Pub Date : 2015-12-04DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0022
A. Sivan, A. Shriram, D. Bhattacharya, P. Vijayachari
Endosymbiotic bacteria under the genus Wolbachia have been envisaged as a potential candidate for delivery of pathogen blocking genes into wild populations of arthropod vectors, based on its interactions in vector mosquitoes. The prevalence of Wolbachia endosymbiont in natural populations of the dengue and chikungunya vector Aedes albopictus was determined by the polymerase chain reaction method ( wsp ). In the present study a large number of wild Ae . Albopictus specimens were screened for the presence of Wolbachia . A total of 1441 Ae . albopictus mosquitoes were collected from 29 sampling locations, spanning heterogeneous landscapes covering three tehsils of South Andaman district during a 3 month period and were screened for the presence of Wolbachia , 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction method. GIS based distribution of Wolbachia was generated. The overall prevalence of Wolbachia super group A and Wolbachia super group B observed was 100% (n=472) of Ae . albopictus . This is the first report on the Wolbachia prevalence in a field population of Ae . albopictus . The wsp gene sequence of the Wolbachia strain generated from Ae . albopictus was BLAST analyzed and found 99% sequence homologous with Wolbachia sp. of Ae . albopictus isolated from different geographical regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp gene fragments showed that the present Wolbachia isolate was closely related with Wolbachia from different geographical locations of India, USA, China, France, United Kingdom and Taiwan.
{"title":"Prevalence of Wolbachia Endosymbiont among Field Collected Aedes albopictus (Skuse) and Phylogeny in South Andaman, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India","authors":"A. Sivan, A. Shriram, D. Bhattacharya, P. Vijayachari","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0022","url":null,"abstract":"Endosymbiotic bacteria under the genus Wolbachia have been envisaged as a potential candidate for delivery of pathogen blocking genes into wild populations of arthropod vectors, based on its interactions in vector mosquitoes. The prevalence of Wolbachia endosymbiont in natural populations of the dengue and chikungunya vector Aedes albopictus was determined by the polymerase chain reaction method ( wsp ). In the present study a large number of wild Ae . Albopictus specimens were screened for the presence of Wolbachia . A total of 1441 Ae . albopictus mosquitoes were collected from 29 sampling locations, spanning heterogeneous landscapes covering three tehsils of South Andaman district during a 3 month period and were screened for the presence of Wolbachia , 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction method. GIS based distribution of Wolbachia was generated. The overall prevalence of Wolbachia super group A and Wolbachia super group B observed was 100% (n=472) of Ae . albopictus . This is the first report on the Wolbachia prevalence in a field population of Ae . albopictus . The wsp gene sequence of the Wolbachia strain generated from Ae . albopictus was BLAST analyzed and found 99% sequence homologous with Wolbachia sp. of Ae . albopictus isolated from different geographical regions. Phylogenetic analysis based on wsp gene fragments showed that the present Wolbachia isolate was closely related with Wolbachia from different geographical locations of India, USA, China, France, United Kingdom and Taiwan.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857234","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-24DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0023
M. Sarkar, A. Borkotoki
The Voltage Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) is critical for binding of different insecticides and play key role in insecticide resistance. An important mechanism of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids is termed knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by mutations in IIS6 domain of sodium channels. To attain a better management strategy for insecticide resistance and screening of new insecticide molecules, it is important to understand the three-dimensional structure of insecticide-binding domain of VGSC and its molecular interaction with insecticides. We constructed a theoretical model of ion transport domain–II of VGSC from mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus . The stereochemistry of the model shows 91.1% residues are in the most favored region. Docking studies with DDT and deltamethrin indicated that deltamethrin showed interaction with Thr 929 , Met 918 , Ile 936 , Cys 933 , Leu 925 , Glu 881 , Met 857 and Gly 866 and DDT showed interaction with Ile 936 , Thr 929 , Ser 878 , Phe 863 , Gln 864 , Trp 861 and Met 857 . We also predicted that mutation of Thr 929 should confer resistance to both DDT and deltamethrin.
{"title":"In Silico modeling of voltage-gated sodium channel alpha subunit to understand insecticide binding simulation in mosquitoes","authors":"M. Sarkar, A. Borkotoki","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0023","url":null,"abstract":"The Voltage Gated Sodium Channel (VGSC) is critical for binding of different insecticides and play key role in insecticide resistance. An important mechanism of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids is termed knockdown resistance (kdr), caused by mutations in IIS6 domain of sodium channels. To attain a better management strategy for insecticide resistance and screening of new insecticide molecules, it is important to understand the three-dimensional structure of insecticide-binding domain of VGSC and its molecular interaction with insecticides. We constructed a theoretical model of ion transport domain–II of VGSC from mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus . The stereochemistry of the model shows 91.1% residues are in the most favored region. Docking studies with DDT and deltamethrin indicated that deltamethrin showed interaction with Thr 929 , Met 918 , Ile 936 , Cys 933 , Leu 925 , Glu 881 , Met 857 and Gly 866 and DDT showed interaction with Ile 936 , Thr 929 , Ser 878 , Phe 863 , Gln 864 , Trp 861 and Met 857 . We also predicted that mutation of Thr 929 should confer resistance to both DDT and deltamethrin.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-24DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0021
Cleusa Rocha Garcia Gaban, Eduardo Arruda, D. M. Dourado, L. M. G. E. D. Silva, Paulo César Cavalcante Vila Nova, IsaÃas Cabrini
Although insecticides are important tools for the control of disease vectors, their loss effectiveness and associated environmental problems have led to research aimed at discovering or designing new active principles. However, little is known about the physiological effects of new insecticides. Using histopathological techniques, this study elucidates the morphological changes that occur in the midgut of Aedes aegypti larvae after treatment with the metal complex [Cu(EDTA)] 2- . The midgut was the most heavily affected part of the larvae. Cell debris was found in the lumen of the digestive system, a sign of the total destruction of insect tissue, specifically the destructive vacuolization of columnar and regenerative intestinal cells. The apical surfaces of the columnar cells exhibited oriented projections into the lumen, suggesting that these cells are involved in apoptosis. These results are an important supplement to the analysis and development of larvicides based on metal complexes, and will facilitate the design of effective Aedes aegypti control strategies.
{"title":"Morphological Changes in the Digestive System of Aedes aegypti L. Induced by [Cu(EDTA)] 2- Complex Ions","authors":"Cleusa Rocha Garcia Gaban, Eduardo Arruda, D. M. Dourado, L. M. G. E. D. Silva, Paulo César Cavalcante Vila Nova, IsaÃas Cabrini","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0021","url":null,"abstract":"Although insecticides are important tools for the control of disease vectors, their loss effectiveness and associated environmental problems have led to research aimed at discovering or designing new active principles. However, little is known about the physiological effects of new insecticides. Using histopathological techniques, this study elucidates the morphological changes that occur in the midgut of Aedes aegypti larvae after treatment with the metal complex [Cu(EDTA)] 2- . The midgut was the most heavily affected part of the larvae. Cell debris was found in the lumen of the digestive system, a sign of the total destruction of insect tissue, specifically the destructive vacuolization of columnar and regenerative intestinal cells. The apical surfaces of the columnar cells exhibited oriented projections into the lumen, suggesting that these cells are involved in apoptosis. These results are an important supplement to the analysis and development of larvicides based on metal complexes, and will facilitate the design of effective Aedes aegypti control strategies.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-21DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0020
V. Tyagi, A. Sharma, R. Yadav, D. Sukumaran, O. Agrawal, V. Veer
Malaria is one of the major public health problems in tropical countries including India. The Madhya Pradesh situated in central part of India and its 8% of the total population contributes about 30% of total malaria cases, 60% of total falciparum cases and 50% of malaria deaths in the country. The major malaria vector in this state is Anopheles culicifacies . The large numbers of cases of malaria in this area are largely due to cessation of vector control activities and deterioration of health services. The vector control mainly relies on the proper identification and distribution of the vector species exists in a particular area. The Anopheles culicifacies is a complex of five morphologically indistinguishable species A, B, C, D and E. Hence the present study was designed to identify and see the distribution of Anopheles culicifacies species in certain districts of Madhya Pradesh. The An. culicifacies mosquitoes were collected from different parts of Madhya Pradesh. The collected mosquitoes were subjected to polytene chromosome preparation for viewing the difference in chromosomal patterns of An. culicifacies sibling species. Sibling species C of An. culicifacies was identified from Hoshangabad (Dhadav and Padav villages) and species D of An. culicifacies was identified from Narsinghpur (Chinki, Bhalpani, Sherpipariya and Gotegaon villages) and Khandwa (Chighdhalia and Narnada Nagar villages).
{"title":"Cytotaxonomic Examination for Identification of Anopheles culicifacies Sibling Species in Central India","authors":"V. Tyagi, A. Sharma, R. Yadav, D. Sukumaran, O. Agrawal, V. Veer","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0020","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is one of the major public health problems in tropical countries including India. The Madhya Pradesh situated in central part of India and its 8% of the total population contributes about 30% of total malaria cases, 60% of total falciparum cases and 50% of malaria deaths in the country. The major malaria vector in this state is Anopheles culicifacies . The large numbers of cases of malaria in this area are largely due to cessation of vector control activities and deterioration of health services. The vector control mainly relies on the proper identification and distribution of the vector species exists in a particular area. The Anopheles culicifacies is a complex of five morphologically indistinguishable species A, B, C, D and E. Hence the present study was designed to identify and see the distribution of Anopheles culicifacies species in certain districts of Madhya Pradesh. The An. culicifacies mosquitoes were collected from different parts of Madhya Pradesh. The collected mosquitoes were subjected to polytene chromosome preparation for viewing the difference in chromosomal patterns of An. culicifacies sibling species. Sibling species C of An. culicifacies was identified from Hoshangabad (Dhadav and Padav villages) and species D of An. culicifacies was identified from Narsinghpur (Chinki, Bhalpani, Sherpipariya and Gotegaon villages) and Khandwa (Chighdhalia and Narnada Nagar villages).","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-02DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0019
S. Mallick, R. Banerjee, G. Chandra
The larvicidal potential of ethanol leaf extract of Annona reticulata L. (A. reticulata ), ( Annonaceae) was evaluated against 1st - 4th instars larvae of Aedes aegypti L. ( Ae. aegypti ) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say ( Cx. quinquefasciatus ) mosquitoes at 24, 48 and 72 h exposure. The extract was found more effective against Cx. quinquefasciatus than Ae . aegypti larvae and its LC 50 and LC 90 values gradually decreased with increased period of exposure. LC 50 values of the extract recorded after 24 h of exposure were 0.5021, 2.9374, 4.2048, 6.2245 ppm respectively against 1st- 4th larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and 6.8839, 5.9929, 14.5745, 19.8836 ppm against Ae. aegypti larvae. No mortality and any abnormal behavior up to 72 h post exposure were observed in aquatic non target organisms viz ., Chironomus circumdatus larvae, Diplonychus annulatum and tadpoles of frog when exposed to 24 h LC50 dose of the extract against 3rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . In conclusion, the ethanol leaf extract of A. reticulata exhibited excellent larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
{"title":"Mosquito larvicidal potential of ethanol leaf extract of the plant, Annona reticulata L. against Aedes aegypti L. and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"S. Mallick, R. Banerjee, G. Chandra","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0019","url":null,"abstract":"The larvicidal potential of ethanol leaf extract of Annona reticulata L. (A. reticulata ), ( Annonaceae) was evaluated against 1st - 4th instars larvae of Aedes aegypti L. ( Ae. aegypti ) and Culex quinquefasciatus Say ( Cx. quinquefasciatus ) mosquitoes at 24, 48 and 72 h exposure. The extract was found more effective against Cx. quinquefasciatus than Ae . aegypti larvae and its LC 50 and LC 90 values gradually decreased with increased period of exposure. LC 50 values of the extract recorded after 24 h of exposure were 0.5021, 2.9374, 4.2048, 6.2245 ppm respectively against 1st- 4th larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus and 6.8839, 5.9929, 14.5745, 19.8836 ppm against Ae. aegypti larvae. No mortality and any abnormal behavior up to 72 h post exposure were observed in aquatic non target organisms viz ., Chironomus circumdatus larvae, Diplonychus annulatum and tadpoles of frog when exposed to 24 h LC50 dose of the extract against 3rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus . In conclusion, the ethanol leaf extract of A. reticulata exhibited excellent larvicidal activity against Cx. quinquefasciatus and Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857084","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-11-01DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0018
S. Arivoli, R. Raveen, T. Samuel
Mosquitoes are significant public health pests and act as a vector of several diseases viz ., malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever and chikungunya, which are transmitted by the three genera of mosquitoes, viz ., Anopheles, Culex and Aedes . Mosquito control strategies have depended primarily on the use of synthetic chemical insecticides but resulted in rebounding vectorial capacity, environmental and human health concerns. Plants may be a source of alternative agents to replace the synthetic insecticides for mosquito control. In the present study, the isolated fractions of Murraya koenigii hexane leaf extracts were evaluated for larvicidal activity against vector mosquitoes viz., Aedes aegypti , Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus . Six fractions viz., A, B, C, D, E and F were obtained from the residue of hexane extract by column chromatography. Standard WHO protocol with minor modifications was adopted for the larvicidal bioassay. Larvicidal activity was evaluated against the isolated fractions at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm. Larval mortality was observed 24 hours post exposure. Amongst the isolated fractions tested, fraction ‘D’ showed 100.0, 97.6 and 99.2% mortality against third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti , Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi at 100 ppm, respectively and LC50 values were 35.06, 27.20 and 42.51 ppm respectively. Further investigations are needed to explore the larvicidal activity of the isolated fraction ‘D’ of hexane leaf extract of this plant and also the active principle(s) responsible for larvicidal activity.
{"title":"Larvicidal activity of Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng (Rutaceae) hexane leaf extract isolated fractions against Aedes aegypti Linnaeus, Anopheles stephensi Liston and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae)","authors":"S. Arivoli, R. Raveen, T. Samuel","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0018","url":null,"abstract":"Mosquitoes are significant public health pests and act as a vector of several diseases viz ., malaria, filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue fever and chikungunya, which are transmitted by the three genera of mosquitoes, viz ., Anopheles, Culex and Aedes . Mosquito control strategies have depended primarily on the use of synthetic chemical insecticides but resulted in rebounding vectorial capacity, environmental and human health concerns. Plants may be a source of alternative agents to replace the synthetic insecticides for mosquito control. In the present study, the isolated fractions of Murraya koenigii hexane leaf extracts were evaluated for larvicidal activity against vector mosquitoes viz., Aedes aegypti , Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus . Six fractions viz., A, B, C, D, E and F were obtained from the residue of hexane extract by column chromatography. Standard WHO protocol with minor modifications was adopted for the larvicidal bioassay. Larvicidal activity was evaluated against the isolated fractions at concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm. Larval mortality was observed 24 hours post exposure. Amongst the isolated fractions tested, fraction ‘D’ showed 100.0, 97.6 and 99.2% mortality against third instar larvae of Aedes aegypti , Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles stephensi at 100 ppm, respectively and LC50 values were 35.06, 27.20 and 42.51 ppm respectively. Further investigations are needed to explore the larvicidal activity of the isolated fraction ‘D’ of hexane leaf extract of this plant and also the active principle(s) responsible for larvicidal activity.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856977","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-10-29DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0017
M. Sarkar, Kaushal Kumar, Arjava Sharma, Avanish K Gupta
OBJECTIVES: Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is the most rapidly spreading vector-borne infection all over the world. Uttarakhand (India) is the prime destination for national and international tourists. Here we assessed the epidemiological characteristics and entomological parameters of dengue/DHF in Uttarakhand (India) using in-depth statistical methods to measure risk of dengue epidemics. METHODS: we surveyed total 11 localities each in Nainital and Dehradun districts and calculated different entomological indices and analyzed epidemiological characteristics of Dengue in these areas. RESULTS: There was an epidemic of dengue during 2010 with total 4140 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases, about 5347% increase of cases compared to preceding years. Out of six dengue-prone districts of Uttarakhand, Nainital and Dehradun were the worst affected districts during this epidemic (Nainital = 862 and Dehradun = 2913; Total = 3775 cases), an incidence rate of 142.5 per 100000 population. The incidence rate in male (169.9 per 100000) is higher than in female (112.3 per 100000) and dengue cases were predominant in the age group 21-30 years. Dehradun (77% of total cases) was more dengue prone area than Nainital. However, all entomological indices are relatively higher in Nainital than Dehradun. Nevertheless, this difference in the indices is not significant (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, we hypothesize that the epidemic intensity or severity of 2010-dengue outbreak in Nainital and Dehradun are independent of entomological indices.
{"title":"Ento-epidemiological characterization of Dengue in Uttarakhand (India)","authors":"M. Sarkar, Kaushal Kumar, Arjava Sharma, Avanish K Gupta","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0017","url":null,"abstract":"OBJECTIVES: Dengue/Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is the most rapidly spreading vector-borne infection all over the world. Uttarakhand (India) is the prime destination for national and international tourists. Here we assessed the epidemiological characteristics and entomological parameters of dengue/DHF in Uttarakhand (India) using in-depth statistical methods to measure risk of dengue epidemics. \u0000METHODS: we surveyed total 11 localities each in Nainital and Dehradun districts and calculated different entomological indices and analyzed epidemiological characteristics of Dengue in these areas. \u0000RESULTS: There was an epidemic of dengue during 2010 with total 4140 laboratory-confirmed dengue cases, about 5347% increase of cases compared to preceding years. Out of six dengue-prone districts of Uttarakhand, Nainital and Dehradun were the worst affected districts during this epidemic (Nainital = 862 and Dehradun = 2913; Total = 3775 cases), an incidence rate of 142.5 per 100000 population. The incidence rate in male (169.9 per 100000) is higher than in female (112.3 per 100000) and dengue cases were predominant in the age group 21-30 years. Dehradun (77% of total cases) was more dengue prone area than Nainital. However, all entomological indices are relatively higher in Nainital than Dehradun. Nevertheless, this difference in the indices is not significant (p>0.05). \u0000CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, we hypothesize that the epidemic intensity or severity of 2010-dengue outbreak in Nainital and Dehradun are independent of entomological indices.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-29DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0015
H. B. Patil, K. SNithin, B. Kumar
The susceptibility status of an insect population to any insecticide depends on several factors such includes genetic constitution, ecology of breeding place, previous history of insecticide application if any in that area and the cross resistance spectra. In view of the frequent outbreaks of dengue in different parts of the country and Karnataka state, in particular Mysore and surrounding districts, it is felt essential to generate a base line data on the susceptibility of vectors of local importance and their genetic differentiation through biochemical markers. Resistance to insecticides developed by Aedes aegypti was biochemically detected among its population collected from five different urban areas of Mysore city and from four rural locations of Mysore, Mandya and Hassan districts. Insect larvae exposed to different concentrations of insecticide - Deltamethrin for 24 hr. Insecticide resistance/tolerance level in terms of LC 50 and LC 90 for the insecticide was high in rural population than urban. Correspondingly, the reason for the resistance was detected through qualitative and quantitative analysis of three biochemical marker enzymes viz., A-Esterase, B-Esterase, Dehydrogenase (G6PD), and Phosphtases (Acid, Alkaline). The allelic frequency of Esterases and Phosphatases was more in rural over urban populations and the same was implied in quantitative estimation also. Wherein the allelic frequency of both the Phosphatases remains same in all the populations but the enzyme concentration was elevated in rural over the urban populations. The inspection of the present study reveals that, the Mysore populations of Ae. aegypti shows much variation for which their ecology was responsible.
{"title":"Insecticide Confrontation in Dengue Vector: Enzymatic Characterization of Tolerance Level in the Mysore Field Populations of Aedes aegypti","authors":"H. B. Patil, K. SNithin, B. Kumar","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0015","url":null,"abstract":"The susceptibility status of an insect population to any insecticide depends on several factors such includes genetic constitution, ecology of breeding place, previous history of insecticide application if any in that area and the cross resistance spectra. In view of the frequent outbreaks of dengue in different parts of the country and Karnataka state, in particular Mysore and surrounding districts, it is felt essential to generate a base line data on the susceptibility of vectors of local importance and their genetic differentiation through biochemical markers. Resistance to insecticides developed by Aedes aegypti was biochemically detected among its population collected from five different urban areas of Mysore city and from four rural locations of Mysore, Mandya and Hassan districts. Insect larvae exposed to different concentrations of insecticide - Deltamethrin for 24 hr. Insecticide resistance/tolerance level in terms of LC 50 and LC 90 for the insecticide was high in rural population than urban. Correspondingly, the reason for the resistance was detected through qualitative and quantitative analysis of three biochemical marker enzymes viz., A-Esterase, B-Esterase, Dehydrogenase (G6PD), and Phosphtases (Acid, Alkaline). The allelic frequency of Esterases and Phosphatases was more in rural over urban populations and the same was implied in quantitative estimation also. Wherein the allelic frequency of both the Phosphatases remains same in all the populations but the enzyme concentration was elevated in rural over the urban populations. The inspection of the present study reveals that, the Mysore populations of Ae. aegypti shows much variation for which their ecology was responsible.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70857236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-09-16DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0014
Jonathan C. Ngala, L. Kamau, P. Mireji, J. Mburu, C. Mbogo
The ability of Anopheles mosquito to transmit malaria in nature is partly enhanced by; resistance of mosquito to insecticides, feeding preference for human host and infection by Plasmodium falciparum . An assessment was conducted to determine the status of these parameters in Anopheles populations in Mwea and Ahero rice irrigation schemes in Kenya. This was important in order to understand their potential influence on local malaria transmission. A total of 1,200 female Anopheles mosquitoes (gravid and blood fed) were sampled from both sites by indoor and outdoor methods. Anopheles samples identification to their respective species in the field was done using morphological features and taxonomic keys. In Mwea scheme, all the 600 Anopheles mosquitoes collected were An. gambiae s.l out of which 195 were gravid. In Ahero, 250 An. gambiae s.l (out of which 81 were gravid) and 350 An. funestus (out of which 181 were gravid) were collected. Gravid Anopheles mosquitoes were allowed to oviposit to give F 1 generations in the insectary. These F 1 , (four replicates of 25 mosquitoes per species per insecticide) were assessed for susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bendiocarb or fenitrothion using standard WHO protocol. Susceptible An. gambiae s.s Kisumu strain (25 mosquitoes per the 100 test mosquitoes) was used as positive control. The 1,200 field samples were further identified to their respective species using rDNA-PCR using their legs and wings. Source (s) of blood meal in 405 An. gambiae s.l from Mwea, 169 An. gambiae s.l and 269 An. funestus from Ahero were determined using blood meal Elisa. The presence of Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897 in the salivary glands was assessed by sporozoite Elisa in all the field collected samples. All Anopheles mosquito samples from Mwea were Anopheles arabiensis Patton, 1905, while those from Ahero were a mixed species of Anopheles arabiensis (41.7%), Anopheles funestus sensu stricto Giles , 1900 (57%), Anopheles rivulorum Leesoni, 1935 (0.66%), Anopheles leesoni Evans, 1931 (0.3%) and Anopheles parensis Gillies, 1935 (0.3%). Mosquito samples from both study sites showed reduced susceptibility to the test insecticides. An. arabiensis mosquitoes from Mwea had a human blood meal index at 0.22 (n=405). P. falciparum circumsporozoite infection in An. arabiensis from Mwea were reported in Murinduko village at 1.5% (n=200). In Ahero, human blood meal indices were at 0.00 (n=169) and 0.17 (n=269) for An. arabiensis and An. funestus respectively. P. falciparum circumsporozoite infections in An. funestus sampled from Kamagaga and Wagai villages in Ahero were at 5% (n=147) and 2.2% (n=183) respectively.
{"title":"Insecticide resistance, Host preference and Plasmodium falciparum parasite rates in Anopheles mosquitoes in Mwea and Ahero rice schemes","authors":"Jonathan C. Ngala, L. Kamau, P. Mireji, J. Mburu, C. Mbogo","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0014","url":null,"abstract":"The ability of Anopheles mosquito to transmit malaria in nature is partly enhanced by; resistance of mosquito to insecticides, feeding preference for human host and infection by Plasmodium falciparum . An assessment was conducted to determine the status of these parameters in Anopheles populations in Mwea and Ahero rice irrigation schemes in Kenya. This was important in order to understand their potential influence on local malaria transmission. A total of 1,200 female Anopheles mosquitoes (gravid and blood fed) were sampled from both sites by indoor and outdoor methods. Anopheles samples identification to their respective species in the field was done using morphological features and taxonomic keys. In Mwea scheme, all the 600 Anopheles mosquitoes collected were An. gambiae s.l out of which 195 were gravid. In Ahero, 250 An. gambiae s.l (out of which 81 were gravid) and 350 An. funestus (out of which 181 were gravid) were collected. Gravid Anopheles mosquitoes were allowed to oviposit to give F 1 generations in the insectary. These F 1 , (four replicates of 25 mosquitoes per species per insecticide) were assessed for susceptibility to permethrin, deltamethrin, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bendiocarb or fenitrothion using standard WHO protocol. Susceptible An. gambiae s.s Kisumu strain (25 mosquitoes per the 100 test mosquitoes) was used as positive control. The 1,200 field samples were further identified to their respective species using rDNA-PCR using their legs and wings. Source (s) of blood meal in 405 An. gambiae s.l from Mwea, 169 An. gambiae s.l and 269 An. funestus from Ahero were determined using blood meal Elisa. The presence of Plasmodium falciparum Welch, 1897 in the salivary glands was assessed by sporozoite Elisa in all the field collected samples. All Anopheles mosquito samples from Mwea were Anopheles arabiensis Patton, 1905, while those from Ahero were a mixed species of Anopheles arabiensis (41.7%), Anopheles funestus sensu stricto Giles , 1900 (57%), Anopheles rivulorum Leesoni, 1935 (0.66%), Anopheles leesoni Evans, 1931 (0.3%) and Anopheles parensis Gillies, 1935 (0.3%). Mosquito samples from both study sites showed reduced susceptibility to the test insecticides. An. arabiensis mosquitoes from Mwea had a human blood meal index at 0.22 (n=405). P. falciparum circumsporozoite infection in An. arabiensis from Mwea were reported in Murinduko village at 1.5% (n=200). In Ahero, human blood meal indices were at 0.00 (n=169) and 0.17 (n=269) for An. arabiensis and An. funestus respectively. P. falciparum circumsporozoite infections in An. funestus sampled from Kamagaga and Wagai villages in Ahero were at 5% (n=147) and 2.2% (n=183) respectively.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-08-31DOI: 10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0013
G. Chandra, I. Bhattacharjee, R. Banerjee, Srabani Talukdar, Ruby Mondal, Hati Ak
In a yearlong study, centering a garden in Kolkata possible competitive displacement of populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was suggested (Gilotra et al., 1967). After about 20 years, a comparative 24 h man-biting activity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was investigated in the same garden from September 1986 to August 1987. During day light hours, altogether 248 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected off human baits, of which 77 (31.04%) and 171 (68.95%) off indoor and outdoor baits respectively. The corresponding figures for Ae. albopictus were 867 [183 (21.10%) at indoors and 684 (78.89%) at outdoors]. Both species of mosquitoes were found to be attracted to human baits both at indoor and outdoor, throughout the day, with the peak hour of biting activity of Ae. aegypti between 8 and 9 a.m. [60 (24.19%)]followed by another peak during 5-6 p.m. [40 (16.13%)]. Peak activity of Ae. albopictus was observed between 5 and 6 p.m. (135 i.e. 15.5%). For both the species the peak biting activity was found in the month of July [ Ae. aegypti , 52 (20.96%) and Ae. albopictus , 264 (30.4%)]. Altogether 36 and 13 Ae. aegypti were caught off man-baits at indoors and outdoors respectively beyond day light hours and the corresponding figures for Ae. albopictus were 56 and 34 respectively. This infers a possible competitive displacement of Ae. aegypti populations by the populations of Ae. albopictus.
在一项为期一年的研究中，以加尔各答的一个花园为中心，可能会导致伊蚊种群的竞争性迁移。埃及伊蚊和伊蚊。白纹伊蚊(Gilotra et al.， 1967)。约20年后，伊蚊24 h叮人活动比较。埃及伊蚊和伊蚊。1986年9月至1987年8月对同一花园白纹伊蚊进行了调查。在白天白天，总共有248个太阳。人饵诱获埃及伊蚊77只(31.04%)，室外诱获171只(68.95%)。Ae。白纹伊蚊867只[室内183只(21.10%)，室外684只(78.89%)]。白天室内和室外均发现两种蚊子被人饵吸引，其中伊蚊的叮咬活动高峰时段;埃及伊蚊在上午8时至9时出现高峰[60(24.19%)]，下午5至6时又出现高峰[40(16.13%)]。伊蚊的活性峰值。下午5时至6时发现白纹伊蚊(135只，即15.5%)。两种昆虫的咬人活动高峰均出现在7月[j]。埃及伊蚊52只(20.96%);白纹伊蚊264只(30.4%)。总共36和13 Ae。白天以外分别在室内和室外用人工诱蚊法捕获埃及伊蚊。白纹伊蚊分别为56只和34只。这推断出Ae可能存在竞争性位移。埃及伊蚊种群由伊蚊种群组成。蚊。
{"title":"Pattern of Human-biting Activity of Aedes aegypti L. and Aedes albopictus Skuse in a Garden Locale from City of Kolkata, India","authors":"G. Chandra, I. Bhattacharjee, R. Banerjee, Srabani Talukdar, Ruby Mondal, Hati Ak","doi":"10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5376/JMR.2015.05.0013","url":null,"abstract":"In a yearlong study, centering a garden in Kolkata possible competitive displacement of populations of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus was suggested (Gilotra et al., 1967). After about 20 years, a comparative 24 h man-biting activity of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus mosquitoes was investigated in the same garden from September 1986 to August 1987. During day light hours, altogether 248 Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were collected off human baits, of which 77 (31.04%) and 171 (68.95%) off indoor and outdoor baits respectively. The corresponding figures for Ae. albopictus were 867 [183 (21.10%) at indoors and 684 (78.89%) at outdoors]. Both species of mosquitoes were found to be attracted to human baits both at indoor and outdoor, throughout the day, with the peak hour of biting activity of Ae. aegypti between 8 and 9 a.m. [60 (24.19%)]followed by another peak during 5-6 p.m. [40 (16.13%)]. Peak activity of Ae. albopictus was observed between 5 and 6 p.m. (135 i.e. 15.5%). For both the species the peak biting activity was found in the month of July [ Ae. aegypti , 52 (20.96%) and Ae. albopictus , 264 (30.4%)]. Altogether 36 and 13 Ae. aegypti were caught off man-baits at indoors and outdoors respectively beyond day light hours and the corresponding figures for Ae. albopictus were 56 and 34 respectively. This infers a possible competitive displacement of Ae. aegypti populations by the populations of Ae. albopictus.","PeriodicalId":92079,"journal":{"name":"Journal of mosquito research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"70856792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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