Pub Date : 2018-01-30DOI: 10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00149
S. Anbumani, Punitha Jayaraman, Pich, I. Anchaneyan, R. Bilimagga, N. ArunaiNambiRaj
Large volumes of raw scan images are stored in DICOM RT format in Picture Archiving and Communication System in imaging department. Thus, it is made available to data mining procedures. Raw data does not contain any tumor volumes defined. Hence the transverse CT images are segmented slice by slice using any automatic or semiautomatic algorithms. Many radiomic features are computed from the images after segmentation. The features range from volume, shape, surface density and intensity, texture, tumor location, relations with the surrounding tissues. Redundant information can be eliminated by proper quantification of data acquired. A feature selection algorithm accelerates the evaluation of these features. The data in the radiomic features were compared for any similarity. The repetition of similarity is evaluated when occurs in the same time frame. An outcome variable is defined in supervised analysis of data points to create a predictive model. Graphical representation of final results is deduced from unsupervised analysis. Now the new patient CT data is given as inputs in an radiomic algorithm, that returns a value for tumor growth and disease free survival. Radiomic features can be grouped into five important characteristics such as;
{"title":"Quantitative Radiomic Phenotyping of Cervix Cancer","authors":"S. Anbumani, Punitha Jayaraman, Pich, I. Anchaneyan, R. Bilimagga, N. ArunaiNambiRaj","doi":"10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00149","url":null,"abstract":"Large volumes of raw scan images are stored in DICOM RT format in Picture Archiving and Communication System in imaging department. Thus, it is made available to data mining procedures. Raw data does not contain any tumor volumes defined. Hence the transverse CT images are segmented slice by slice using any automatic or semiautomatic algorithms. Many radiomic features are computed from the images after segmentation. The features range from volume, shape, surface density and intensity, texture, tumor location, relations with the surrounding tissues. Redundant information can be eliminated by proper quantification of data acquired. A feature selection algorithm accelerates the evaluation of these features. The data in the radiomic features were compared for any similarity. The repetition of similarity is evaluated when occurs in the same time frame. An outcome variable is defined in supervised analysis of data points to create a predictive model. Graphical representation of final results is deduced from unsupervised analysis. Now the new patient CT data is given as inputs in an radiomic algorithm, that returns a value for tumor growth and disease free survival. Radiomic features can be grouped into five important characteristics such as;","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47046218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-25DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00147
K. Kaya, N. Çekin, Ferhat Yıldırım, M. K. Gülmen, A. Hilal
Sudden cardiac deaths due to giant cell myocarditis (GCM) are uncommon. Giant cell myocarditis is an inflammatory myocardial disease. It is characterized by inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium), a condition referred to as myocarditis. Inflammation is caused by widespread infiltration of giant cells associated with other inflammatory cells and cardiac muscles cell destruction. Giant cells are abnormal masses produced by the fusion of inflammatory cells called macrophages. Individuals with giant cell myocarditis may develop abnormal heartbeats, chest pain and, eventually, heart failure. Many individuals eventually require a heart transplant. It mostly occurs in young adults [1]. It is characterized by resistant sudden arrhythmias and left ventricular failure. Its etiology is still unknown and fatal. GCM rapidly proceeds and clinical view develops very fast in comparison to non-specific lymphocytic myocarditis that usually leads to sudden deaths before any diagnosis [2,3]. Giant cell myocarditis may cause serious heart failure, complete heart block, malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It usually starts with sudden and severe breathing problem, chest pain, hypotension and orthopnea. Medical treatment is usually unsuccessful [4]. GCM cases are very rare and a sometimes create serious diagnostic problems of the sudden cardiac deaths if not properly investigated and evaluated.
{"title":"Cause of sudden death: giant cell myocarditis","authors":"K. Kaya, N. Çekin, Ferhat Yıldırım, M. K. Gülmen, A. Hilal","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00147","url":null,"abstract":"Sudden cardiac deaths due to giant cell myocarditis (GCM) are uncommon. Giant cell myocarditis is an inflammatory myocardial disease. It is characterized by inflammation of the heart muscle (myocardium), a condition referred to as myocarditis. Inflammation is caused by widespread infiltration of giant cells associated with other inflammatory cells and cardiac muscles cell destruction. Giant cells are abnormal masses produced by the fusion of inflammatory cells called macrophages. Individuals with giant cell myocarditis may develop abnormal heartbeats, chest pain and, eventually, heart failure. Many individuals eventually require a heart transplant. It mostly occurs in young adults [1]. It is characterized by resistant sudden arrhythmias and left ventricular failure. Its etiology is still unknown and fatal. GCM rapidly proceeds and clinical view develops very fast in comparison to non-specific lymphocytic myocarditis that usually leads to sudden deaths before any diagnosis [2,3]. Giant cell myocarditis may cause serious heart failure, complete heart block, malignant ventricular arrhythmias. It usually starts with sudden and severe breathing problem, chest pain, hypotension and orthopnea. Medical treatment is usually unsuccessful [4]. GCM cases are very rare and a sometimes create serious diagnostic problems of the sudden cardiac deaths if not properly investigated and evaluated.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":"1-2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49259089","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-25DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00148
G. Pierucci, D. Forni, Lavorato Mc, F. Merlano
{"title":"Morphological and chemical findings in drowning: analysis of 10 cases","authors":"G. Pierucci, D. Forni, Lavorato Mc, F. Merlano","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00148","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46178524","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-18DOI: 10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00146
M. Singh, Sachin Kathuria, A. Saxena, L. Kumar, Saurabh Jain, Shahnawaz Rasool
Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com [1].It represents one of the most serious complications of SAP with a mortality rate of 20 to 30 % [1,2]. Despite having an enormous impact upon the well being of individual and health service providers alike, the management of necrotizing pancreatitis is a highly controversial topic and continues to be an issue of debate. Considering the large number of cases of pancreatitis, one encounters in day to day practice, it is essential to understand the pathology, clinical features, investigations and the recent trends in management of pancreatic necrosis.
{"title":"Pancreatic Necrosis: A Challenging Complication of Acute Pancreatitis","authors":"M. Singh, Sachin Kathuria, A. Saxena, L. Kumar, Saurabh Jain, Shahnawaz Rasool","doi":"10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00146","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00146","url":null,"abstract":"Submit Manuscript | http://medcraveonline.com [1].It represents one of the most serious complications of SAP with a mortality rate of 20 to 30 % [1,2]. Despite having an enormous impact upon the well being of individual and health service providers alike, the management of necrotizing pancreatitis is a highly controversial topic and continues to be an issue of debate. Considering the large number of cases of pancreatitis, one encounters in day to day practice, it is essential to understand the pathology, clinical features, investigations and the recent trends in management of pancreatic necrosis.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":"6 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47897857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-17DOI: 10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00145
Altaf Hossain, E. Altaf, R. Berry, E. K. Mitchell
Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus Aspergillus, which is commonly found in nature but only rarely causes illness in people. The aspergilli may cause an invasive disease in immunocompromised patients and in patients with hematological malignancies, hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplants, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, as well as use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs. Aspergillosis is caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, flavus and less commonly by A terreus, nidulans and niger. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent fungal pathogen responsible for fatal invasive aspergillosis. The most common portal of entry is the respiratory system [1]. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is the most serious type of aspergillosis infection. It can affect any organ, particularly the heart, lungs, brain, and kidneys. The central nervous system is one of the most frequent involvements of invasive aspergillosis besides the lungs. The infections mostly occur through hematogenous dissemination from a focus, such as lung infection. We report here a case where the decedent died of disseminated angioinvasive aspergillosis involving lung and brain, where initial diagnosis was a lung mass of unknown etiology.
{"title":"Invasive aspergillosis in a case of suspected lung mass","authors":"Altaf Hossain, E. Altaf, R. Berry, E. K. Mitchell","doi":"10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00145","url":null,"abstract":"Aspergillosis is caused by the fungus Aspergillus, which is commonly found in nature but only rarely causes illness in people. The aspergilli may cause an invasive disease in immunocompromised patients and in patients with hematological malignancies, hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplants, congenital or acquired immunodeficiency, as well as use of corticosteroids and other immunosuppressive drugs. Aspergillosis is caused by Aspergillus fumigatus, flavus and less commonly by A terreus, nidulans and niger. Aspergillus fumigatus is the most prevalent fungal pathogen responsible for fatal invasive aspergillosis. The most common portal of entry is the respiratory system [1]. Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is the most serious type of aspergillosis infection. It can affect any organ, particularly the heart, lungs, brain, and kidneys. The central nervous system is one of the most frequent involvements of invasive aspergillosis besides the lungs. The infections mostly occur through hematogenous dissemination from a focus, such as lung infection. We report here a case where the decedent died of disseminated angioinvasive aspergillosis involving lung and brain, where initial diagnosis was a lung mass of unknown etiology.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41585912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-08DOI: 10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00143
K. Kaya, Fatma Topatas, N. Çekin, M. K. Gülmen, Eren Akgündüz
Insect bites-snake insertions are encountered as non-natural deaths in a few cases per year. Insect bites include deaths due to scorpion envenoming. Death events caused by scorpion envenoming are a common public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries [1]. In our country, the species of poisonous scorpion, Androctonus crassicauda and Leiurus quinquestriatus, are common in southern and southeastern Anatolia regions [2]. Scorpion envenoming can lead to serious consequences ranging from simple reactions such as redness, itching, and pain to death due to respiratory and circulatory system effects [3]. Respiratory signs are a common problem, especially in children. Many patients lose their lives due to pulmonary edema [4]. We planned to present a 5-year-old male with ARDS after scorpion envenoming with histopathological findings.
{"title":"A death after scorpion envenoming: ARDS","authors":"K. Kaya, Fatma Topatas, N. Çekin, M. K. Gülmen, Eren Akgündüz","doi":"10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00143","url":null,"abstract":"Insect bites-snake insertions are encountered as non-natural deaths in a few cases per year. Insect bites include deaths due to scorpion envenoming. Death events caused by scorpion envenoming are a common public health problem in tropical and subtropical countries [1]. In our country, the species of poisonous scorpion, Androctonus crassicauda and Leiurus quinquestriatus, are common in southern and southeastern Anatolia regions [2]. Scorpion envenoming can lead to serious consequences ranging from simple reactions such as redness, itching, and pain to death due to respiratory and circulatory system effects [3]. Respiratory signs are a common problem, especially in children. Many patients lose their lives due to pulmonary edema [4]. We planned to present a 5-year-old male with ARDS after scorpion envenoming with histopathological findings.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47840888","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-04DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00142
Anu Bajaj
Digitizing the figures and tissue illustrations with tissue microarrays result in a high definition, high perseverance, overly magnified, multiple carbon-copies for study. The large volume of data generated would also require a streamlined and an accomplished data management system for repository, comparative scrutiny, and meta-analysis. The terrain covered with the deported replicas and telepathology/telemedicine includes teleconsultations, education, quality control, research, datasets and depots. Convenience to the virtual images are focusing on unevenly sampled areas, high resolution at specific areas of interest, components that are visibly discernible may be available by systematic analysis at a cellular and subcellular level and can generate a vast amount of information which could remain underutilized. Detailed characterization of whole slides at a micro-anatomic and morphological level with maximizing colour contrast, optimal brightness and resolution with an insistence on speed, accuracy, good quality yields information for tumour prognostication, prediction, classification, grading etc. An effort is needed to keep the images artifact free. Also there is a lack of universally acceptable formatting and guidelines. Enhancement in image quality, scan times and integration of image viewing browsers are also necessitated. The virtual analogues also depend upon clear cut regulations, validation guidelines, good medical practice, incorporation in the mainstream, standardization and modification, ensuring a cost-effective service with a potential for furtherance (Figure 1).
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence and Mainframing in Virtual Pathology","authors":"Anu Bajaj","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00142","url":null,"abstract":"Digitizing the figures and tissue illustrations with tissue microarrays result in a high definition, high perseverance, overly magnified, multiple carbon-copies for study. The large volume of data generated would also require a streamlined and an accomplished data management system for repository, comparative scrutiny, and meta-analysis. The terrain covered with the deported replicas and telepathology/telemedicine includes teleconsultations, education, quality control, research, datasets and depots. Convenience to the virtual images are focusing on unevenly sampled areas, high resolution at specific areas of interest, components that are visibly discernible may be available by systematic analysis at a cellular and subcellular level and can generate a vast amount of information which could remain underutilized. Detailed characterization of whole slides at a micro-anatomic and morphological level with maximizing colour contrast, optimal brightness and resolution with an insistence on speed, accuracy, good quality yields information for tumour prognostication, prediction, classification, grading etc. An effort is needed to keep the images artifact free. Also there is a lack of universally acceptable formatting and guidelines. Enhancement in image quality, scan times and integration of image viewing browsers are also necessitated. The virtual analogues also depend upon clear cut regulations, validation guidelines, good medical practice, incorporation in the mainstream, standardization and modification, ensuring a cost-effective service with a potential for furtherance (Figure 1).","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44291946","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-22DOI: 10.15406/icpjl.2017.05.00141
Gayathri Wathug, K. Kuruppu
In the past there has been considerable variation in the way thyroid cytology was reported by pathologists. As the need for improving patient care increased to include more conservative surgical procedures for the management of thyroid lesions, there was a need for a standardized reporting format. This had to be reproducible and universal so that the implications of the reporting categories were clear to all pathologists, surgeons or clinicians. In 2009, The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) published ‘Guidance on Reporting of Thyroid Cytology Specimens’ and this guidance has been revised in 2016 [1]. This document details the standardized format for reporting Thyroid FNAC used in the UK today. The classification of thyroid cytology into ‘Thy categories’ is similar to the Bethesda system used in the USA in that it stratifies thyroid FNA’s into various disease categories. The UK system uses five main categories ranging from Thy 1Thy5 and certain categories are further subdivided into a or b to give additional diagnostic information. The Bethesda system uses six categories each with a percentage risk of malignancy. Currently there is little national data available on the percentage of cases that fall into each Thy category. Hence the positive predictive value (PPV) for each Thy category suggested in the RCPath guidance although rudimentary is present target.
{"title":"Thyroid cytology reporting and diagnostic accuracy: a departmental audit of the rcpath guidelines","authors":"Gayathri Wathug, K. Kuruppu","doi":"10.15406/icpjl.2017.05.00141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2017.05.00141","url":null,"abstract":"In the past there has been considerable variation in the way thyroid cytology was reported by pathologists. As the need for improving patient care increased to include more conservative surgical procedures for the management of thyroid lesions, there was a need for a standardized reporting format. This had to be reproducible and universal so that the implications of the reporting categories were clear to all pathologists, surgeons or clinicians. In 2009, The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) published ‘Guidance on Reporting of Thyroid Cytology Specimens’ and this guidance has been revised in 2016 [1]. This document details the standardized format for reporting Thyroid FNAC used in the UK today. The classification of thyroid cytology into ‘Thy categories’ is similar to the Bethesda system used in the USA in that it stratifies thyroid FNA’s into various disease categories. The UK system uses five main categories ranging from Thy 1Thy5 and certain categories are further subdivided into a or b to give additional diagnostic information. The Bethesda system uses six categories each with a percentage risk of malignancy. Currently there is little national data available on the percentage of cases that fall into each Thy category. Hence the positive predictive value (PPV) for each Thy category suggested in the RCPath guidance although rudimentary is present target.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47170673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-12-19DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2017.05.00139
Janvi Ch, Ure, hya Tamgadge, A. Tamgadge
Considering that many individuals hesitate to visit the dental clinics and hence they tend to avoid visiting dental clinics. This hesitation is due to the stomatological anxiety. Therefore, anxiety may often lead to severe oral health issues. Anxiety of the patients sometimes may result in the failure to provide excellent dental care by the dental health care providers. Studies have shown that one sixth of the patients suffer with dental anxiety [1] Dental anxiety denotes a state of apprehension that something dreadful is going to happen in the dental treatment and is coupled with the sense of losing control [1]. It may also result in the misdiagnosis or improper treatment. Factors that mainly affect the anxiety are pain, bleeding, injections, rotary noise and smell of the medicines, other patients in the waiting room making noise or their past dental experience. There are a few treatment options to effectively reduce anxiety, they include pharmacological techniques like the use of benzodiazepines and antidepressants, hypnosis, biofeedback, etc. which may have side effects and drawbacks [2]. Music have been proven to have effects on medical conditions like Autism [3], Parkinson’s disease [4], Schizophrenia [5], Depression [6], Dementia [7] and other neurological disorders [8]. Music is believed to reduce anxiety by either having a relaxing or distraction effect that in turn reduces activity of the neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous system [8]. Therefore, a unique study was done. Pulse being a direct measure of anxiety, pulse rate was used for the assessment of anxiety of the patients who were exposed to music compared to patients who were not exposed to music during the treatment threat of various objects in the dental office like the needles, sharp instruments and the rotaries, etc. and the analysis was done. Therefore this study evaluated the effect of music on anxious adult dental patients so that various pharmacological methods for reducing anxiety can be avoided.
{"title":"Effect of music therapy on adult patients undergoing dental treatment procedures","authors":"Janvi Ch, Ure, hya Tamgadge, A. Tamgadge","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2017.05.00139","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2017.05.00139","url":null,"abstract":"Considering that many individuals hesitate to visit the dental clinics and hence they tend to avoid visiting dental clinics. This hesitation is due to the stomatological anxiety. Therefore, anxiety may often lead to severe oral health issues. Anxiety of the patients sometimes may result in the failure to provide excellent dental care by the dental health care providers. Studies have shown that one sixth of the patients suffer with dental anxiety [1] Dental anxiety denotes a state of apprehension that something dreadful is going to happen in the dental treatment and is coupled with the sense of losing control [1]. It may also result in the misdiagnosis or improper treatment. Factors that mainly affect the anxiety are pain, bleeding, injections, rotary noise and smell of the medicines, other patients in the waiting room making noise or their past dental experience. There are a few treatment options to effectively reduce anxiety, they include pharmacological techniques like the use of benzodiazepines and antidepressants, hypnosis, biofeedback, etc. which may have side effects and drawbacks [2]. Music have been proven to have effects on medical conditions like Autism [3], Parkinson’s disease [4], Schizophrenia [5], Depression [6], Dementia [7] and other neurological disorders [8]. Music is believed to reduce anxiety by either having a relaxing or distraction effect that in turn reduces activity of the neuroendocrine and sympathetic nervous system [8]. Therefore, a unique study was done. Pulse being a direct measure of anxiety, pulse rate was used for the assessment of anxiety of the patients who were exposed to music compared to patients who were not exposed to music during the treatment threat of various objects in the dental office like the needles, sharp instruments and the rotaries, etc. and the analysis was done. Therefore this study evaluated the effect of music on anxious adult dental patients so that various pharmacological methods for reducing anxiety can be avoided.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44871289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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