Pub Date : 2017-10-13DOI: 10.15406/moji.2017.05.00180
M. Kolou, A. Bigot, K. Kakpovi, Amivi Amenyah-Ehlan, M. Salou, M. Mijiyawa, M. Prince-david
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatism with an autoimmune component and destruction of synovial joints, leading to severe disability and premature mortality [1]. It is the most common chronic inflammatory rheumatism in the world with a prevalence of 0.5 to 1% [2]. For a long time, it was assumed that RA was rare in black Africa, but more recently, studies and systematic reviews of the literature have shown that this disease is not uncommon. According to these recent studies, the prevalence of RA in Africa is about 0.1 to 0.6% [3-5].
{"title":"Access to Immunological Markers for the Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis in Togo with Regard to 2010 ACR/EULAR Classification","authors":"M. Kolou, A. Bigot, K. Kakpovi, Amivi Amenyah-Ehlan, M. Salou, M. Mijiyawa, M. Prince-david","doi":"10.15406/moji.2017.05.00180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/moji.2017.05.00180","url":null,"abstract":"Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory rheumatism with an autoimmune component and destruction of synovial joints, leading to severe disability and premature mortality [1]. It is the most common chronic inflammatory rheumatism in the world with a prevalence of 0.5 to 1% [2]. For a long time, it was assumed that RA was rare in black Africa, but more recently, studies and systematic reviews of the literature have shown that this disease is not uncommon. According to these recent studies, the prevalence of RA in Africa is about 0.1 to 0.6% [3-5].","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47170515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-18DOI: 10.15406/moji.2017.05.00179
J. Alsukhon, A. Elisa, G. Koon, A. Leonov
A two-month-old male with past medical history of recurrent diarrhea and failure to thrive presented with persistent cough, tachypnea and high inflammatory markers despite antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. One week earlier our patient was diagnosed with bilateral pneumonia based on same symptoms as well as chest x-ray findings, and was started on Amoxicillin 80mg/kg/day. There was no fever. Patient was born full-term via scheduled cesarean section, with no complications noted during pregnancy or delivery. Since birth, patient experienced a decrease in weight for age percentiles and watery diarrhea. He went through multiple types of formula and following positive stool lactoferrin, he was switched to a partially hydrolyzed formula. His diarrhea improved suggesting the patient had a food protein allergy. Otherwise, patient’s family and social history were non-contributory. On exam, patient was a febrile, showed no significant distress, mild nasal congestion with occasional cough and mild intercostals retractions. The chest auscultation was normal. There were no rashes. Remainder of the physical exam was unremarkable. Laboratory results included the following (reference ranges provided parenthetically): Hemoglobin of 9 gm/dl (9.0-15.0), WBC of 23.4 (5.0-19.5 X 10(9)/L), platelets of 919 (140-440 X10(9)/L), C-reactive protein of 33.4 mg/L (<6.0), erythrocyte sedimentation rate of >130 mm/hr (0-2). Procalcitonin, lactic acid, electrolyte panel, liver enzymes and the rest of the complete blood count (CBC) were unremarkable. A respiratory viral panel was negative. Sweat chloride test was also performed and found to be negative. Aspiration and tracheoesophageal fistula were deemed unlikely after evaluation with swallow study and upper gastrointestinal series with barium that showed lack of aspiration and normal anatomy with contrast staying within the gastrointestinal tract. Patient was started on azithromycin to cover atypical bacteria. Pulmonary infiltrates, tachypnea, high inflammatory markers and thrombocytosis persisted despite antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. Allergy/immunology, infectious disease, hematology and gastrointestinal consults were done. Primary thrombocytosis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) were excluded by hematology team. From infectious disease, extreme thrombocytosis and leukocytosis was not related to the atypical pneumonia and the underlying cause was unclear. Given the history of possible food protein allergy, ongoing GI inflammation was suspected despite clinical improvement in diarrhea, and this was confirmed by repeating fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin that remained elevated on the partially hydrolyzed formula. With indication of inadequate control of food protein allergy, Heiner’s syndrome was suspected and patient was switched to an amino acid-based formula during this hospital admission. Cow’s milk IgG4 was found to be elevated to 10.20 mcg/mL (normal range; <0.15 mcg/mL). Cow’s milk IgE was normal (no
一名两个月大的男性，既往有复发性腹泻和发育不良病史，尽管对肺炎进行了抗生素治疗，但仍表现出持续咳嗽、呼吸急促和高炎症标志物。一周前，根据相同的症状和胸部x光检查结果，我们的患者被诊断为双侧肺炎，并开始服用阿莫西林80mg/kg/天。没有发烧。患者是通过预定的剖宫产足月出生的，在怀孕或分娩期间没有发现并发症。自出生以来，患者经历了年龄百分位数的体重下降和水样腹泻。他研究了多种配方奶粉，在粪便乳铁蛋白呈阳性后，他改用部分水解配方奶粉。他的腹泻情况有所好转，表明患者对食物蛋白质过敏。除此之外，患者的家庭和社会史也不起作用。检查时，患者发热，无明显痛苦，轻度鼻塞，偶尔咳嗽，轻微肋间退缩。胸部听诊正常。没有皮疹。剩下的体检并不起眼。实验室结果包括以下（随附提供参考范围）：血红蛋白9 gm/dl（9.0-15.0），白细胞23.4（5.0-19.5 X 10（9）/L），血小板919（140-440 X10（9）g/L），C反应蛋白33.4 mg/L（130 mm/hr（0-2））。降钙素原、乳酸、电解质板、肝酶和其余全血细胞计数（CBC）均不显著。呼吸道病毒检测结果为阴性。还进行了汗液氯化物测试，结果为阴性。在通过吞咽研究和上消化道系列钡剂评估后，认为不太可能出现抽吸和气管食管瘘，钡剂显示缺乏抽吸，解剖结构正常，造影剂留在胃肠道内。患者开始服用阿奇霉素以覆盖非典型细菌。尽管对肺炎进行了抗生素治疗，但肺部浸润、呼吸急促、高炎症标志物和血小板增多仍然存在。进行了过敏/免疫学、传染病、血液学和胃肠道咨询。血液学小组排除了原发性血小板增多症和噬血细胞性淋巴组织细胞增多症。从传染病来看，极端的血小板增多和白细胞增多与非典型肺炎无关，其根本原因尚不清楚。考虑到可能的食物蛋白过敏史，尽管腹泻的临床症状有所改善，但仍怀疑存在持续的胃肠道炎症，这一点通过重复使用部分水解配方奶粉中仍升高的粪便乳铁蛋白和钙卫蛋白得到了证实。有迹象表明，对食物蛋白过敏的控制不足，怀疑是海纳综合征，患者在入院期间改用氨基酸配方奶粉。发现牛奶IgG4升高至10.20 mcg/mL（正常范围；<0.15 mcg/mL）。牛奶IgE正常（正常范围；<0.35 kU/L）。只有在改用氨基酸配方奶粉后，炎症和呼吸系统状况才有所改善，这表明肺部含铁血黄素沉着症和牛奶过敏引起的肠病。出院后20天，WBC、PLT、ESR和CRP值恢复正常。在医院外做的胸部x光检查显示病情逐渐好转。
{"title":"Food-Induced Pulmonary Hemosiderosis","authors":"J. Alsukhon, A. Elisa, G. Koon, A. Leonov","doi":"10.15406/moji.2017.05.00179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/moji.2017.05.00179","url":null,"abstract":"A two-month-old male with past medical history of recurrent diarrhea and failure to thrive presented with persistent cough, tachypnea and high inflammatory markers despite antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. One week earlier our patient was diagnosed with bilateral pneumonia based on same symptoms as well as chest x-ray findings, and was started on Amoxicillin 80mg/kg/day. There was no fever. Patient was born full-term via scheduled cesarean section, with no complications noted during pregnancy or delivery. Since birth, patient experienced a decrease in weight for age percentiles and watery diarrhea. He went through multiple types of formula and following positive stool lactoferrin, he was switched to a partially hydrolyzed formula. His diarrhea improved suggesting the patient had a food protein allergy. Otherwise, patient’s family and social history were non-contributory. On exam, patient was a febrile, showed no significant distress, mild nasal congestion with occasional cough and mild intercostals retractions. The chest auscultation was normal. There were no rashes. Remainder of the physical exam was unremarkable. Laboratory results included the following (reference ranges provided parenthetically): Hemoglobin of 9 gm/dl (9.0-15.0), WBC of 23.4 (5.0-19.5 X 10(9)/L), platelets of 919 (140-440 X10(9)/L), C-reactive protein of 33.4 mg/L (<6.0), erythrocyte sedimentation rate of >130 mm/hr (0-2). Procalcitonin, lactic acid, electrolyte panel, liver enzymes and the rest of the complete blood count (CBC) were unremarkable. A respiratory viral panel was negative. Sweat chloride test was also performed and found to be negative. Aspiration and tracheoesophageal fistula were deemed unlikely after evaluation with swallow study and upper gastrointestinal series with barium that showed lack of aspiration and normal anatomy with contrast staying within the gastrointestinal tract. Patient was started on azithromycin to cover atypical bacteria. Pulmonary infiltrates, tachypnea, high inflammatory markers and thrombocytosis persisted despite antibiotic treatment for pneumonia. Allergy/immunology, infectious disease, hematology and gastrointestinal consults were done. Primary thrombocytosis and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) were excluded by hematology team. From infectious disease, extreme thrombocytosis and leukocytosis was not related to the atypical pneumonia and the underlying cause was unclear. Given the history of possible food protein allergy, ongoing GI inflammation was suspected despite clinical improvement in diarrhea, and this was confirmed by repeating fecal lactoferrin and calprotectin that remained elevated on the partially hydrolyzed formula. With indication of inadequate control of food protein allergy, Heiner’s syndrome was suspected and patient was switched to an amino acid-based formula during this hospital admission. Cow’s milk IgG4 was found to be elevated to 10.20 mcg/mL (normal range; <0.15 mcg/mL). Cow’s milk IgE was normal (no","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42768822","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-28DOI: 10.15406/moji.2017.05.00178
Ö. Özdemir
Mast cells are multifunctional cells and they can also have a role as effector factors of the human innate and adaptive immune system. While a number of researchers still assume Mast cells to be augmenters of tumor growth, particularly via their effects on neoplastic angiogenesis; growing clinical and laboratory information also signify that Mast Cells could hamper tumor development. This inhibitory or promoting effect of Mast cells on tumor expansion seems to be depending on numerous relations among Mast cell, tumor cell type and the tumor stroma. Further in vitro and in vivo researches are required to elucidate more the interactions among Mast cells, tumor tissue and other inflammatory cells.
{"title":"Mast Cells and their Role in Inflammatory and Tumor Tissues","authors":"Ö. Özdemir","doi":"10.15406/moji.2017.05.00178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/moji.2017.05.00178","url":null,"abstract":"Mast cells are multifunctional cells and they can also have a role as effector factors of the human innate and adaptive immune system. While a number of researchers still assume Mast cells to be augmenters of tumor growth, particularly via their effects on neoplastic angiogenesis; growing clinical and laboratory information also signify that Mast Cells could hamper tumor development. This inhibitory or promoting effect of Mast cells on tumor expansion seems to be depending on numerous relations among Mast cell, tumor cell type and the tumor stroma. Further in vitro and in vivo researches are required to elucidate more the interactions among Mast cells, tumor tissue and other inflammatory cells.","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":"1-4"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49503677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-08-24DOI: 10.15406/moji.2017.05.00177
Kadour Ghanemi, Shuangsheng Yan
Over the last era, the biopharmaceutical innovation has played an active role in health care and human life quality improvement. The contribution of new bio drugs in enhancing the population’s health and providing welfare for the population in a sort that has never been seen before. However, despite all the benefits it has achieved, biopharmaceutical innovation does not escape from the bioethical challenge and rational guidelines that should adhere to its research process. Previously, the biopharmaceutical innovation was not deeply within the ethical debates Nevertheless, this character of thoughts has changed when the ethical standards awareness of the public and the health professionals have increased.
{"title":"Biopharmaceutical Innovation Responsibility and Ethical Use of Placebo","authors":"Kadour Ghanemi, Shuangsheng Yan","doi":"10.15406/moji.2017.05.00177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/moji.2017.05.00177","url":null,"abstract":"Over the last era, the biopharmaceutical innovation has played an active role in health care and human life quality improvement. The contribution of new bio drugs in enhancing the population’s health and providing welfare for the population in a sort that has never been seen before. However, despite all the benefits it has achieved, biopharmaceutical innovation does not escape from the bioethical challenge and rational guidelines that should adhere to its research process. Previously, the biopharmaceutical innovation was not deeply within the ethical debates Nevertheless, this character of thoughts has changed when the ethical standards awareness of the public and the health professionals have increased.","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":"5 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-08-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42750170","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-14DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00175
Rodríguez Alvarez Ligia Aurora, Zabala Galet Mayerling, Tocuyo Janine del Valle, Pellizzeri Sanchez Aura Estela
Methods: A descriptive, exploratory and non-experimental study was carried out considering all the children of allergic mothers. Five (5) ml of blood was drawn from the subject’s umbilical cord with a sterile injector; then three (3) ml of serum was collected by centrifugation. Three (3) ml of blood was also extracted from the mother to process the levels of Immunoglobulin E. Measurements of Interleukin 4 (Pg/ml) and Immunoglobulin E (IU) was performed by the Indirect Elisa Technique. To evaluate levels of Interleukin 4, detectable and non-detectable categories were used; the referential value was 0,2 Pg/ml. Values lower than 0,2 were considered no detectable and values higher than 0,2 Pg/ml were considered detectable. A 50-200 IU referential value was considered to evaluate Immunoglobulin E levels in mothers; as for the newborns values higher than 10 IU and lower than 10 UT were used as referential values for Immunoglobulin E. The patients were followed-up of in the first three months of postnatal life.
{"title":"Levels of Interleukin 4 and Immunoglobulin E in Umbilical Cord Blood from Children Born to Allergic Mothers","authors":"Rodríguez Alvarez Ligia Aurora, Zabala Galet Mayerling, Tocuyo Janine del Valle, Pellizzeri Sanchez Aura Estela","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00175","url":null,"abstract":"Methods: A descriptive, exploratory and non-experimental study was carried out considering all the children of allergic mothers. Five (5) ml of blood was drawn from the subject’s umbilical cord with a sterile injector; then three (3) ml of serum was collected by centrifugation. Three (3) ml of blood was also extracted from the mother to process the levels of Immunoglobulin E. Measurements of Interleukin 4 (Pg/ml) and Immunoglobulin E (IU) was performed by the Indirect Elisa Technique. To evaluate levels of Interleukin 4, detectable and non-detectable categories were used; the referential value was 0,2 Pg/ml. Values lower than 0,2 were considered no detectable and values higher than 0,2 Pg/ml were considered detectable. A 50-200 IU referential value was considered to evaluate Immunoglobulin E levels in mothers; as for the newborns values higher than 10 IU and lower than 10 UT were used as referential values for Immunoglobulin E. The patients were followed-up of in the first three months of postnatal life.","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42673455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-12DOI: 10.15406/moji.2017.05.00174
K. Rosenthal
The classical analogy for the immune system is of a military response to invasion. This is appropriate for explaining the complexities of the system’s response to infectious challenges but does not deal with the normal, routine, status quo functions of the system, as would occur during peacetime. As with the military, understanding the function of the immune response and its components requires an understanding of their responses and roles in maintenance of normal, status quo, everyday situations of the body and their ability to react to sporadic challenges. What follows is not meant to be a detailed or referenced review but more of an opinion to be shared with others besides my own students. Like a city, the body is constantly creating cellular and molecular garbage.
{"title":"Dealing with Garbage is the Immune System’s Main Job","authors":"K. Rosenthal","doi":"10.15406/moji.2017.05.00174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/moji.2017.05.00174","url":null,"abstract":"The classical analogy for the immune system is of a military response to invasion. This is appropriate for explaining the complexities of the system’s response to infectious challenges but does not deal with the normal, routine, status quo functions of the system, as would occur during peacetime. As with the military, understanding the function of the immune response and its components requires an understanding of their responses and roles in maintenance of normal, status quo, everyday situations of the body and their ability to react to sporadic challenges. What follows is not meant to be a detailed or referenced review but more of an opinion to be shared with others besides my own students. Like a city, the body is constantly creating cellular and molecular garbage.","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":"215 ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41272795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-06DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00173
F. Nojoomi, M. Vafaei, F. Bagheri, Zohreh Zamanian
Materials and methods: Five C. glabrata isolates were collected from patients with candidal vulvovaginitis referred to clinic. The antibiotic susceptibility test of isolates for fluconazole was performed according to the CLSI M38-A2 standard protocol. A 64μg/ml aspirin and 500ug/ml and likewise 64μg/ml fluconazole were used for the MIC detection test. The RNA of isolates was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Synthesis of cDNA was conducted with the 1621K kit (Fermentase).. The RT-PCR reaction was set up for ERG3, ERG6 and ERG11 genes and the housekeeping gene Beta-actin (β-actin) was amplified as internal control.
{"title":"Evaluation of Aspirin Effect on Candida Glabrata Isolates with Resistance to Azole Compounds by Real-Time PCR","authors":"F. Nojoomi, M. Vafaei, F. Bagheri, Zohreh Zamanian","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00173","url":null,"abstract":"Materials and methods: Five C. glabrata isolates were collected from patients with candidal vulvovaginitis referred to clinic. The antibiotic susceptibility test of isolates for fluconazole was performed according to the CLSI M38-A2 standard protocol. A 64μg/ml aspirin and 500ug/ml and likewise 64μg/ml fluconazole were used for the MIC detection test. The RNA of isolates was prepared according to the manufacturer’s instruction. Synthesis of cDNA was conducted with the 1621K kit (Fermentase).. The RT-PCR reaction was set up for ERG3, ERG6 and ERG11 genes and the housekeeping gene Beta-actin (β-actin) was amplified as internal control.","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47614592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-07-05DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00172
A. Ghasemian, F. Nojoomi, H. R. Vardanjani
{"title":"The Status of Schistosomiasis Disease among Coastal Countries of Persian Gulf in the Middle East","authors":"A. Ghasemian, F. Nojoomi, H. R. Vardanjani","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00172","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46841166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-22DOI: 10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00171
R. Ghaderi
Tuberculosis is an important disease in the world especially in developing and undeveloped regions and PPD test is the standard test for diagnosis of this infectious disease [1-3]. BCG vaccination has proven to be the most effective technique for controlling tuberculosis in the world especially in developing countries [1]. The BCG vaccination is the most extensively used immunization worldwide, nevertheless it can effect in the correct interpretation of the PPD test [3]. The rates of positive Tuberculin Test responses and BCG scar after BCG vaccination vary between surveys and different regions in the world [2-13]. PPD test after vaccination can evaluate the immunogenic activity and protective efficacy of the, BCG immunization at birth is common in China. In a multi-site prospective cohort study, the immunological reactivity against BCG is evaluated in four prefectural cities in China [1]. According to their results, not only the BCG vaccination among newborn infants in China causes satisfactory immune response, but also BCG scars provide a useful marker of immunization response in Chinese infants. BCG scarring and PPD reactivity possibly linked to better child survival in low-income countries. Therefore, in a study, determinants for Tuberculin test reaction and scarring was investigated in Guinea-Bissau [2]. In the multivariable analyses of BCG-vaccinated children evaluated at 6 months of age, monitoring of vaccination technique and type of BCG vaccine were important. It is concluded that vaccination technique and BCG strain are important for Tuberculin test reaction and scarring in response to BCG vaccination. Considering that these responses are associated with better infant survival, the importance of monitoring vaccination technique and of different BCG strains must be assessed with regard to infant mortality. PPD reactivity and BCG scarring have been argued as valid markers of BCG effectiveness for prevention of tuberculosis [2,8-16]. We therefore aim to evaluate BCG scars and Tuberculin test response after BCG vaccination in 4 year children in Birjand City, Iran (exactly 4 years old).
{"title":"A New Formula for BCG Scar and Tuberculin Test Response","authors":"R. Ghaderi","doi":"10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/MOJI.2017.05.00171","url":null,"abstract":"Tuberculosis is an important disease in the world especially in developing and undeveloped regions and PPD test is the standard test for diagnosis of this infectious disease [1-3]. BCG vaccination has proven to be the most effective technique for controlling tuberculosis in the world especially in developing countries [1]. The BCG vaccination is the most extensively used immunization worldwide, nevertheless it can effect in the correct interpretation of the PPD test [3]. The rates of positive Tuberculin Test responses and BCG scar after BCG vaccination vary between surveys and different regions in the world [2-13]. PPD test after vaccination can evaluate the immunogenic activity and protective efficacy of the, BCG immunization at birth is common in China. In a multi-site prospective cohort study, the immunological reactivity against BCG is evaluated in four prefectural cities in China [1]. According to their results, not only the BCG vaccination among newborn infants in China causes satisfactory immune response, but also BCG scars provide a useful marker of immunization response in Chinese infants. BCG scarring and PPD reactivity possibly linked to better child survival in low-income countries. Therefore, in a study, determinants for Tuberculin test reaction and scarring was investigated in Guinea-Bissau [2]. In the multivariable analyses of BCG-vaccinated children evaluated at 6 months of age, monitoring of vaccination technique and type of BCG vaccine were important. It is concluded that vaccination technique and BCG strain are important for Tuberculin test reaction and scarring in response to BCG vaccination. Considering that these responses are associated with better infant survival, the importance of monitoring vaccination technique and of different BCG strains must be assessed with regard to infant mortality. PPD reactivity and BCG scarring have been argued as valid markers of BCG effectiveness for prevention of tuberculosis [2,8-16]. We therefore aim to evaluate BCG scars and Tuberculin test response after BCG vaccination in 4 year children in Birjand City, Iran (exactly 4 years old).","PeriodicalId":90928,"journal":{"name":"MOJ immunology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48816592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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