Pub Date : 2010-11-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2010.036601
Shivaan Cooppan, V. Pillay, Y. Choonara, L. D. Toit, V. Ndesendo
Poorly managed healthcare can be directly attributed to extensive drug regimens. Numerous chronic illnesses and epidemics such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis require elaborate drug regimens for efficacious therapeutic outcomes. Various drug delivery systems have been developed to simplify their regimental drug therapy. However, more effective and innovative drug delivery technologies are required to increase patient compliance and provide controlled drug delivery. This review article attempts to provide a concise incursion into the use of fixed dose combinations as a strategy for drug delivery and describes the opportunities and challenges for the treatment of conditions that require chronic suppressive regimental drug therapy.
{"title":"Rationalising fixed dose combinations for tuberculosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome therapy","authors":"Shivaan Cooppan, V. Pillay, Y. Choonara, L. D. Toit, V. Ndesendo","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2010.036601","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2010.036601","url":null,"abstract":"Poorly managed healthcare can be directly attributed to extensive drug regimens. Numerous chronic illnesses and epidemics such as HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis require elaborate drug regimens for efficacious therapeutic outcomes. Various drug delivery systems have been developed to simplify their regimental drug therapy. However, more effective and innovative drug delivery technologies are required to increase patient compliance and provide controlled drug delivery. This review article attempts to provide a concise incursion into the use of fixed dose combinations as a strategy for drug delivery and describes the opportunities and challenges for the treatment of conditions that require chronic suppressive regimental drug therapy.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2010.036601","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2010.036594
D. Rai, M. Maniruzzaman, J. Boateng
The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate sodium alginate (SA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films as novel drug delivery systems for moist surfaces such as wounds, buccal and vaginal cavities. Films containing SA or HPMC and PEG 200 or glycerol were prepared by a solvent casting technique. Process optimisation was performed to establish the best experimental parameters for preparing the films. Physical appearance, ease of removal, tensile properties (tensile strength, % strain at break) and plasticiser leaching were investigated. These criteria formed the basis for further development formulations comprising optimum ratios of SA/HPMC and PEG 200/glycerol. The optimum polymer-plasticiser combinations were then selected for further characterisation of tensile, hydration, adhesive properties by texture analysis and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed the potential of developing both fast and controlled release mucosal formulations by a combination of the two polymers.
{"title":"Development and characterisation of sodium alginate and HPMC films for mucosal drug delivery","authors":"D. Rai, M. Maniruzzaman, J. Boateng","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2010.036594","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2010.036594","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work was to develop and evaluate sodium alginate (SA) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) films as novel drug delivery systems for moist surfaces such as wounds, buccal and vaginal cavities. Films containing SA or HPMC and PEG 200 or glycerol were prepared by a solvent casting technique. Process optimisation was performed to establish the best experimental parameters for preparing the films. Physical appearance, ease of removal, tensile properties (tensile strength, % strain at break) and plasticiser leaching were investigated. These criteria formed the basis for further development formulations comprising optimum ratios of SA/HPMC and PEG 200/glycerol. The optimum polymer-plasticiser combinations were then selected for further characterisation of tensile, hydration, adhesive properties by texture analysis and surface morphology by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed the potential of developing both fast and controlled release mucosal formulations by a combination of the two polymers.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2010.036594","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2010.036598
N. Moalla, Abdelaziz Bouras
Data quality is widely considered as a very serious problem for the majority of companies due to the specificities of each business context and the lack of adapted solutions. In this paper, we present the benefits of model-driven engineering (MDE) concepts in ensuring the interconnection of different business contexts specifications by providing a linked structure of models. This enables to generate bridges that connect implementations in different platforms. In this way, the systems interoperability can be satisfied throughout product lifecycle. The MDA approach is widely considered as a methodology for software generation from models, with a focus on enterprise and business models. Deploying a MDA approach in the supply chain context of vaccine industry allows us to deal with product data quality. In fact, it helps to translate some business models at a computer independent model through the MDA framework to generate a newly data model as well as some business rules and recommendations helping to communicate models. A deployment of the proposed approach is presented through some application cases studies.
{"title":"Model-driven engineering for vaccine product data compliance","authors":"N. Moalla, Abdelaziz Bouras","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2010.036598","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2010.036598","url":null,"abstract":"Data quality is widely considered as a very serious problem for the majority of companies due to the specificities of each business context and the lack of adapted solutions. In this paper, we present the benefits of model-driven engineering (MDE) concepts in ensuring the interconnection of different business contexts specifications by providing a linked structure of models. This enables to generate bridges that connect implementations in different platforms. In this way, the systems interoperability can be satisfied throughout product lifecycle. The MDA approach is widely considered as a methodology for software generation from models, with a focus on enterprise and business models. Deploying a MDA approach in the supply chain context of vaccine industry allows us to deal with product data quality. In fact, it helps to translate some business models at a computer independent model through the MDA framework to generate a newly data model as well as some business rules and recommendations helping to communicate models. A deployment of the proposed approach is presented through some application cases studies.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2010.036598","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-11-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2010.036597
K. J. Kumar, Gopal Mohan Panpalia, Surabhi Priyadarshini
An emulsion is composed of several formulation factors and processing variables. The optimisation of concentration of an emulsifier that produces the most stable emulsion has been a very tedious task if done experimentally. Several responses relating to the effectiveness, usefulness, stability as well as safety must be optimised simultaneously. Hence, expertise and experience are required to design an acceptable emulsion for use in pharmaceuticals and also as cosmetics. A response surface method (RSM) has widely been used for selecting acceptable emulsions. However, prediction of pharmaceutical responses based on the second-order polynomial equation commonly used in a RSM, is often limited to low levels, resulting in poor estimations of optimal emulsions. The purpose of this study was to describe the basic concept of the multi-objective simultaneous optimisation technique, in which an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, ANFIS is incorporated and simultaneously used in identifying the optimum concentration of a fatty alcohol, for formulating a stable O/W emulsion.
{"title":"An adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system for optimising the emulsifier concentration in the formulation of an O/W emulsion","authors":"K. J. Kumar, Gopal Mohan Panpalia, Surabhi Priyadarshini","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2010.036597","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2010.036597","url":null,"abstract":"An emulsion is composed of several formulation factors and processing variables. The optimisation of concentration of an emulsifier that produces the most stable emulsion has been a very tedious task if done experimentally. Several responses relating to the effectiveness, usefulness, stability as well as safety must be optimised simultaneously. Hence, expertise and experience are required to design an acceptable emulsion for use in pharmaceuticals and also as cosmetics. A response surface method (RSM) has widely been used for selecting acceptable emulsions. However, prediction of pharmaceutical responses based on the second-order polynomial equation commonly used in a RSM, is often limited to low levels, resulting in poor estimations of optimal emulsions. The purpose of this study was to describe the basic concept of the multi-objective simultaneous optimisation technique, in which an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system, ANFIS is incorporated and simultaneously used in identifying the optimum concentration of a fatty alcohol, for formulating a stable O/W emulsion.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2010.036597","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2009.028099
M. Jacobson
The use of biofuels, particularly ethanol, has expanded in the last few years based significantly on the premise that biofuels replacing fossil fuels may reduce global warming and air pollution problems. While this claim is still being debated, the real comparison should be between biofuels and other emerging technologies. It is found here that both corn-E85 (85% ethanol/15% gasoline) and cellulosic-E85 degrade air quality and climate by up to two orders of magnitude more than Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs) or Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCVS) powered by either solar Photovoltaics (PVs), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave, or tidal power. As such, the use of cellulosic or corn ethanol at the expense of the other options will cause certain damage to health, climate, land, and water supply in the future.
{"title":"Effects of biofuels vs. other new vehicle technologies on air pollution, global warming, land use and water","authors":"M. Jacobson","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2009.028099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028099","url":null,"abstract":"The use of biofuels, particularly ethanol, has expanded in the last few years based significantly on the premise that biofuels replacing fossil fuels may reduce global warming and air pollution problems. While this claim is still being debated, the real comparison should be between biofuels and other emerging technologies. It is found here that both corn-E85 (85% ethanol/15% gasoline) and cellulosic-E85 degrade air quality and climate by up to two orders of magnitude more than Battery-Electric Vehicles (BEVs) or Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles (HFCVS) powered by either solar Photovoltaics (PVs), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP), wind, geothermal, hydroelectric, wave, or tidal power. As such, the use of cellulosic or corn ethanol at the expense of the other options will cause certain damage to health, climate, land, and water supply in the future.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028099","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2009.028101
D. Tiffany, S. Taff
Considering the production goals for cellulosic and advanced biofuels in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), this study compares production costs and returns on invested capital for two current and three proposed ethanol technologies. Two methods use corn grain as the feedstock, and three use cellulosic feedstocks of corn stover, switchgrass and wood chips. Baseline levels are established so sensitivity analyses of rates of return on invested capital can be performed as market and performance variables vary. Monte Carlo techniques are used to determine distributions of rates of return for each technology capable of producing ethanol.
{"title":"Current and future ethanol production technologies: costs of production and Rates of Return on invested capital","authors":"D. Tiffany, S. Taff","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2009.028101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028101","url":null,"abstract":"Considering the production goals for cellulosic and advanced biofuels in the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), this study compares production costs and returns on invested capital for two current and three proposed ethanol technologies. Two methods use corn grain as the feedstock, and three use cellulosic feedstocks of corn stover, switchgrass and wood chips. Baseline levels are established so sensitivity analyses of rates of return on invested capital can be performed as market and performance variables vary. Monte Carlo techniques are used to determine distributions of rates of return for each technology capable of producing ethanol.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028101","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2009.028098
Jason D. Hill
A growing desire to reduce petroleum dependence and an increasing awareness that first-generation biofuels are unlikely to provide sustainable alternatives have spurred interest in next-generation biofuels. High production costs have been central in preventing their commercial viability thus far, yet other potential obstacles remain including feedstock availability, farmer adoption of biomass crops, and the development of new biofuels within a market dominated by first-generation technologies. The potential rewards of working through these challenges are immense, as next-generation feedstocks may not only use existing and abandoned cropland more efficiently, but they may increase the valuable ecosystem services these lands provide.
{"title":"Opportunities and challenges of transitioning to sustainable next-generation transportation biofuels","authors":"Jason D. Hill","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2009.028098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028098","url":null,"abstract":"A growing desire to reduce petroleum dependence and an increasing awareness that first-generation biofuels are unlikely to provide sustainable alternatives have spurred interest in next-generation biofuels. High production costs have been central in preventing their commercial viability thus far, yet other potential obstacles remain including feedstock availability, farmer adoption of biomass crops, and the development of new biofuels within a market dominated by first-generation technologies. The potential rewards of working through these challenges are immense, as next-generation feedstocks may not only use existing and abandoned cropland more efficiently, but they may increase the valuable ecosystem services these lands provide.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028098","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2009.028100
A. Mosier, P. Crutzen, Keith A. Smith, W. Winiwarter
We discuss the likely impact of agricultural fertiliser N use on the global nitrous oxide (N2O) budget, as described by Crutzen et al. (2008). We then project the impact of full N2O accounting in biofuel net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions using the life-cycle analyses from Farrell et al. (2006) (ERG Biofuels Analysis Meta-Model (EBAMM)), Liska et al. (2008) (Biofuel Energy Systems Simulator (BESS)) for corn-based ethanol production and Smith et al. (2006) (Bioethanol GHG Calculator (BGGC)) for wheat-based ethanol. USA biofuel production, even if nominally fulfilling the requirements, may trigger a net increase in global warming.
{"title":"Nitrous oxide’s impact on net greenhouse gas savings from biofuels: life-cycle analysis comparison","authors":"A. Mosier, P. Crutzen, Keith A. Smith, W. Winiwarter","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2009.028100","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028100","url":null,"abstract":"We discuss the likely impact of agricultural fertiliser N use on the global nitrous oxide (N2O) budget, as described by Crutzen et al. (2008). We then project the impact of full N2O accounting in biofuel net Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions using the life-cycle analyses from Farrell et al. (2006) (ERG Biofuels Analysis Meta-Model (EBAMM)), Liska et al. (2008) (Biofuel Energy Systems Simulator (BESS)) for corn-based ethanol production and Smith et al. (2006) (Bioethanol GHG Calculator (BGGC)) for wheat-based ethanol. USA biofuel production, even if nominally fulfilling the requirements, may trigger a net increase in global warming.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028100","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2009.028102
D. Koplow
Hundreds of government subsidies have fuelled the growth of ethanol and biodiesel in the USA, worth half or more their retail price. Cumulative costs under some mandate proposals exceed $1 trillion by 2030. Even using favourable assumptions, reduced greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels are far more expensive than other options: more than $100/mt CO2e even for cellulosic ethanol and nearly $300/mt CO2e for corn-based fuel. Despite rising concerns, environmental screens in existing subsidy policies remain weak or non-existent. A platform- and fuel-neutral policy structure forcing all alternatives to conventional fuels to compete for market share should be deployed instead.
{"title":"State and federal subsidies to biofuels: magnitude and options for redirection.","authors":"D. Koplow","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2009.028102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028102","url":null,"abstract":"Hundreds of government subsidies have fuelled the growth of ethanol and biodiesel in the USA, worth half or more their retail price. Cumulative costs under some mandate proposals exceed $1 trillion by 2030. Even using favourable assumptions, reduced greenhouse gas emissions from biofuels are far more expensive than other options: more than $100/mt CO2e even for cellulosic ethanol and nearly $300/mt CO2e for corn-based fuel. Despite rising concerns, environmental screens in existing subsidy policies remain weak or non-existent. A platform- and fuel-neutral policy structure forcing all alternatives to conventional fuels to compete for market share should be deployed instead.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-09-08DOI: 10.1504/IJBT.2009.028103
T. Searchinger, R. Heimlich
US ethanol production should exceed 12 billion gallons by 2010, and EISA 2007 mandates 36 billion gallons by 2022, diverting one-third of corn to ethanol and 13% of soybean production to biodiesel. Increased demand will ricochet through other agricultural sectors and alter production patterns and land use in the Corn Belt. This paper discusses effects of biofuel expansion on land and water resources. While US ethanol production will have large effects on international land use, there will likely be conversion of grassland to row crops, increased use of nitrogen fertiliser and pesticides, and increases in soil erosion in the Midwest.
{"title":"Likely impacts of biofuel expansion on midwest land and water resources.","authors":"T. Searchinger, R. Heimlich","doi":"10.1504/IJBT.2009.028103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028103","url":null,"abstract":"US ethanol production should exceed 12 billion gallons by 2010, and EISA 2007 mandates 36 billion gallons by 2022, diverting one-third of corn to ethanol and 13% of soybean production to biodiesel. Increased demand will ricochet through other agricultural sectors and alter production patterns and land use in the Corn Belt. This paper discusses effects of biofuel expansion on land and water resources. While US ethanol production will have large effects on international land use, there will likely be conversion of grassland to row crops, increased use of nitrogen fertiliser and pesticides, and increases in soil erosion in the Midwest.","PeriodicalId":91506,"journal":{"name":"International journal of biotechnology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1504/IJBT.2009.028103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66713927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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