Pub Date : 2021-07-19DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00257
L. Marinova, B. Yordanova, N. Evgeniev
The pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is extremely rarely lung neoplasm. A woman at the age of 55 with a local advanced pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the right lung and CT data on bilateral adrenal metastases and three brain metastases were established. Diagnosis is placed after bronchoscopy with biopsy and detailed pathochistological and immunohistochemical analysis. PSC is extremely malignant and with high risk of distant haematogenic metastases. This rare clinical case support the need for strict pathohistological and immunohistochemical analysis, a difficult pathohistological differential diagnosis with other primary malignant lung tumors and the assessment of complex treatment. In order to improve the healing results and survival of patients, timely diagnosis is required at early stage with surgical treatment and subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy and targetеd therapy after genetic analysis of surgery or biopsy tissue material.
{"title":"Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma - pathohistological and immunohistochemical analysis, prognosis and complex treatment","authors":"L. Marinova, B. Yordanova, N. Evgeniev","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00257","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00257","url":null,"abstract":"The pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is extremely rarely lung neoplasm. A woman at the age of 55 with a local advanced pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma of the right lung and CT data on bilateral adrenal metastases and three brain metastases were established. Diagnosis is placed after bronchoscopy with biopsy and detailed pathochistological and immunohistochemical analysis. PSC is extremely malignant and with high risk of distant haematogenic metastases. This rare clinical case support the need for strict pathohistological and immunohistochemical analysis, a difficult pathohistological differential diagnosis with other primary malignant lung tumors and the assessment of complex treatment. In order to improve the healing results and survival of patients, timely diagnosis is required at early stage with surgical treatment and subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy and targetеd therapy after genetic analysis of surgery or biopsy tissue material.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"202 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73959266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00255
G. Careaga-Reyna, H. Zetina-Tun
Recipients of LVAD for destination therapy may represent a challenge in the treatment of COVID-19. We present a case of a 58 year-old male with LVAD support complicated with SARS-CoV-2 who declines for hospital admission despite interstitial pneumonia and lower O2 saturation. The patient recieved ambulatory support and treatment with anticoagulation, supplementary O2, steroids, antibiotics, ivermectin with succesful evolution and recovery.
{"title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection in a patient with destination left ventricular assist device","authors":"G. Careaga-Reyna, H. Zetina-Tun","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00255","url":null,"abstract":"Recipients of LVAD for destination therapy may represent a challenge in the treatment of COVID-19. We present a case of a 58 year-old male with LVAD support complicated with SARS-CoV-2 who declines for hospital admission despite interstitial pneumonia and lower O2 saturation. The patient recieved ambulatory support and treatment with anticoagulation, supplementary O2, steroids, antibiotics, ivermectin with succesful evolution and recovery.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"44 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73563974","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-28DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00254
B. Chaudhry, K. Alekseyev, L. Didenko, Gennadiy Ryklin, David Lee
Background: A saddle pulmonary embolism (PE) is a large embolism that straddles the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk. This PE extends into the right and left pulmonary arteries. There is a greater incidence in males. Common features of a PE include dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, hypotension, jugular venous distension, and severe cases Kussmaul sign. The Wells criteria for PE is used as the pretest probability. Diagnostics include D-dimer levels, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q scan), echocardiography, lower extremity venous ultrasound, chest x-ray, pulmonary angiography, and electrocardiography (ECG). Case description: We present a 65-year-old male that presented with a two-week history of dyspnea with non-radiating intermittent chest pressure. Initial V/Q scan showed a low probability for PE, but a subsequent non-contrast CT revealed that he indeed had a saddle PE.
{"title":"Saddle pulmonary embolism on non-contrast CT","authors":"B. Chaudhry, K. Alekseyev, L. Didenko, Gennadiy Ryklin, David Lee","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00254","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00254","url":null,"abstract":"Background: A saddle pulmonary embolism (PE) is a large embolism that straddles the bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk. This PE extends into the right and left pulmonary arteries. There is a greater incidence in males. Common features of a PE include dyspnea, tachypnea, cough, hemoptysis, pleuritic chest pain, tachycardia, hypotension, jugular venous distension, and severe cases Kussmaul sign. The Wells criteria for PE is used as the pretest probability. Diagnostics include D-dimer levels, CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), ventilation/perfusion scintigraphy (V/Q scan), echocardiography, lower extremity venous ultrasound, chest x-ray, pulmonary angiography, and electrocardiography (ECG). Case description: We present a 65-year-old male that presented with a two-week history of dyspnea with non-radiating intermittent chest pressure. Initial V/Q scan showed a low probability for PE, but a subsequent non-contrast CT revealed that he indeed had a saddle PE.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83644099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-12DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00252
I. Klepikov
which, according to clinical and radiological and pathoanatomical data, is defined as viral inflammation and corresponds to the nosology “acute pneumonia” (AP).1-4 According to the modern concept of AP, the only and main cause of this disease is considered to be its causative agent. This view of the nature of the AP is generally consistent with current events. Indeed, coronavirus infection causes inflammation of the lung tissue. At the same time, the usual treatment of AP with etiotropic drugs is unattainable in coronavirus infection due to the lack of such drugs.
{"title":"Let’s evaluate the pandemic in terms of facts, not impressions","authors":"I. Klepikov","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00252","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00252","url":null,"abstract":"which, according to clinical and radiological and pathoanatomical data, is defined as viral inflammation and corresponds to the nosology “acute pneumonia” (AP).1-4 According to the modern concept of AP, the only and main cause of this disease is considered to be its causative agent. This view of the nature of the AP is generally consistent with current events. Indeed, coronavirus infection causes inflammation of the lung tissue. At the same time, the usual treatment of AP with etiotropic drugs is unattainable in coronavirus infection due to the lack of such drugs.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90579226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-03DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00251
A. Abdul-Hafez, Tarek Mohamed, B. Uhal
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Like the 2002–2003 epidemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) has been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor.1–3 The virus docks into host cell via its spike protein binding to ACE-2 and undergoes proteolytic cleavage by TMPRSS2 protease to facilitate membrane fusion. The spike protein binding to ACE-2 has been shown to be stronger in the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus.1 This review will present an overview of ACE-2 biology.
{"title":"Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) role in disease and future in research","authors":"A. Abdul-Hafez, Tarek Mohamed, B. Uhal","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00251","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Like the 2002–2003 epidemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) has been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor.1–3 The virus docks into host cell via its spike protein binding to ACE-2 and undergoes proteolytic cleavage by TMPRSS2 protease to facilitate membrane fusion. The spike protein binding to ACE-2 has been shown to be stronger in the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus.1 This review will present an overview of ACE-2 biology.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"4 1","pages":"54 - 60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75048933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-23DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00250
Tarek Mohamed, A. Abdul-Hafez, B. Uhal
Background: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) occurs in premature neonates with respiratory distress who require supplemental oxygen in the first days after birth. BPD involves uniform arrest of alveolar development and variable interstitial cellularity and/or fibroproliferation. Previous studies by our lab showed that the enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and its product Ang1-7 exerting action on the receptor Mas oncogene in what is known as ACE-2/Mas axis is protective to lung cells. We also showed that ACE-2 is expressed in fetal human lung fibroblasts but is significantly decreased by hyperoxic gas lung injury, an effect caused by ACE-2 enzyme shedding mediated by TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17). However, no reports yet exist about the regulation of ACE-2 in the alveolar epithelia in hyperoxic lung injury. Objective: In this study we aim to define the effects of hyperoxic lung injury on the protective ACE-2 enzyme in the human lung alveolar epithelial cell line A549. Design/Methods: Cultured A549 cells were exposed to hyperoxia (95% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) for 3 or 7 days in serum-free nutrient media. Cells were lysed and culture media were collected to test for cellular ACE-2 enzymatic activity and for ACE-2, Mas receptor, TACE/ADAM17, and ubiquitin proteins abundance by immunoblotting. Cells were harvested in Trizol for RNA extraction and ACE-2 qRT-PCR. Whole cell extracts of A549 cell line was used for ACE-2 immunoprecipitation and subsequent ubiquitin immunoblotting. Results: Total ubiquitinated proteins were increased by hyperoxia treatment, while ACE-2 and Mas receptor proteins abundance and ACE-2 enzymatic activity were decreased significantly in A549 cells exposed to hyperoxia relative to the normoxia controls. The percent decrease in ACE-2 activity corresponded with increased time of hyperoxic gas exposure. However, in contrast to our data from lung fibroblasts, no significant change was noted in ACE-2 protein released into the media or in ACE-2 mRNA levels by the hyperoxic treatment. Ubiquitin immunoreactive bands were detectable in the ACE-2 immunoprecipitate. Conclusion(s): These data suggest that hyperoxic exposure of the lung epithelial cells decreases the protective enzyme ACE-2 by cell type specific mechanisms independent of shedding by TACE/ADAM17. The data also suggest a regulatory level of ACE-2 downstream of transcription may involve ACE-2 ubiquitination and targeting for degradation.
{"title":"Regulation of ACE-2 enzyme by hyperoxia in lung epithelial cells by post-translational modification","authors":"Tarek Mohamed, A. Abdul-Hafez, B. Uhal","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00250","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00250","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD) occurs in premature neonates with respiratory distress who require supplemental oxygen in the first days after birth. BPD involves uniform arrest of alveolar development and variable interstitial cellularity and/or fibroproliferation. Previous studies by our lab showed that the enzyme, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) and its product Ang1-7 exerting action on the receptor Mas oncogene in what is known as ACE-2/Mas axis is protective to lung cells. We also showed that ACE-2 is expressed in fetal human lung fibroblasts but is significantly decreased by hyperoxic gas lung injury, an effect caused by ACE-2 enzyme shedding mediated by TNF-alpha-converting enzyme (TACE/ADAM17). However, no reports yet exist about the regulation of ACE-2 in the alveolar epithelia in hyperoxic lung injury. Objective: In this study we aim to define the effects of hyperoxic lung injury on the protective ACE-2 enzyme in the human lung alveolar epithelial cell line A549. Design/Methods: Cultured A549 cells were exposed to hyperoxia (95% O2) or normoxia (21% O2) for 3 or 7 days in serum-free nutrient media. Cells were lysed and culture media were collected to test for cellular ACE-2 enzymatic activity and for ACE-2, Mas receptor, TACE/ADAM17, and ubiquitin proteins abundance by immunoblotting. Cells were harvested in Trizol for RNA extraction and ACE-2 qRT-PCR. Whole cell extracts of A549 cell line was used for ACE-2 immunoprecipitation and subsequent ubiquitin immunoblotting. Results: Total ubiquitinated proteins were increased by hyperoxia treatment, while ACE-2 and Mas receptor proteins abundance and ACE-2 enzymatic activity were decreased significantly in A549 cells exposed to hyperoxia relative to the normoxia controls. The percent decrease in ACE-2 activity corresponded with increased time of hyperoxic gas exposure. However, in contrast to our data from lung fibroblasts, no significant change was noted in ACE-2 protein released into the media or in ACE-2 mRNA levels by the hyperoxic treatment. Ubiquitin immunoreactive bands were detectable in the ACE-2 immunoprecipitate. Conclusion(s): These data suggest that hyperoxic exposure of the lung epithelial cells decreases the protective enzyme ACE-2 by cell type specific mechanisms independent of shedding by TACE/ADAM17. The data also suggest a regulatory level of ACE-2 downstream of transcription may involve ACE-2 ubiquitination and targeting for degradation.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"7 1","pages":"47 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77937989","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00246
J. Shrivastava, A. Shrivastava
the lower priority traditionally afforded to children by TB control programmes. Research and surveillance data in the field of childhood TB are scarce. Children are at a much higher risk of severe disease and death than adults. Overall the risk of disease is reported highest among neonates, infants and then in late teens. 5 and 10 years age group (“safe school years”) escape infection. Disease in young children, 15 to 30 years reflects new infection (incidence), rather than secondary reactivation and continuing transmission. The paediatric disease burden is a potential indicator of current transmission within a community with multi drug resistant (MDR), and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains. Untreated Latent TB infections are root cause of future Epidemics.
{"title":"Scenario of Tuberculosis in India","authors":"J. Shrivastava, A. Shrivastava","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00246","url":null,"abstract":"the lower priority traditionally afforded to children by TB control programmes. Research and surveillance data in the field of childhood TB are scarce. Children are at a much higher risk of severe disease and death than adults. Overall the risk of disease is reported highest among neonates, infants and then in late teens. 5 and 10 years age group (“safe school years”) escape infection. Disease in young children, 15 to 30 years reflects new infection (incidence), rather than secondary reactivation and continuing transmission. The paediatric disease burden is a potential indicator of current transmission within a community with multi drug resistant (MDR), and extensively drug resistant (XDR) strains. Untreated Latent TB infections are root cause of future Epidemics.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84201847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00248
A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn
The objectives of this study are to identify the rapid, appropriate, screening, definite and novel methods of diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants among various degree of COVID-19 severity for rapid prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission. Methods of The Study: A comprehensive search was carried out in mainstream bibliographic databases or Medical Subject Headings, including ScienDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. The search was applied to the articles that were published between 1971 and early March 2021. Results: With strict literature search and screening processes, it yielded 40 articles from 78 articles of initial literature database. Characteristically, after infection, antibodies are detected in the blood of individuals, particularly individuals with few or mild symptoms. In patients with varying symptoms of COVID-19 and negative results of reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests, the testing has a significantly clinical role when nasopharyngeal swabs are taken more than 5 days after symptom onset. The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) developed seven principles for production of a COVID-19 testing strategy. Testing being carried out for a purpose is one of these RCPath’s principles. Nevertheless, denial of requesting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody tests for reassurance should be cautioned. With a lower antibody levels, whether the protective immunity will be sustained is questionable. Several immune-based assays were developed against different SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) viral proteins as the followings: 1) Entire Spike (S) protein, IgG antibody from patient serum can cross-react with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, 2) S1 subunit of Spike (S) protein, IgA, IgG antibodies from patient serum can cross-react with SARS-CoV only, 3) Receptor-binding domain (RBD), IgG antibody from patient serum can cross-react with SARS-CoV only, and 4) Nucleocapsid (N), IgG antibody from patient serum can cross-react with SARS-CoV only. Long et al demonstrated in their study that IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody levels initiate decreasing within 2-3 months after infection in the majority of persons with recovery from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. An analytical study of the dynamics of neutralizing antibody titers demonstrated reduced neutralizing antibodies around 6-7 weeks after illness onset. In conclusion, the nucleic acid amplification tests may be poorly timed specimen collection, poor-quality specimen collection, long wait times for generating the results, and requirement of trained laboratory technicians. Serological data greatly supplement the laboratory results from the quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the design of virus elimination programs (seroepidemiology), discovery of the monoclonal antibodies, and development of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccines.
本研究旨在探索快速、适宜、筛查、明确、新颖的SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)感染诊断方法，包括不同严重程度的SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)变异，为快速防控SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)传播提供依据。研究方法:在主流书目数据库或医学主题词中进行全面检索，包括ScienDirect、PubMed、Scopus和ISI Web of Science。该搜索适用于1971年至2021年3月初之间发表的文章。结果:经过严格的文献检索和筛选，从初始文献数据库的78篇文章中筛选出40篇。典型的是，在感染后，在个体的血液中检测到抗体，特别是在症状很少或轻微的个体。对于症状各异且RT-PCR检测阴性的新冠肺炎患者，在症状出现后5天以上进行鼻咽拭子检测具有显著的临床意义。英国皇家病理学家学院(RCPath)制定了制定COVID-19检测策略的七项原则。为某个目的而进行的测试是RCPath的原则之一。然而，应谨慎拒绝为保证而要求进行新冠病毒抗体检测。在抗体水平较低的情况下，这种保护性免疫能否持续是值得怀疑的。针对不同的SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)病毒蛋白，开发了几种基于免疫的检测方法，如下:1)患者血清Spike (S)蛋白、IgG抗体与SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV均可交叉反应，2)患者血清Spike (S)蛋白S1亚基、IgA、IgG抗体仅与SARS-CoV交叉反应，3)患者血清受体结合域(RBD)、IgG抗体仅与SARS-CoV交叉反应，4)患者血清核衣壳(N)、IgG抗体仅与SARS-CoV交叉反应。Long等人在他们的研究中证明，在大多数SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)感染恢复期患者中，IgG抗体和中和抗体水平在感染后2-3个月内开始下降。对中和抗体滴度的动态分析研究表明，在发病后6-7周左右，中和抗体降低。总之，核酸扩增检测存在标本采集时间差、标本采集质量差、结果等待时间长、对实验室技术人员要求高等问题。血清学数据极大地补充了定量逆转录聚合酶链反应(qRT-PCR)、病毒消除程序设计(血清流行病学)、单克隆抗体的发现以及SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)疫苗的开发的实验室结果。
{"title":"Serological testing for COVID-19","authors":"A. Cheepsattayakorn, R. Cheepsattayakorn","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00248","url":null,"abstract":"The objectives of this study are to identify the rapid, appropriate, screening, definite and novel methods of diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection, including SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) variants among various degree of COVID-19 severity for rapid prevention and control of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) transmission. Methods of The Study: A comprehensive search was carried out in mainstream bibliographic databases or Medical Subject Headings, including ScienDirect, PubMed, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. The search was applied to the articles that were published between 1971 and early March 2021. Results: With strict literature search and screening processes, it yielded 40 articles from 78 articles of initial literature database. Characteristically, after infection, antibodies are detected in the blood of individuals, particularly individuals with few or mild symptoms. In patients with varying symptoms of COVID-19 and negative results of reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests, the testing has a significantly clinical role when nasopharyngeal swabs are taken more than 5 days after symptom onset. The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) developed seven principles for production of a COVID-19 testing strategy. Testing being carried out for a purpose is one of these RCPath’s principles. Nevertheless, denial of requesting SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) antibody tests for reassurance should be cautioned. With a lower antibody levels, whether the protective immunity will be sustained is questionable. Several immune-based assays were developed against different SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) viral proteins as the followings: 1) Entire Spike (S) protein, IgG antibody from patient serum can cross-react with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, 2) S1 subunit of Spike (S) protein, IgA, IgG antibodies from patient serum can cross-react with SARS-CoV only, 3) Receptor-binding domain (RBD), IgG antibody from patient serum can cross-react with SARS-CoV only, and 4) Nucleocapsid (N), IgG antibody from patient serum can cross-react with SARS-CoV only. Long et al demonstrated in their study that IgG antibody and neutralizing antibody levels initiate decreasing within 2-3 months after infection in the majority of persons with recovery from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. An analytical study of the dynamics of neutralizing antibody titers demonstrated reduced neutralizing antibodies around 6-7 weeks after illness onset. In conclusion, the nucleic acid amplification tests may be poorly timed specimen collection, poor-quality specimen collection, long wait times for generating the results, and requirement of trained laboratory technicians. Serological data greatly supplement the laboratory results from the quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction (qRT-PCR), the design of virus elimination programs (seroepidemiology), discovery of the monoclonal antibodies, and development of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) vaccines.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72908046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00249
J. Mammarappallil, N. MacIntyre, K. Mahmood, S. Womack, H. C. Charles
Collateral Ventilation (CV) has become an important clinical issue with the increasing use of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) using endobronchial valve surgery in patients with severe COPD. The endobronchial valve BLVR procedure often uses one way valves to occlude segmental bronchi in lung regions with severe overinflation resulting from airway narrowing and collapse during exhalation. For BLVR to succeed, CV to the treated region must be minimal or absent. Current approaches to evaluating CV for both planning and follow-up of BLVR procedures involve CT imaging to assess fissure closure. Current techniques to assess regional lung function (including CV) are limited. Standard pulmonary function testing involving analysis of inert gas wash-in/wash-out can only provide statistical distributions without anatomic correlates. Herein we propose the use of fluorine magnetic resonance imaging of biologically inert perfluorinated gas mixed with oxygen to evaluate regional ventilation, in particular, interlobar collateral ventilation. We have evaluated normal subjects and subjects diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and have observed gas transfer at lobar fissures consistent with collateral ventilation.
{"title":"Imaging ventilation using 19F perfluorinated gas magnetic resonance imaging: strategies for imaging collateral ventilation","authors":"J. Mammarappallil, N. MacIntyre, K. Mahmood, S. Womack, H. C. Charles","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00249","url":null,"abstract":"Collateral Ventilation (CV) has become an important clinical issue with the increasing use of bronchoscopic lung volume reduction (BLVR) using endobronchial valve surgery in patients with severe COPD. The endobronchial valve BLVR procedure often uses one way valves to occlude segmental bronchi in lung regions with severe overinflation resulting from airway narrowing and collapse during exhalation. For BLVR to succeed, CV to the treated region must be minimal or absent. Current approaches to evaluating CV for both planning and follow-up of BLVR procedures involve CT imaging to assess fissure closure. Current techniques to assess regional lung function (including CV) are limited. Standard pulmonary function testing involving analysis of inert gas wash-in/wash-out can only provide statistical distributions without anatomic correlates. Herein we propose the use of fluorine magnetic resonance imaging of biologically inert perfluorinated gas mixed with oxygen to evaluate regional ventilation, in particular, interlobar collateral ventilation. We have evaluated normal subjects and subjects diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and have observed gas transfer at lobar fissures consistent with collateral ventilation.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76905126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-01DOI: 10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00247
Ashutosh Kumar Singh, A. Shady, E. Gbaje, M. Oliva, Samantha Golden Espinal, Dylan M. Macciola, Dyanna Soto, William E. Eddy, A. Adkoli, Noella Boma, N. Bergasa
Introduction: COVID-19 has been associated with increased mortality in old age, hypertension and male gender. Higher prevalence of increased body mass index (BMI), mechanical ventilation and renal failure has been found in the patients admitted to our New York City community hospital; accordingly we aim to explore the association between these parameters and survival in our patients. Methods: Retrospective review of patients admitted with the COVID-19 disease March 14 to April 30 of 2020. Analysis using Cox regression models, Log rank tests and Kaplan Meier curves was done for a total of 326 patients that met our criteria. Results: The adjusted odds of death for those at least 75 years of age were higher than those within the age group of 18 to 44 years. The patients with over 92% oxygen saturation had lower adjusted odds of death than those with 88 to 92% oxygen saturation (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.2, 95% CI=0.06, 0.70), as well as lower adjusted hazard of dying (Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.4, 95% CI=0.21, 0.87). Intubation was associated with a higher adjusted odds ratio (OR=57.8, 95% CI=17.74, 188.30) and adjusted hazard ratio HR=5.4 (95% CI=2.59, 11.21) for death. After controlling for age and gender, neither levels of serum D-dimer nor creatinine were found to be significantly associated with mortality The factors that comprise metabolic syndrome, i.e., elevated BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, were found to have no significant association with the outcome of death after controlling for age and sex and they also had no significant association with the time until death. Conclusions: In the study population, COVID-19 was associated with increased mortality in patients who required intubation, and in the elderly, which may be explained by changes in the immune system over time. Elevated BMI, though not statistically significant, was present in the majority of our study population, which may have contributed to the group's high mortality.
{"title":"Factors associated with survival in patients with COVID -19 admitted to a community hospital in New York City","authors":"Ashutosh Kumar Singh, A. Shady, E. Gbaje, M. Oliva, Samantha Golden Espinal, Dylan M. Macciola, Dyanna Soto, William E. Eddy, A. Adkoli, Noella Boma, N. Bergasa","doi":"10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jlprr.2021.08.00247","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: COVID-19 has been associated with increased mortality in old age, hypertension and male gender. Higher prevalence of increased body mass index (BMI), mechanical ventilation and renal failure has been found in the patients admitted to our New York City community hospital; accordingly we aim to explore the association between these parameters and survival in our patients. Methods: Retrospective review of patients admitted with the COVID-19 disease March 14 to April 30 of 2020. Analysis using Cox regression models, Log rank tests and Kaplan Meier curves was done for a total of 326 patients that met our criteria. Results: The adjusted odds of death for those at least 75 years of age were higher than those within the age group of 18 to 44 years. The patients with over 92% oxygen saturation had lower adjusted odds of death than those with 88 to 92% oxygen saturation (Odds Ratio (OR)=0.2, 95% CI=0.06, 0.70), as well as lower adjusted hazard of dying (Hazard Ratio (HR)=0.4, 95% CI=0.21, 0.87). Intubation was associated with a higher adjusted odds ratio (OR=57.8, 95% CI=17.74, 188.30) and adjusted hazard ratio HR=5.4 (95% CI=2.59, 11.21) for death. After controlling for age and gender, neither levels of serum D-dimer nor creatinine were found to be significantly associated with mortality The factors that comprise metabolic syndrome, i.e., elevated BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia, were found to have no significant association with the outcome of death after controlling for age and sex and they also had no significant association with the time until death. Conclusions: In the study population, COVID-19 was associated with increased mortality in patients who required intubation, and in the elderly, which may be explained by changes in the immune system over time. Elevated BMI, though not statistically significant, was present in the majority of our study population, which may have contributed to the group's high mortality.","PeriodicalId":91750,"journal":{"name":"Journal of lung, pulmonary & respiratory research","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81279228","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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