We combine a telephone survey of working-aged adults in the continental US with Census 2000 county and zip code tabulation area data to explore attachment to place. Using results of the 2000 US Census, we define cultural and economic regions. Our modified “Great Plains” area is that portion of the region that is experiencing population decline. We explore how attachment to place is different between the Great Plains and other regions of the US. Our measure of attachment to place is a question on the amount of additional income respondents would require to move to a similar community 500 miles away. We identify three respondent groups: unconditional migrants, conditional migrants, and unconditionally rooted. Basic tabulations and regression analysis reveal differences between the Great Plains and other regions. Natural amenities present in the community appear to play a role in shaping respondent attitudes towards relocation. Why are They Moving Away? Comparing Attachment to Place in the Great Plains to the Rest of the Nation A large proportion of the Great Plains has faced substantial out-migration in recent years. To better cope with this situation, policy makers need information on reasons why people choose to leave or stay in a community. It is easy to attribute human movement to simple job opportunities, but the true picture is more complex. A community is more than just a dot on a map. It is where our lives take place. It is the group of friends we‟ve known for years. It is the office where we got our first jobs. All of our institutions, our activities, and our identities are emplaced in a The Online Journal of Rural Research and Policy Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2009) 2 community (Gieryn 2000 1 ). So when an individual is deciding to move away from a community, there is more at stake than dollars and cents. The United States population is highly mobile, with fully 45.7% of persons over age 5 moving between 1995 and 2000 (U.S. Census, 2003 2 ). Nationally, the majority of these moves are within a region (U.S. Census, 2003 3 ), but the Great Plains is notable for its propensity for outmigration. Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas all experienced net outmigration in the 1995 – 2000 period. A declining place wishing to stabilize its population must reduce movement away, increase inward movement, or both. From a practical standpoint, keeping current residents seems less challenging, and motivates our focus on the determinants of attachment to place in the Great Plains. A migration decision involves more than comparing incomes and costs of living in a potential destination and origin together with the out-of-pocket expenses of closing the old house and setting up a new house. In addition to job prospects, people consider many other conditions and attributes of the sending and receiving communities when deciding to migrate. A decision to move out of a community also reflects an individual‟s (and household‟s) utility that consider
{"title":"Why are They Moving Away? Comparing Attachment to Place in the Great Plains to the Rest of the Nation","authors":"S. Loveridge, D. Yi, Janet L. Bokemeier","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V4I1.56","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V4I1.56","url":null,"abstract":"We combine a telephone survey of working-aged adults in the continental US with Census 2000 county and zip code tabulation area data to explore attachment to place. Using results of the 2000 US Census, we define cultural and economic regions. Our modified “Great Plains” area is that portion of the region that is experiencing population decline. We explore how attachment to place is different between the Great Plains and other regions of the US. Our measure of attachment to place is a question on the amount of additional income respondents would require to move to a similar community 500 miles away. We identify three respondent groups: unconditional migrants, conditional migrants, and unconditionally rooted. Basic tabulations and regression analysis reveal differences between the Great Plains and other regions. Natural amenities present in the community appear to play a role in shaping respondent attitudes towards relocation. Why are They Moving Away? Comparing Attachment to Place in the Great Plains to the Rest of the Nation A large proportion of the Great Plains has faced substantial out-migration in recent years. To better cope with this situation, policy makers need information on reasons why people choose to leave or stay in a community. It is easy to attribute human movement to simple job opportunities, but the true picture is more complex. A community is more than just a dot on a map. It is where our lives take place. It is the group of friends we‟ve known for years. It is the office where we got our first jobs. All of our institutions, our activities, and our identities are emplaced in a The Online Journal of Rural Research and Policy Vol. 4, Issue 1 (2009) 2 community (Gieryn 2000 1 ). So when an individual is deciding to move away from a community, there is more at stake than dollars and cents. The United States population is highly mobile, with fully 45.7% of persons over age 5 moving between 1995 and 2000 (U.S. Census, 2003 2 ). Nationally, the majority of these moves are within a region (U.S. Census, 2003 3 ), but the Great Plains is notable for its propensity for outmigration. Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas all experienced net outmigration in the 1995 – 2000 period. A declining place wishing to stabilize its population must reduce movement away, increase inward movement, or both. From a practical standpoint, keeping current residents seems less challenging, and motivates our focus on the determinants of attachment to place in the Great Plains. A migration decision involves more than comparing incomes and costs of living in a potential destination and origin together with the out-of-pocket expenses of closing the old house and setting up a new house. In addition to job prospects, people consider many other conditions and attributes of the sending and receiving communities when deciding to migrate. A decision to move out of a community also reflects an individual‟s (and household‟s) utility that consider","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70870287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The low educational outcomes of rural adolescents have long been a subject of research among educational and social researchers. In particular, extant studies have explained the high rates of high school dropout and low rates of college completion among rural adolescents mainly in terms of the structural and economic disadvantages associated with rural life. However, more recent research have employed social capital theory to show that rural adolescents‟ educational outcomes are shaped not only by the structural elements of their communities, but, also importantly by the dynamics of the social interactive processes taking place within this social environment. The present article provides a synthesis and review of literature on the relationship between community social interactive processes and rural adolescents‟ educational outcomes. The article is divided into four sections; the first section is an introduction to the study. The second section is a review of literature on what is known about the relationship between community social capital and educational outcomes in general. The third section is a discussion on the dynamics of the relationship between community social capital and adolescents‟ educational outcomes within the context of rural communities, while the fourth section discusses some identified research gaps and the need for further studies on the influence of community social interactive forces on rural adolescents‟ educational outcomes. Community Social Interactive Processes and Rural Adolescents‟ Educational Outcomes Issue 2: March 28, 2008
{"title":"Community Social Interactive Processes and Rural Adolescents’ Educational Outcomes: What We Know and What We Need to Know","authors":"Omolola A. Adedokun, M. Balschweid","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V3I2.40","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V3I2.40","url":null,"abstract":"The low educational outcomes of rural adolescents have long been a subject of research among educational and social researchers. In particular, extant studies have explained the high rates of high school dropout and low rates of college completion among rural adolescents mainly in terms of the structural and economic disadvantages associated with rural life. However, more recent research have employed social capital theory to show that rural adolescents‟ educational outcomes are shaped not only by the structural elements of their communities, but, also importantly by the dynamics of the social interactive processes taking place within this social environment. The present article provides a synthesis and review of literature on the relationship between community social interactive processes and rural adolescents‟ educational outcomes. The article is divided into four sections; the first section is an introduction to the study. The second section is a review of literature on what is known about the relationship between community social capital and educational outcomes in general. The third section is a discussion on the dynamics of the relationship between community social capital and adolescents‟ educational outcomes within the context of rural communities, while the fourth section discusses some identified research gaps and the need for further studies on the influence of community social interactive forces on rural adolescents‟ educational outcomes. Community Social Interactive Processes and Rural Adolescents‟ Educational Outcomes Issue 2: March 28, 2008","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70869668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Straddling the Great Divide: Migration and Population Change in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains","authors":"Evelyn D. Ravuri","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V3I3.41","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V3I3.41","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70869677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most educators, parents, and students seem to agree that computers and information technology should play an increasingly important role in education. As schools continue to add hardware and software, there has been concern about equity. One fear has been that students in rural schools may be at a disadvantage compared to students in urban or suburban school districts. A major problem in interpreting the small, existing body of research comparing the use of information technology in urban and rural schools is the variety of ways that the term rural is defined by researchers. This study developed two matrices (Appendix A and B) and used them to categorize rural districts as either frontier (extremely isolated) or other rural and compared computing resources. The study determined that frontier schools have a higher quantity and quality of information technology resources per student and per classroom while rural schools tend to have faster and higher quality Internet connections.
{"title":"Small and Smaller: A Comparison of Information Technology in Rural and Frontier Nevada Schools","authors":"Kimberly Vidoni, C. Maddux","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V3I1.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V3I1.39","url":null,"abstract":"Most educators, parents, and students seem to agree that computers and information technology should play an increasingly important role in education. As schools continue to add hardware and software, there has been concern about equity. One fear has been that students in rural schools may be at a disadvantage compared to students in urban or suburban school districts. A major problem in interpreting the small, existing body of research comparing the use of information technology in urban and rural schools is the variety of ways that the term rural is defined by researchers. This study developed two matrices (Appendix A and B) and used them to categorize rural districts as either frontier (extremely isolated) or other rural and compared computing resources. The study determined that frontier schools have a higher quantity and quality of information technology resources per student and per classroom while rural schools tend to have faster and higher quality Internet connections.","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70869650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The rural areas of the United States have experienced a proliferation of quasigovernmental institutions over the past three decades. The formation of such institutions represents an important form of local boundary change. Local boundaries determine service delivery, economic development, and intergovernmental relationships. It remains unclear, though, how the process of boundary change unfolds. Using federal and state data, I examine the ability of four general explanations of boundary change to account for the proliferation of economic development corporations across North Dakota and South Dakota. I find that their creation is not driven by economic change or need, but is more associated with property taxes per capita.
{"title":"Explanations for the Proliferation of Economic Development Corporations Across North Dakota and South Dakota","authors":"Nicholas G. Bauroth","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V3I5.43","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V3I5.43","url":null,"abstract":"The rural areas of the United States have experienced a proliferation of quasigovernmental institutions over the past three decades. The formation of such institutions represents an important form of local boundary change. Local boundaries determine service delivery, economic development, and intergovernmental relationships. It remains unclear, though, how the process of boundary change unfolds. Using federal and state data, I examine the ability of four general explanations of boundary change to account for the proliferation of economic development corporations across North Dakota and South Dakota. I find that their creation is not driven by economic change or need, but is more associated with property taxes per capita.","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70870060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Persistent economic, food security and civic engagement problems impact the lives of rural, low-income families. A longitudinal study of 524 mothers from 30 counties in 17 states revealed specific problems and possible interventions that can benefit individuals, families and communities. This article shares key findings from the Rural Families Speak study and offers three interventions with rationales for each. It also suggests an organizing framework that enables both individuals and groups within a community to analyze problems and issues and derive any imperative for action.
{"title":"Rural, Low-Income Mothers: Persistent Problems, Possible Interventions","authors":"B. Braun","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V3I6.44","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V3I6.44","url":null,"abstract":"Persistent economic, food security and civic engagement problems impact the lives of rural, low-income families. A longitudinal study of 524 mothers from 30 counties in 17 states revealed specific problems and possible interventions that can benefit individuals, families and communities. This article shares key findings from the Rural Families Speak study and offers three interventions with rationales for each. It also suggests an organizing framework that enables both individuals and groups within a community to analyze problems and issues and derive any imperative for action.","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70870078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Special Issue 2008: Rural Art","authors":"Dawn Marie Guernsey","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V3I4.42","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V3I4.42","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2008-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70870469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
For the past few years, a collaborative of nonprofit organizations in Nebraska has been evolving a model for community intervention and self-help. The program, called Hometown Competitiveness, has emerged as a new model for interdisciplinary rural development. Combining outside technical assistance with local capacity building, the program features four distinct strategies for entrepreneurship identification and support, leadership training, youth engagement and the creation of local charitable assets. The HTC collaborative is one of 6 programs nationally that received awards from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation’s Entrepreneurship System Development Initiative. The upcoming paper will offer descriptions of the assessment and engagement tools that have been developed by the HTC team as well as a look at how the collaborative developed and has changed over time. More information is available at: www.htcnebraska.org
{"title":"Hometown Competitiveness: A Come Back-Give Back Approach to Rural Development","authors":"Vicki Luther","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V2I4.38","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V2I4.38","url":null,"abstract":"For the past few years, a collaborative of nonprofit organizations in Nebraska has been evolving a model for community intervention and self-help. The program, called Hometown Competitiveness, has emerged as a new model for interdisciplinary rural development. Combining outside technical assistance with local capacity building, the program features four distinct strategies for entrepreneurship identification and support, leadership training, youth engagement and the creation of local charitable assets. The HTC collaborative is one of 6 programs nationally that received awards from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation’s Entrepreneurship System Development Initiative. The upcoming paper will offer descriptions of the assessment and engagement tools that have been developed by the HTC team as well as a look at how the collaborative developed and has changed over time. More information is available at: www.htcnebraska.org","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70869586","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Economic development in Indian Country has a long history of various programs intended to provide economic opportunities for reservation residents. Many of these programs have failed due in part to development perspectives that subjugated the people to ―what works in one place, will work here‖ theory of development. In order to help create sustainable economic opportunities, the Heartland Center for Leadership Development in conjunction with United Tribes Technical College (UTTC) and support from the Economic Development Administration (EDA), Denver Region, conducted a series of case studies focusing on promising programs in Indian Country that were meeting with success. These case studies reflect the positive economic conditions in order to build on them and provide a framework for other communities to follow.
{"title":"Economic Development in Indian Country: Traits that Lead to Sustainability","authors":"Kurt Mantonya, Milan N. Wall","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V2I3.37","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V2I3.37","url":null,"abstract":"Economic development in Indian Country has a long history of various programs intended to provide economic opportunities for reservation residents. Many of these programs have failed due in part to development perspectives that subjugated the people to ―what works in one place, will work here‖ theory of development. In order to help create sustainable economic opportunities, the Heartland Center for Leadership Development in conjunction with United Tribes Technical College (UTTC) and support from the Economic Development Administration (EDA), Denver Region, conducted a series of case studies focusing on promising programs in Indian Country that were meeting with success. These case studies reflect the positive economic conditions in order to build on them and provide a framework for other communities to follow.","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70869939","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study explores differences in labor availability characteristics among those living in metropolitan and micropolitan areas. Data used in this study are from surveys of adults in two adjacent Midwestern states and from three separate labor basins. Primary patterns under examination include wage demands, benefit demands, distance willing to commute for a job, perceived underemployment and entrepreneurial propensity. Bivariate analyses show no relationship between basin size and entrepreneurial propensity nor between basin size and willingness to commute. However, basin size has significant influence on four of the seven dependent variables, even after controlling for many sociodemographic characteristics. In multivariate analyses, health benefits, retirement benefits, education assistance and underemployed for skills continue to be significantly associated with size of basin, while desired wage, on the job (OJT) or paid training and underemployed for education are not significantly associated. Micropolitan area available labor pool (ALP) members place more importance on health benefits, retirement benefits and education assistance in considering new employment than do metropolitan ALP members. Among employed ALP, metropolitan respondents have a stronger perception of being underemployed given their skill level. These data are from only three labor basin areas. Variation is highly restricted due to the small number of places for comparative analysis. Future research will incorporate additional labor basins. Metropolitan-Micropolitan Difference in Available Labor Force Characteristics Issue 1: May 1, 2007
{"title":"Metropolitan-Micropolitan Difference in Available Labor Force Characteristics: Three Great Plains Labor Basins","authors":"M. S. Walker, B. Zollinger","doi":"10.4148/OJRRP.V2I1.35","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4148/OJRRP.V2I1.35","url":null,"abstract":"This study explores differences in labor availability characteristics among those living in metropolitan and micropolitan areas. Data used in this study are from surveys of adults in two adjacent Midwestern states and from three separate labor basins. Primary patterns under examination include wage demands, benefit demands, distance willing to commute for a job, perceived underemployment and entrepreneurial propensity. Bivariate analyses show no relationship between basin size and entrepreneurial propensity nor between basin size and willingness to commute. However, basin size has significant influence on four of the seven dependent variables, even after controlling for many sociodemographic characteristics. In multivariate analyses, health benefits, retirement benefits, education assistance and underemployed for skills continue to be significantly associated with size of basin, while desired wage, on the job (OJT) or paid training and underemployed for education are not significantly associated. Micropolitan area available labor pool (ALP) members place more importance on health benefits, retirement benefits and education assistance in considering new employment than do metropolitan ALP members. Among employed ALP, metropolitan respondents have a stronger perception of being underemployed given their skill level. These data are from only three labor basin areas. Variation is highly restricted due to the small number of places for comparative analysis. Future research will incorporate additional labor basins. Metropolitan-Micropolitan Difference in Available Labor Force Characteristics Issue 1: May 1, 2007","PeriodicalId":91938,"journal":{"name":"Online journal of rural research and policy","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2007-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70870033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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