Pub Date : 2015-08-26DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0012
K. M. Haldar, G. Chandra
The present study was designed to evaluate adulticidal efficacy and repellency potentiality of crude and ethyl acetate extracts of mature fruits of Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus., against the adult Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Anopheles stephensi Liston following appropriate protocols. In both the species of mosquitoes, mortality rate increased gradually with increased concentrations of ethyl acetate extract. LC 50 and LC 90 values of ethyl acetate extract were 109.62 ppm and 189.01 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 95.41 ppm, 181.96 ppm for An. stephensi respectively in adulticidal bioassay. An. stephensi was more susceptible to ethyl acetate extract than Cx. quinquefasciatus. Both crude and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant repellency potentiality. 99 % concentration of ethyl acetate extract conferred 100 % protection against biting activity of both the species of mosquitoes up to 120 minutes.
{"title":"Adulticidal bioassay and repellency potentiality of fruits of Drypetes roxburghii on Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi","authors":"K. M. Haldar, G. Chandra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0012","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to evaluate adulticidal efficacy and repellency potentiality of crude and ethyl acetate extracts of mature fruits of Drypetes roxburghii (Wall.) Hurus., against the adult Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Anopheles stephensi Liston following appropriate protocols. In both the species of mosquitoes, mortality rate increased gradually with increased concentrations of ethyl acetate extract. LC 50 and LC 90 values of ethyl acetate extract were 109.62 ppm and 189.01 ppm for Cx. quinquefasciatus and 95.41 ppm, 181.96 ppm for An. stephensi respectively in adulticidal bioassay. An. stephensi was more susceptible to ethyl acetate extract than Cx. quinquefasciatus. Both crude and ethyl acetate extracts showed significant repellency potentiality. 99 % concentration of ethyl acetate extract conferred 100 % protection against biting activity of both the species of mosquitoes up to 120 minutes.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-13DOI: 10.5376/jmr.2015.05.0011
J. Yugi, J. B. O. Owour, P. W. Kogogo, G. M. Luvaha, L. O. Okwiri, T. Rono, M. J. Vulule
Objective: malaria vector control is either by adult or larvae management. This study reports on the effective dose of crude ethanol and aqueous extracts of leaf and mature green fruits of Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra (L’ Herit) as a larvicide against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. Material & Methods: Batches of twenty freshly hatched or moulted larvae (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th instars) of An. gambiae were transferred using droppers into plastic containers measuring 6 cm mouth and 5.7 cm base diameter by 3.5 cm height arranged in sets. Each container contained an approximate of 33 millilitre solution of a particular concentration of leaf (shoot or midsection) or fruit extracts of Endod. Endod plants were sourced from Nyando and Eldoret. The solutions were a serial dilution of 40, 20, 10, 5 and 5 mg/100 mls of the crude extracts. Solutions of Neem and deltamethrin were used as positive control and that of water only as negative control. Three replicates were set up for each concentration. WHO threshold of > 80 % mortality was used as standard to assess effectiveness of the larvicide. Results: Over 80% of all larvae (L1s, L2s, L3s and L4s) died from exposure to concentrations of 20mg and higher of ethanol extracts of mature green fruits of Endod irrespective of source. Only 40 mg/100 mls of aqueous extracts of Endod leaves of the shoot sourced from Eldoret killed > 80% of exposed L1s. Higher mortalities were observed for extracts from leaves of the shoot of Endod than those from the midsection. Conclusion: Higher doses of ethanol and water extracts of Endod leaves and fruits were lethal to all stages of An. gambiae larvae.
{"title":"Effective Dose of Crude Ethanol and Aqueous Extracts of Phytolacca Dodecandra (L’ Herit) on Anopheles Gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) Larvae","authors":"J. Yugi, J. B. O. Owour, P. W. Kogogo, G. M. Luvaha, L. O. Okwiri, T. Rono, M. J. Vulule","doi":"10.5376/jmr.2015.05.0011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/jmr.2015.05.0011","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: malaria vector control is either by adult or larvae management. This study reports on the effective dose of crude ethanol and aqueous extracts of leaf and mature green fruits of Endod; Phytolacca dodecandra (L’ Herit) as a larvicide against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) mosquitoes. \u0000Material & Methods: Batches of twenty freshly hatched or moulted larvae (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd and 4 th instars) of An. gambiae were transferred using droppers into plastic containers measuring 6 cm mouth and 5.7 cm base diameter by 3.5 cm height arranged in sets. Each container contained an approximate of 33 millilitre solution of a particular concentration of leaf (shoot or midsection) or fruit extracts of Endod. Endod plants were sourced from Nyando and Eldoret. The solutions were a serial dilution of 40, 20, 10, 5 and 5 mg/100 mls of the crude extracts. Solutions of Neem and deltamethrin were used as positive control and that of water only as negative control. Three replicates were set up for each concentration. WHO threshold of > 80 % mortality was used as standard to assess effectiveness of the larvicide. \u0000Results: Over 80% of all larvae (L1s, L2s, L3s and L4s) died from exposure to concentrations of 20mg and higher of ethanol extracts of mature green fruits of Endod irrespective of source. Only 40 mg/100 mls of aqueous extracts of Endod leaves of the shoot sourced from Eldoret killed > 80% of exposed L1s. Higher mortalities were observed for extracts from leaves of the shoot of Endod than those from the midsection. \u0000Conclusion: Higher doses of ethanol and water extracts of Endod leaves and fruits were lethal to all stages of An. gambiae larvae.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-10DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0010
S. Mallick, G. Chandra
Present study was undertaken to evaluate the mosquito larvicidal potentiality of root extracts of Annona reticulata Linn. ( A. reticulata ), family Annonaceae against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 ( Cx. quinquefasciatus ). Petroleum ether, hexane, and ethyl acetate root extracts of the plant were examined to established their larvicidal potentiality against 3 rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito species. Crude and only ethyl acetate root extracts of the plant at different concentrations were examined on 1 st - 4 th instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . LC 50 value of ethyl acetate extract after 24 h of exposure against 3 rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus were also examined on some non target organisms. Phytochemical analyses of the root extracts of A, reticulata were also investigated. 100% mortality were noticed at very low concentrations of petroleum ether, hexane, and ethyl acetate root extracts of A. reticulata against 3 rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . LC 50 and LC 90 values of ethyl acetate root extract was lower than petroleum ether and hexane root extracts after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. Crude and ethyl acetate root extracts showed excellent larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito species. 100% mortality was observed at very low concentration for crude and ethyl acetate root extracts. LC 50 and LC 50 values gradually decreased with time of exposure for crude and ethyl acetate root extracts of A. reticulata . No mortality and sluggishness were observed in control experiments as well as on examined non target organisms. Phytochemical analyses of root extracts of the plant revealed the presence of different secondary metabolites. So crude and ethyl acetate root extracts of A. reticulata can effectively be used for larval mortality against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito species at a very low concentration.
{"title":"Larvicidal Potentiality of Root Extracts of Annona reticulata Linn. Against the Filarial Vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"S. Mallick, G. Chandra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0010","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0010","url":null,"abstract":"Present study was undertaken to evaluate the mosquito larvicidal potentiality of root extracts of Annona reticulata Linn. ( A. reticulata ), family Annonaceae against filarial vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 ( Cx. quinquefasciatus ). Petroleum ether, hexane, and ethyl acetate root extracts of the plant were examined to established their larvicidal potentiality against 3 rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito species. Crude and only ethyl acetate root extracts of the plant at different concentrations were examined on 1 st - 4 th instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . LC 50 value of ethyl acetate extract after 24 h of exposure against 3 rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus were also examined on some non target organisms. Phytochemical analyses of the root extracts of A, reticulata were also investigated. 100% mortality were noticed at very low concentrations of petroleum ether, hexane, and ethyl acetate root extracts of A. reticulata against 3 rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . LC 50 and LC 90 values of ethyl acetate root extract was lower than petroleum ether and hexane root extracts after 24, 48, and 72 h of exposure. Crude and ethyl acetate root extracts showed excellent larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito species. 100% mortality was observed at very low concentration for crude and ethyl acetate root extracts. LC 50 and LC 50 values gradually decreased with time of exposure for crude and ethyl acetate root extracts of A. reticulata . No mortality and sluggishness were observed in control experiments as well as on examined non target organisms. Phytochemical analyses of root extracts of the plant revealed the presence of different secondary metabolites. So crude and ethyl acetate root extracts of A. reticulata can effectively be used for larval mortality against Cx. quinquefasciatus mosquito species at a very low concentration.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-23DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0009
S. Mallick, Devaleena Mukherjee, G. Chandra
The present study was designed to examine the larvicidal property of acetone leaf extracts of Annona reticulata L. ( A. reticulata ), (family: Annonaceae) against 1 st to 4 th instars larvae of three dreadful mosquitoes namely Aedes aegypti L., 1762 ( Ae. aegypti ), Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 ( An. stephensi ) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 ( Cx. quinquefasciatus ). Cent percent mortality was observed at 12 ppm concentration in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of Ae. Aegypti , where as 9 ppm concentration showed 100% mortality in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of An. stephensi after 72 h of exposure. At 6 ppm concentration, 100% mortality was observed in 1 st instar larvae after 24 h of exposure and in 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus after 48 h of exposure. In the 72 h bioassay experiment, LC 50 and LC 90 values progressively decreased with the increase in exposure period, having the lowest values at 72 h of exposure. Among the three mosquitoes, Cx. quinquefasciatus proved to be most susceptible to acetone leaf extract of A. reticulata . Some non target organisms were found to be non-responsive to the bioactive extract when exposed. So, acetone leaf extract of A. reticulata was proved to be an efficient larvicidal agent against 3 important vectors like Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus .
本研究旨在研究番麻科(Annona reticulata L.， A. reticulata)丙酮叶提取物对埃及伊蚊(Aedes aegypti L.， 1762, Ae.) 1 ~ 4龄幼虫的杀灭作用。埃及伊蚊)，斯氏按蚊，利斯顿，1901(安。致倦库蚊，1823年。quinquefasciatus)。在12 ppm浓度下，伊蚊1、2、3龄幼虫死亡率为100%。当浓度为9ppm时，埃及伊蚊1、2、3龄幼虫死亡率均为100%。暴露72小时后。在6 ppm浓度下，Cx 1龄幼虫和2、3龄幼虫暴露24 h后死亡率均为100%。暴露48小时后致倦库蚊。在72 h的生物测定实验中，lc50和lc90值随着暴露时间的增加而逐渐降低，在暴露72 h时达到最低。在这三种蚊子中，Cx。结果表明，拟倦库蚊对黄颡鱼丙酮叶提取物最敏感。一些非目标生物被发现在暴露时对生物活性提取物无反应。综上所述，藤叶丙酮提取物对伊蚊等3种重要病媒具有较好的杀灭效果。蚊,。stephensi和Cx。quinquefasciatus。
{"title":"Evaluation of Larvicidal Efficacy of Acetone Leaf Extracts of Annona reticulata Linn. Against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"S. Mallick, Devaleena Mukherjee, G. Chandra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0009","url":null,"abstract":"The present study was designed to examine the larvicidal property of acetone leaf extracts of Annona reticulata L. ( A. reticulata ), (family: Annonaceae) against 1 st to 4 th instars larvae of three dreadful mosquitoes namely Aedes aegypti L., 1762 ( Ae. aegypti ), Anopheles stephensi Liston, 1901 ( An. stephensi ) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say, 1823 ( Cx. quinquefasciatus ). Cent percent mortality was observed at 12 ppm concentration in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of Ae. Aegypti , where as 9 ppm concentration showed 100% mortality in 1 st , 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of An. stephensi after 72 h of exposure. At 6 ppm concentration, 100% mortality was observed in 1 st instar larvae after 24 h of exposure and in 2 nd and 3 rd instars larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus after 48 h of exposure. In the 72 h bioassay experiment, LC 50 and LC 90 values progressively decreased with the increase in exposure period, having the lowest values at 72 h of exposure. Among the three mosquitoes, Cx. quinquefasciatus proved to be most susceptible to acetone leaf extract of A. reticulata . Some non target organisms were found to be non-responsive to the bioactive extract when exposed. So, acetone leaf extract of A. reticulata was proved to be an efficient larvicidal agent against 3 important vectors like Ae. aegypti, An. stephensi and Cx. quinquefasciatus .","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-06-18DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0008
M. Hossain, K. Bashar, Rahman K.M.Z., Razzak, A. J. Howlader
In Bangladesh, a number of important pathogens are transmitted by mosquitoes; however, at the present time, relatively little is known about the daily biting activity of most species of mosquitoes. Given that avoidance may be a viable option to decrease exposure to infected mosquitoes, we conducted a study to determine the biting patterns for mosquitoes during the 12 hour period from 18h00 to 06h00. Host-seeking mosquitoes which landed on the exposed legs and hands were collected using a mouth aspirator. Mosquitoes were continuously collected during the first 50 minutes of each hour and rested for the remaining 10 minutes. The hourly catches of mosquitoes were kept in labeled cups according to the hour of collection. A total of 711 mosquitoes from three genera and seven species were collected. Four species belonged to Culex , two to Mansonia and one to Armigeres . Among the collected species, six were recognized as vectors of pathogens in Bangladesh including the vectors of filariasis [ Culex quinquefasciatus (56.54%), Mansonia uniformis (15.75%), Mn. annulifera (12.38%), and Armigeres subalbatus (4.64%)] and Japanese encephalitis [ Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (7.17%), and Cx. vishnui (1.55%)]. One non-vector species of mosquito, Cx. hutchinsoni (1.97%), was also collected during the study. In general, biting commenced just after sunset, increased gradually, peaked between 24h00 and 01h00 and decreased to the lowest level between 05h00 and 06h00. The biting densities of mosquitoes ranged from 9.1 mosquitoes per men hour (mph) in July to 16.5 mph in May, with an overall average of 11.85 mph. The highest and lowest biting density was found in May and July respectively. Biting activity of various vector species differed during different hours in the night. Use of personal protection methods should be encouraged during the peak biting times to minimize vector-host contact.
{"title":"Biting Rhythms of Selected Mosquito Species (Diptera: Culicidae) in Jahangirnagar University, Bangladesh","authors":"M. Hossain, K. Bashar, Rahman K.M.Z., Razzak, A. J. Howlader","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0008","url":null,"abstract":"In Bangladesh, a number of important pathogens are transmitted by mosquitoes; however, at the present time, relatively little is known about the daily biting activity of most species of mosquitoes. Given that avoidance may be a viable option to decrease exposure to infected mosquitoes, we conducted a study to determine the biting patterns for mosquitoes during the 12 hour period from 18h00 to 06h00. Host-seeking mosquitoes which landed on the exposed legs and hands were collected using a mouth aspirator. Mosquitoes were continuously collected during the first 50 minutes of each hour and rested for the remaining 10 minutes. The hourly catches of mosquitoes were kept in labeled cups according to the hour of collection. A total of 711 mosquitoes from three genera and seven species were collected. Four species belonged to Culex , two to Mansonia and one to Armigeres . Among the collected species, six were recognized as vectors of pathogens in Bangladesh including the vectors of filariasis [ Culex quinquefasciatus (56.54%), Mansonia uniformis (15.75%), Mn. annulifera (12.38%), and Armigeres subalbatus (4.64%)] and Japanese encephalitis [ Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (7.17%), and Cx. vishnui (1.55%)]. One non-vector species of mosquito, Cx. hutchinsoni (1.97%), was also collected during the study. In general, biting commenced just after sunset, increased gradually, peaked between 24h00 and 01h00 and decreased to the lowest level between 05h00 and 06h00. The biting densities of mosquitoes ranged from 9.1 mosquitoes per men hour (mph) in July to 16.5 mph in May, with an overall average of 11.85 mph. The highest and lowest biting density was found in May and July respectively. Biting activity of various vector species differed during different hours in the night. Use of personal protection methods should be encouraged during the peak biting times to minimize vector-host contact.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-22DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0006
Amandha da Costa Fogaca Silva, E. J. Arruda, G. Fonseca, C. T. Carvalho, C. M. Silva, C. V. Nova, C. Rocha, Garcia Gaban
Dengue is an infectious disease transmitted by the bite of female Aedes aegypti during blood feeding, for continuity of the reproduction process. Population mosquito control has been carried out for decades, through the intensive use of conventional insecticides. The Bordeaux Mixture (BM) is a colloidal substance with insecticidal activity, bactericidal, fungicidal and molluscicide and can act comprehensively to control immature forms of A. aegypti, in addition to altering the physical and chemical conditions in the breeding and food chain insect. The values for the lethal concentrations of BM were CL10 1.05 mg L -1 (confidence interval 0.70 - 1.34), LC50 3.06 mg L -1 (2.73 - 3.35) and LC90 8.94 mg L -1 (7.42 - 11.92). The results of this study allow us to propose the BM as
登革热是一种传染病，由雌性埃及伊蚊在吸血过程中叮咬传播，以维持繁殖过程的连续性。通过大量使用常规杀虫剂，蚊子种群控制已经进行了几十年。波尔多混合剂(BM)是一种具有杀虫、杀菌、杀真菌和杀软体活性的胶体物质，除了改变昆虫繁殖和食物链中的物理和化学条件外，还能综合防治埃及伊蚊的未成熟形态。BM致死浓度CL10为1.05 mg L -1(置信区间0.70 ~ 1.34)，LC50为3.06 mg L -1(置信区间2.73 ~ 3.35)，LC90为8.94 mg L -1(置信区间7.42 ~ 11.92)。本研究的结果允许我们提出BM为
{"title":"Evaluation of toxicity of Bordeaux Mixture in Aedes aegypti larvae (L. 1672) (Diptera: Culicidae) and Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria","authors":"Amandha da Costa Fogaca Silva, E. J. Arruda, G. Fonseca, C. T. Carvalho, C. M. Silva, C. V. Nova, C. Rocha, Garcia Gaban","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0006","url":null,"abstract":"Dengue is an infectious disease transmitted by the bite of female Aedes aegypti during blood feeding, for continuity of the reproduction process. Population mosquito control has been carried out for decades, through the intensive use of conventional insecticides. The Bordeaux Mixture (BM) is a colloidal substance with insecticidal activity, bactericidal, fungicidal and molluscicide and can act comprehensively to control immature forms of A. aegypti, in addition to altering the physical and chemical conditions in the breeding and food chain insect. The values for the lethal concentrations of BM were CL10 1.05 mg L -1 (confidence interval 0.70 - 1.34), LC50 3.06 mg L -1 (2.73 - 3.35) and LC90 8.94 mg L -1 (7.42 - 11.92). The results of this study allow us to propose the BM as","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856942","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-21DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0007
Aarti Sharma, Sarita Kumar, Pushplata Tripathi
Aedes aegypti ; well-known vector associated with the transmission of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever; hasattracted substantial attention worldwide because of the alarming increase in disease statistics. Laboratory investigations were carried out to evaluate the impact of extracts; prepared from the stems and leaves of Achyranthes aspera; on the survival, behaviour and morphology of Ae. aegypti larvae. Healthy and disease-free parts of A. aspera extracted in hexane were screened for their larvicidal activity against early fourth instars of dengue vector in accordance with the WHO protocol. The investigations clearly established the larvicidal efficiency of both the extracts, though hexane stem extracts proved to be 0.82 fold more efficient than the leaf extracts. The bioassay resulted inLC 50 value of 68.133 and 82.555 ppm, when larvae were exposed to the hexane stem and leaf extracts of A. aspera , respectively. On the other hand, at LC 90 level, the hexane leaves extract proved to be 18% more efficient as compared to the hexane stem extract of A. aspera. Behavioural observations of the treated larvae revealed excitation and restlessness with persistent and aggressive anal biting behaviour indicating the probable effect of the extracts on the neuromuscular system of larvae. Microscopic observations of the dead larvae showed shrunken internal membrane of anal papillae and abnormally stretched body. Further the treated larvae of Ae. aegypti showed distorted alimentary canal with loss of pigmentation and partial or total cell destruction. Our results suggest the probable use of hexane extracts of A. aspera as an efficient and eco-friendly larvicide against Ae. aegypti . Further investigations are needed to identify the bioactive constituent and ascertain its effectiveness in the field conditions .
{"title":"Impact of Achyranthes aspera Leaf and Stem Extracts on the Survival, Morphology and Behaviour of an Indian Strain of Dengue Vector, Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"Aarti Sharma, Sarita Kumar, Pushplata Tripathi","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0007","url":null,"abstract":"Aedes aegypti ; well-known vector associated with the transmission of dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever; hasattracted substantial attention worldwide because of the alarming increase in disease statistics. Laboratory investigations were carried out to evaluate the impact of extracts; prepared from the stems and leaves of Achyranthes aspera; on the survival, behaviour and morphology of Ae. aegypti larvae. Healthy and disease-free parts of A. aspera extracted in hexane were screened for their larvicidal activity against early fourth instars of dengue vector in accordance with the WHO protocol. The investigations clearly established the larvicidal efficiency of both the extracts, though hexane stem extracts proved to be 0.82 fold more efficient than the leaf extracts. The bioassay resulted inLC 50 value of 68.133 and 82.555 ppm, when larvae were exposed to the hexane stem and leaf extracts of A. aspera , respectively. On the other hand, at LC 90 level, the hexane leaves extract proved to be 18% more efficient as compared to the hexane stem extract of A. aspera. Behavioural observations of the treated larvae revealed excitation and restlessness with persistent and aggressive anal biting behaviour indicating the probable effect of the extracts on the neuromuscular system of larvae. Microscopic observations of the dead larvae showed shrunken internal membrane of anal papillae and abnormally stretched body. Further the treated larvae of Ae. aegypti showed distorted alimentary canal with loss of pigmentation and partial or total cell destruction. Our results suggest the probable use of hexane extracts of A. aspera as an efficient and eco-friendly larvicide against Ae. aegypti . Further investigations are needed to identify the bioactive constituent and ascertain its effectiveness in the field conditions .","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-05-05DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0005
A. R. Jose, J. Adesina
Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles stephensi and in controlling the malaria parasite Plasmodium spp., the vector mosquito has to be controlled. Extensive use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in environmental hazards and also in development of physiological resistance among vector mosquito species. Plant products are considered to be a potential alternative approach as they are environmentally safe, target specific and biodegradable. The n-hexane extracts of three plants viz ., leaves of Cola gigantea , Malacantha alnifolia and Croton zambesicus were evaluated against mosquito third instar larvae under ambient laboratory condition at Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The larvicidal effects of the three plant species were tested at the following dosages: 0ml; 2ml; 4ml and 5ml. Larval mortality toxicity was calculated after 24 hours exposure period and the results obtained show that all the extracts exerted varying significant (P<0.05) percentages of larvae mortality effect; extract of C. gigantea was found to have the highest mortality rate at LC 50 and LC 90 . From the phytochemical screening conducted on the plants, it was observed that the plants contain some secondary metabolites which are likely responsible for the larvicidal properties exhibited by the tested plants. The plants extracts show to be promising alternative to synthetic insecticides in malaria vector control programme and its adoption is advocated. Further studies need to be conducted to isolate and characterize the active molecules present in the plants.
{"title":"Larvicidal Efficacy of Cola gigantea , Malacantha alnifolia and Croton zambesicus Extracts as Phytoinsecticides Against Malaria Vector Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: culicidae)","authors":"A. R. Jose, J. Adesina","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0005","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is transmitted by Anopheles stephensi and in controlling the malaria parasite Plasmodium spp., the vector mosquito has to be controlled. Extensive use of synthetic insecticides has resulted in environmental hazards and also in development of physiological resistance among vector mosquito species. Plant products are considered to be a potential alternative approach as they are environmentally safe, target specific and biodegradable. The n-hexane extracts of three plants viz ., leaves of Cola gigantea , Malacantha alnifolia and Croton zambesicus were evaluated against mosquito third instar larvae under ambient laboratory condition at Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Rufus Giwa Polytechnic, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The larvicidal effects of the three plant species were tested at the following dosages: 0ml; 2ml; 4ml and 5ml. Larval mortality toxicity was calculated after 24 hours exposure period and the results obtained show that all the extracts exerted varying significant (P<0.05) percentages of larvae mortality effect; extract of C. gigantea was found to have the highest mortality rate at LC 50 and LC 90 . From the phytochemical screening conducted on the plants, it was observed that the plants contain some secondary metabolites which are likely responsible for the larvicidal properties exhibited by the tested plants. The plants extracts show to be promising alternative to synthetic insecticides in malaria vector control programme and its adoption is advocated. Further studies need to be conducted to isolate and characterize the active molecules present in the plants.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-27DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0004
M. Kenawy
This article reviews and discusses the status of Anopheles mosquitoes and malaria in ancient and modern Egypt based on the available and scattered reports. Eleven Anopheles species are present in Egypt of which An. pharoensis and An. sergentii are the proven vectors. The two vectors with their characteristics of zoophilic tendency, low infectivity rates and relatively short longevity convey the unstable type of malaria prevailed in Egypt. The immunologic tests on the Egyptian mummies confirmed the high prevalence of P. falciparum malaria in ancient Egypt. Malaria was endemic in almost all parts of the country but prevalence has shown a steady decrease by 1990, and regressed in most of the Governorates. Then by the end of 1998 till now all reportedcases areimported mainly from Sudan. However, some locally acquired cases were reported in El Faiyoum and Cairo. Moreover, the recent outbreak of falciparum (1 case) and vivax (23 cases) that occurred (May 2014) in Aswan Governorate strongly indicates that malaria is reemerging in the country.
{"title":"Review of Anopheles Mosquitoes and Malaria in Ancient and Modern Egypt","authors":"M. Kenawy","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0004","url":null,"abstract":"This article reviews and discusses the status of Anopheles mosquitoes and malaria in ancient and modern Egypt based on the available and scattered reports. Eleven Anopheles species are present in Egypt of which An. pharoensis and An. sergentii are the proven vectors. The two vectors with their characteristics of zoophilic tendency, low infectivity rates and relatively short longevity convey the unstable type of malaria prevailed in Egypt. The immunologic tests on the Egyptian mummies confirmed the high prevalence of P. falciparum malaria in ancient Egypt. Malaria was endemic in almost all parts of the country but prevalence has shown a steady decrease by 1990, and regressed in most of the Governorates. Then by the end of 1998 till now all reportedcases areimported mainly from Sudan. However, some locally acquired cases were reported in El Faiyoum and Cairo. Moreover, the recent outbreak of falciparum (1 case) and vivax (23 cases) that occurred (May 2014) in Aswan Governorate strongly indicates that malaria is reemerging in the country.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-03-05DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0002
J. Yugi, Joash Barack O. Owuor, Caleb Awiti Auma, Jacqueline India Juma, P. W. Kogogo
Introduction: Plant extracts are an attractive target for search of effective malaria vector control agents. The reason for this is that they present a cost effective, target specific and bio-degradable insecticides. The other reason is that they posses varied phytochemical contents that vectors are unlikely to develop resistance to very soon. In this study, we report on effectiveness of ethanol and water extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra (L’ Herit) against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Methods: Crude ethanol and water extracts of leaves (shoot and midsection) and mature green fruits of P. dodecandra were scrutinized for larvicidal activity against 1 st to 4 th instar larvae of An. gambiae . Larvicidal bioassays were conducted and effectiveness evaluated using the >80% as per the WHO methods and threshold respectively. ANOVA analyses were performed for statistical justifications of the larvicidal property with P considered significant at p 80%. We recommend that additional refinement and tests need to be done before commercial exploitation as a malaria vector larvicide.
{"title":"Larviciding potency of water and ethanol extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra (L’ Herit) on Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"J. Yugi, Joash Barack O. Owuor, Caleb Awiti Auma, Jacqueline India Juma, P. W. Kogogo","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0002","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Plant extracts are an attractive target for search of effective malaria vector control agents. The reason for this is that they present a cost effective, target specific and bio-degradable insecticides. The other reason is that they posses varied phytochemical contents that vectors are unlikely to develop resistance to very soon. In this study, we report on effectiveness of ethanol and water extracts of Phytolacca dodecandra (L’ Herit) against Anopheles gambiae (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Methods: Crude ethanol and water extracts of leaves (shoot and midsection) and mature green fruits of P. dodecandra were scrutinized for larvicidal activity against 1 st to 4 th instar larvae of An. gambiae . Larvicidal bioassays were conducted and effectiveness evaluated using the >80% as per the WHO methods and threshold respectively. ANOVA analyses were performed for statistical justifications of the larvicidal property with P considered significant at p 80%. We recommend that additional refinement and tests need to be done before commercial exploitation as a malaria vector larvicide.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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