3]. The inner ear comprehends hearing and balance sensory organs it is deeply embedded into the petro us part of the temporal bone, its blood supply is provided through the labyrinthine artery, a branch of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (>85% cases) or basilar artery (<15% cases), its drainage is formed by the labyrinthine veins that flow, via the inferior petro us sinus, into the Internal Jugular Veins (IJVs) [4]. The luminal compartment of the inner ear, known as the endolymphatic space, is separated by the abluminal compartment, the perilymphatic space, through highly specialized epithelial cells with tight junctions. The fluid volume within the bony labyrinth remains constant. Changes in the volumes of the endolymphatic and perilymphatic compartments are responses to osmotic gradients between the compartments themselves [5]. MD is characterized by impairment of this balance between the compartments causing the so called Endolymphatic Hydrops (EH), usually considered the pathogenesis of MD. The EH associated with Ménière’s disease has been correlated to many etiological factors able to alter the endolymphatic homeostasis, such as abnormalities in end lymph production or absorption [6], cervico-cephalic venous drainage impairment [7-9] genetic anomalies, allergies [10], viral infections [11] and autoimmunity or inflammatory processes [12]. It has been suggested that certain cases of MD may have an altered immunological background, which may be attributable to an autoimmune mechanism that depends on humoral and/or cellular responses leading to an altered blood-labyrinth barrier [13]. The underlying mechanism of EH is still debated, with some researches in favour of a purely hydraulic mechanism and others hypothesizing a control mechanism of ionic balance. Hydraulic hypothesis supports ES surgical treatment while Control hypothesis a pharmachologic and dietary approach.","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44175530","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/moji.2018.06.00222
P. Lissoni, A. Bastone, Sonia Pensato, G. Messina, F. Rovelli
According to the recent advances in the psychoneuroendocrinoimmune (PNEI) regulation of the human biology,1 the old age has appeared to be a reversible phenomenon by acting on the same mechanisms responsible for age-related progressive decline in the biological functions.2 At present, it is known that the old age is mainly characterized by a progressive decline in the regulation of the biological rhythms, an enhanced free-radical production and a progressive increase in fibrosis processes involving the different organs of the human body, mainly the vascular system.3 Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain age-related processes, including a reduced telomere length, and free radical-induced DNA damage. Moreover, it has to be remarked that one of the most important regulator of the biological life is represented by the immune system, since it has been demonstrated that it is involved not only in host defences, but also in the control of several biological functions, including the endocrine secretions and the cardiovascular function.4 Therefore, the progressive decline in the immune functionless, mainly in its capacity of balance between stimulatory and immunosuppressive events, could play an essential role in aging processes.5 In addition, since the pineal gland plays an essential role in the regulation of the biological rhythms and free-radical production,6 age-related processes would mainly depend on the functionless of the pineal gland, whose most investigated hormone is the in dole hormone melatonin (MLT).7 MLT secretion has been proven to be characterized by a well defined light/dark circadian rhythm, with low levels during the light phase of the day and highest concentrations during the night period of the day.8
{"title":"A study of individual behaviour in age-related decline in the pineal secretion of melatonin: possible implications in the prevention of age-related human diseases","authors":"P. Lissoni, A. Bastone, Sonia Pensato, G. Messina, F. Rovelli","doi":"10.15406/moji.2018.06.00222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/moji.2018.06.00222","url":null,"abstract":"According to the recent advances in the psychoneuroendocrinoimmune (PNEI) regulation of the human biology,1 the old age has appeared to be a reversible phenomenon by acting on the same mechanisms responsible for age-related progressive decline in the biological functions.2 At present, it is known that the old age is mainly characterized by a progressive decline in the regulation of the biological rhythms, an enhanced free-radical production and a progressive increase in fibrosis processes involving the different organs of the human body, mainly the vascular system.3 Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain age-related processes, including a reduced telomere length, and free radical-induced DNA damage. Moreover, it has to be remarked that one of the most important regulator of the biological life is represented by the immune system, since it has been demonstrated that it is involved not only in host defences, but also in the control of several biological functions, including the endocrine secretions and the cardiovascular function.4 Therefore, the progressive decline in the immune functionless, mainly in its capacity of balance between stimulatory and immunosuppressive events, could play an essential role in aging processes.5 In addition, since the pineal gland plays an essential role in the regulation of the biological rhythms and free-radical production,6 age-related processes would mainly depend on the functionless of the pineal gland, whose most investigated hormone is the in dole hormone melatonin (MLT).7 MLT secretion has been proven to be characterized by a well defined light/dark circadian rhythm, with low levels during the light phase of the day and highest concentrations during the night period of the day.8","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45836014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00212
Dhaulakh, S. Krishnan
{"title":"Are lymphomas result of aberrant epigenentic regulation of immune system? molecular insights and therapeutic prospects","authors":"Dhaulakh, S. Krishnan","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":"280 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67085295","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00227
M. Qadir, R. Hussain
Pulmonary Tuberculosis is the most prevalent infectious disease of human beings, which causes illness and large number of deaths worldwide. This contagious disease is mainly caused by the bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). M. tuberculosis primarily affects the lungs, but it can also influence the central nervous system, lymphatic and circulatory system.1 The diagnosis process of active contagious TB mainly involves radiology techniques such as chest X-rays but also includes microscopic examination and microbiological culture of body fluids like multiple sputum cultures. Basically PTB is of two types one type of PTB is latent TB where the bacteria present in the body remain inactive and produce no symptoms and other one is active PTB during which infection occur. The diagnosis of latent PTB depends on the Mantoux tuberculin skin test and Interferon gamma release assays of the blood samples.2 Prevention of TB mainly includes screening programs and vaccination such as Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine.3 In spite of the availability of treatment that cure in about 90 percent of cases, TB is main health problem. M. tuberculosis affects one third population of the world with new infections occurring in about 1 per cent of the population each year. It is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There were an estimated 13.7 million chronic active cases globally in 2007, hile 8.8 million new cases and 1.5 million associated deaths were reported in 2010, mostly occurring in developing countries.4 In 2011, TB was the foremost death causing infectious disease worldwide after HIV and liable for 1.7 million deaths.5 Although 80 percent of the population of Asian and African countries showed positive tuberculin tests, only 5-10 percent people of United States are diagnosed positive with this test. This shows heterogeneous distribution of tuberculosis across the globe.6 The data released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in November 2010 shows continuous fall in number of new cases of TB globally in five out of six WHO regions. According to latest reports of WHO, 8.6 million people were suffering from TB in 2012 and 3 million of them were not diagnosed and thus not treated. In 2013, about 9 million people were infected with TB and about 1.5 million deaths occurred. In 2016 there are about 1.7 million people died of pulmonary tuberculosis and it is considered as the ninth major cause of death in the world. The basic purpose of this study was to access the awareness of post graduate students about pulmonary tuberculosis. Material and methods
{"title":"Awareness about pulmonary tuberculosis in post graduate students of Institute of molecular biology & biotechnology Pakistan","authors":"M. Qadir, R. Hussain","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00227","url":null,"abstract":"Pulmonary Tuberculosis is the most prevalent infectious disease of human beings, which causes illness and large number of deaths worldwide. This contagious disease is mainly caused by the bacterium known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). M. tuberculosis primarily affects the lungs, but it can also influence the central nervous system, lymphatic and circulatory system.1 The diagnosis process of active contagious TB mainly involves radiology techniques such as chest X-rays but also includes microscopic examination and microbiological culture of body fluids like multiple sputum cultures. Basically PTB is of two types one type of PTB is latent TB where the bacteria present in the body remain inactive and produce no symptoms and other one is active PTB during which infection occur. The diagnosis of latent PTB depends on the Mantoux tuberculin skin test and Interferon gamma release assays of the blood samples.2 Prevention of TB mainly includes screening programs and vaccination such as Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine.3 In spite of the availability of treatment that cure in about 90 percent of cases, TB is main health problem. M. tuberculosis affects one third population of the world with new infections occurring in about 1 per cent of the population each year. It is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease worldwide after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). There were an estimated 13.7 million chronic active cases globally in 2007, hile 8.8 million new cases and 1.5 million associated deaths were reported in 2010, mostly occurring in developing countries.4 In 2011, TB was the foremost death causing infectious disease worldwide after HIV and liable for 1.7 million deaths.5 Although 80 percent of the population of Asian and African countries showed positive tuberculin tests, only 5-10 percent people of United States are diagnosed positive with this test. This shows heterogeneous distribution of tuberculosis across the globe.6 The data released by the World Health Organization (WHO) in November 2010 shows continuous fall in number of new cases of TB globally in five out of six WHO regions. According to latest reports of WHO, 8.6 million people were suffering from TB in 2012 and 3 million of them were not diagnosed and thus not treated. In 2013, about 9 million people were infected with TB and about 1.5 million deaths occurred. In 2016 there are about 1.7 million people died of pulmonary tuberculosis and it is considered as the ninth major cause of death in the world. The basic purpose of this study was to access the awareness of post graduate students about pulmonary tuberculosis. Material and methods","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47573735","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-16DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00228
P. Lissoni, F. Messina, VezikaCenay, A. Lissoni, Fern, O. Brivio, G. Fede
It is known since more than 30 years that the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) may stimulate breast cancer development and growth in experimental conditions.1 In contrast, despite the fact that PRL is one of the first identified endogenous factor involved in the stimulation of mammary tumors, as well as despite the evidence that cancerrelated hyper-prolactinemia has been proven to be associated with a poor prognosis,2‒4 very few clinical studies have been performed in an attempt to investigate the possible prognostic significance of PRL secretion in human breast cancer and the influence of the inhibition of PRL secretion on the clinical course of breast tumors, and in particular no clinical study of PRL secretion in breast cancer has been carried during the last 20 years. This evidence would be the consequence of the fact that almost all oncological studies performed in the last 20 years have been substantially limited to the investigation of the only biological and genetic characteristics of the different breast cancer sub-types rather than to concomitantly evaluate the biological response of patients, including their endocrinological and immune status, even though preliminary clinical studies had already suggested that the association of anti-prolactinemic agents, such as bromocriptine and cabergoline, may improve the efficacy of the commonly used oncological therapies for the metastatic breast cancer.5 In any case, it has to be remarked that the relation between PRL and human breast cancer is very complex, and controversial results have been reported in the literature, particularly in the biologically more aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which represents about 20% of human mammary tumors, since either a stimulatory6 or an inhibitory effect7 has been reported. TNBC is defined as a breast tumor lacking the expression of ER, PgR and epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2). Particularly controversial are the results concerning the physiopathological and prognostic significance of the expression of PRL-receptor (PRL-R) in breastcancer. In mammary carcinomas other than TNBC, PRL-R expression is generally associated with a less malignancy and a better prognosis,8 whereas its significance in TNBC has still to be better defined, even though preliminary results would suggest that the evidence of PRL-R expression would prevent the onset of TNBC and would be associated with a more favourable prognosis.7 In any case, the detection of PRL-R expression could allow a novel sub-classifier of TNBC, consisting of TNBC with positivity for PRL-R expression and TNBC without PRL-R expression, which could constitute quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC) sub-type, being negative also for PRL-R. Preliminary studies would show that PRL-R expressionis down regulated in TNBC.7 PRL antagonists have been proven to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation by inducing the apoptosis,9 whereas no efficacyhas been referred with PRL-R antagonists.7 Because of the con
{"title":"Possible influence of prolactin secretion on the survival time in untreatable metastatic triple negative breast cancer patients","authors":"P. Lissoni, F. Messina, VezikaCenay, A. Lissoni, Fern, O. Brivio, G. Fede","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00228","url":null,"abstract":"It is known since more than 30 years that the pituitary hormone prolactin (PRL) may stimulate breast cancer development and growth in experimental conditions.1 In contrast, despite the fact that PRL is one of the first identified endogenous factor involved in the stimulation of mammary tumors, as well as despite the evidence that cancerrelated hyper-prolactinemia has been proven to be associated with a poor prognosis,2‒4 very few clinical studies have been performed in an attempt to investigate the possible prognostic significance of PRL secretion in human breast cancer and the influence of the inhibition of PRL secretion on the clinical course of breast tumors, and in particular no clinical study of PRL secretion in breast cancer has been carried during the last 20 years. This evidence would be the consequence of the fact that almost all oncological studies performed in the last 20 years have been substantially limited to the investigation of the only biological and genetic characteristics of the different breast cancer sub-types rather than to concomitantly evaluate the biological response of patients, including their endocrinological and immune status, even though preliminary clinical studies had already suggested that the association of anti-prolactinemic agents, such as bromocriptine and cabergoline, may improve the efficacy of the commonly used oncological therapies for the metastatic breast cancer.5 In any case, it has to be remarked that the relation between PRL and human breast cancer is very complex, and controversial results have been reported in the literature, particularly in the biologically more aggressive triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), which represents about 20% of human mammary tumors, since either a stimulatory6 or an inhibitory effect7 has been reported. TNBC is defined as a breast tumor lacking the expression of ER, PgR and epidermal growth factor-2 (HER2). Particularly controversial are the results concerning the physiopathological and prognostic significance of the expression of PRL-receptor (PRL-R) in breastcancer. In mammary carcinomas other than TNBC, PRL-R expression is generally associated with a less malignancy and a better prognosis,8 whereas its significance in TNBC has still to be better defined, even though preliminary results would suggest that the evidence of PRL-R expression would prevent the onset of TNBC and would be associated with a more favourable prognosis.7 In any case, the detection of PRL-R expression could allow a novel sub-classifier of TNBC, consisting of TNBC with positivity for PRL-R expression and TNBC without PRL-R expression, which could constitute quadruple negative breast cancer (QNBC) sub-type, being negative also for PRL-R. Preliminary studies would show that PRL-R expressionis down regulated in TNBC.7 PRL antagonists have been proven to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation by inducing the apoptosis,9 whereas no efficacyhas been referred with PRL-R antagonists.7 Because of the con","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67085390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-15DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00210
Judith Rukweza
{"title":"Effectiveness of screening and treatment for asymptomatic bacteriuria in reducing preterm birth: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials","authors":"Judith Rukweza","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00210","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48877617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-11-14DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2018.06.00209
E. Gonullu
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