Pub Date : 2018-08-10DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00179
G. Pennesi
According to the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy, Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) are defined as multipotent mesenchymal cells that can be found in several disparate tissues and can differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts, under appropriate culture conditions.1,2 The first evidences that MSC can have immunomodulatory properties were published more than a decade ago.3,4 followed by the first successful report of cell therapy with MSC for Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) in human.5 Within the Immune System, MSC act on the innate response by hampering the proliferation and activation of macrophages and Natural Killer (NK) cells, and on the adaptive immunity blocking the proliferation and activation of T and B lynphocytes.3,4 MSC immunosuppressant function is due to the redundant combination of secreted factors and membrane receptors engaged in cell-to-cell contact. Activated MSC produce several inhibitory cytokines, such as Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Indole amine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), Nitric Oxide (NO), Human Leukocyte Antigen G5 (HLA G5), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and Interleukin 10 (IL10). They express also the inhibitory receptors Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4), HLA-G1, Vascular and Intercellular Cell Adeshion Molecule 1 (VCAM1 and ICAM1), and PD1/PD-Ligand 1 (PD-L1).3,4
{"title":"PD1-mediated mesenchymal stem cells immunemodulation: the two sides of the coin","authors":"G. Pennesi","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00179","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00179","url":null,"abstract":"According to the Mesenchymal and Tissue Stem Cell Committee of the International Society for Cellular Therapy, Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC) are defined as multipotent mesenchymal cells that can be found in several disparate tissues and can differentiate into osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondroblasts, under appropriate culture conditions.1,2 The first evidences that MSC can have immunomodulatory properties were published more than a decade ago.3,4 followed by the first successful report of cell therapy with MSC for Graft Versus Host Disease (GVHD) in human.5 Within the Immune System, MSC act on the innate response by hampering the proliferation and activation of macrophages and Natural Killer (NK) cells, and on the adaptive immunity blocking the proliferation and activation of T and B lynphocytes.3,4 MSC immunosuppressant function is due to the redundant combination of secreted factors and membrane receptors engaged in cell-to-cell contact. Activated MSC produce several inhibitory cytokines, such as Transforming Growth Factor β (TGFβ), Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF), Indole amine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), Nitric Oxide (NO), Human Leukocyte Antigen G5 (HLA G5), Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and Interleukin 10 (IL10). They express also the inhibitory receptors Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA4), HLA-G1, Vascular and Intercellular Cell Adeshion Molecule 1 (VCAM1 and ICAM1), and PD1/PD-Ligand 1 (PD-L1).3,4","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47295132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate (MACP) is a rare variant of prostatic carcinoma that is characterized by pools of extra-acinar mucin. Precise diagnosis is important due to nonspecific findings on imaging tests, its aggressive behaviour and poor response to radiotherapy. The essential point in the diagnosis of MACP is to rule out the extraprostatic malignancies, originating from the bladder or colorectum. Case Report: A 57-year-old man presented in our clinic with urinary frequency, nocturia and voiding difficulties. Digital rectal examination revealed a slightly enlarged prostate, without palpable nodules. Patient PSA was 18.0 ng/mL. Twelve-core transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy confirmed prostate cancer with Gleason score 8 (3+4). Up to 50% of the tumor lesion consisted of neoplastic glands with isolated cells, floating in mucinous material. The metastatic work-up, including CT scan and bone scintigraphy was negative and radical retropubic prostatectomy with lymph node dissection has been performed. Periodic Acid Schiff staining confirmed the presence of mucinous prostatic adenocarcinoma. Morphological examination was negative for lymph nodes metastases. The extraprostatic extension and surgical margins were negative. Three years after surgery, patient’s serum PSA remained undetectable, without recurrence. Conclusion: We report this case due to the rarity of primary MACP and its challenging diagnosis. Although MACP may be associated with poor outcome, its proper diagnosis and treatment significantly contribute to favorable prognosis and patient survival.
{"title":"Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate: case report and review of the literature","authors":"A. Otsetov, K. Kalchev, Natasha Takova, A. Hinev","doi":"10.24294/MIPT.V0I0.207","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.24294/MIPT.V0I0.207","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the prostate (MACP) is a rare variant of prostatic carcinoma that is characterized by pools of extra-acinar mucin. Precise diagnosis is important due to nonspecific findings on imaging tests, its aggressive behaviour and poor response to radiotherapy. The essential point in the diagnosis of MACP is to rule out the extraprostatic malignancies, originating from the bladder or colorectum. Case Report: A 57-year-old man presented in our clinic with urinary frequency, nocturia and voiding difficulties. Digital rectal examination revealed a slightly enlarged prostate, without palpable nodules. Patient PSA was 18.0 ng/mL. Twelve-core transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy confirmed prostate cancer with Gleason score 8 (3+4). Up to 50% of the tumor lesion consisted of neoplastic glands with isolated cells, floating in mucinous material. The metastatic work-up, including CT scan and bone scintigraphy was negative and radical retropubic prostatectomy with lymph node dissection has been performed. Periodic Acid Schiff staining confirmed the presence of mucinous prostatic adenocarcinoma. Morphological examination was negative for lymph nodes metastases. The extraprostatic extension and surgical margins were negative. Three years after surgery, patient’s serum PSA remained undetectable, without recurrence. Conclusion: We report this case due to the rarity of primary MACP and its challenging diagnosis. Although MACP may be associated with poor outcome, its proper diagnosis and treatment significantly contribute to favorable prognosis and patient survival.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43458788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-03DOI: 10.15406/icpjl.2016.02.00054
V. Vetvicka
Paleonutrition is currently considered to be one of the healthiest diets. On the other hand, numerous nutritionists believe that this type of diet is nothing more than unsubstantiated fantasy. In this article, we discuss this topic from the historical and evolutionary perspective.
{"title":"Paleonutrition-Salvation or Fantasy?","authors":"V. Vetvicka","doi":"10.15406/icpjl.2016.02.00054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2016.02.00054","url":null,"abstract":"Paleonutrition is currently considered to be one of the healthiest diets. On the other hand, numerous nutritionists believe that this type of diet is nothing more than unsubstantiated fantasy. In this article, we discuss this topic from the historical and evolutionary perspective.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67070149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-30DOI: 10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00178
Anu Bajaj
Preface: Oral Squamous Papilloma occurs preponderantly in females with a variable age of presentation. Specific clinical and physical attributes may be observed. Excision biopsy, histopathology and congruous immunohistochemical parameters may be appraised. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma with the progenitors such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (grade III) and carcinoma in situ may incorporate the nuclear (DNA) sequences of HPV 16 and 18 in numerous instances.4‒6 Human Papilloma Virus contamination activates the benign cellular expanse. Subsequent somatic mutations may assist the propagation of the virus. Pathogenic determinants of malignant conversion such as smoking, concomitant infections, dietary deficiencies, hormonal changes may expedite the cellular adaptations. The specific HPV-DNA may be amply evidenced in the neoplasm.2,3 The p53 protein assists the determination of the DNA repair or the activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis),7 a characteristic of the negatively coordinated cell growth. Initiation of p53 protein may competently inhibit cell growth and signify cell death (apoptosis). Protein E6 of the transforming HPV (16/18) may efficaciously combine with protein p53. The viral protein E6 engages the cellular protein E6 AP which is employed as a Ubiquitin ligase for the p53 comprising complex. Ubiquitination of the p53 emerges due to the protein retention, followed by marked degradation. In the absence of p53 protein, the cell is deprived of the ability to discern and restore the latent, devastated DNA. Thus the cell division may persist without cellular rejuvenation.1,7 Remodelled, invariable protein p53 may be ascertained by immune-histochemistry.1
{"title":"Epithelial excrescence, protuberance, hypertrophy: the oral cicatrix","authors":"Anu Bajaj","doi":"10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00178","url":null,"abstract":"Preface: Oral Squamous Papilloma occurs preponderantly in females with a variable age of presentation. Specific clinical and physical attributes may be observed. Excision biopsy, histopathology and congruous immunohistochemical parameters may be appraised. Invasive squamous cell carcinoma with the progenitors such as cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (grade III) and carcinoma in situ may incorporate the nuclear (DNA) sequences of HPV 16 and 18 in numerous instances.4‒6 Human Papilloma Virus contamination activates the benign cellular expanse. Subsequent somatic mutations may assist the propagation of the virus. Pathogenic determinants of malignant conversion such as smoking, concomitant infections, dietary deficiencies, hormonal changes may expedite the cellular adaptations. The specific HPV-DNA may be amply evidenced in the neoplasm.2,3 The p53 protein assists the determination of the DNA repair or the activation of programmed cell death (apoptosis),7 a characteristic of the negatively coordinated cell growth. Initiation of p53 protein may competently inhibit cell growth and signify cell death (apoptosis). Protein E6 of the transforming HPV (16/18) may efficaciously combine with protein p53. The viral protein E6 engages the cellular protein E6 AP which is employed as a Ubiquitin ligase for the p53 comprising complex. Ubiquitination of the p53 emerges due to the protein retention, followed by marked degradation. In the absence of p53 protein, the cell is deprived of the ability to discern and restore the latent, devastated DNA. Thus the cell division may persist without cellular rejuvenation.1,7 Remodelled, invariable protein p53 may be ascertained by immune-histochemistry.1","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48827284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-07-18DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00177
R. Dhakal, R. Makaju, S. Makaju, G. Shrestha
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon tumour of skin that accounts for 1.8% of all skin tumours.1 The tumour occurs on any part of the body but are commonly found at the trunk and extremities.2 It usually affects adults between the second and fifth decade of life. Incomplete resection can lead to local recurrence but distant metastases are rare.3,4 Immunohistochemistry remains an important tool to categorize DFSP. CD 34 is a better indicator. Besides, Factor xiiia, and apo-d also remains some other diagnostic tools.5
{"title":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans of male breast: a case report","authors":"R. Dhakal, R. Makaju, S. Makaju, G. Shrestha","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00177","url":null,"abstract":"Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is an uncommon tumour of skin that accounts for 1.8% of all skin tumours.1 The tumour occurs on any part of the body but are commonly found at the trunk and extremities.2 It usually affects adults between the second and fifth decade of life. Incomplete resection can lead to local recurrence but distant metastases are rare.3,4 Immunohistochemistry remains an important tool to categorize DFSP. CD 34 is a better indicator. Besides, Factor xiiia, and apo-d also remains some other diagnostic tools.5","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43398547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-27DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00176
Anu Bajaj
ii) Candida sp and co-existent oral microorganisms interactively collaborate, inhibit and counteract the consequences of microbial invasion.1 The saliva is endowed with mechanical disinfectant attributes and immunogenicity, with the incorporation of the salivary antibodies, which may aggregate the Candida organisms to circumvent the coherence to the epithelial surface and the enzymatic ingredients such as lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, and antileukoprotease.1 A disintegrated localized and systemic host defence ensures an inherent susceptibility to oral contamination, in conjunction with the virulent Candida micro-organisms and an Oral condition may emerge. A commensal or a carrier state may not symbolize a disease condition.1,3
{"title":"Thrush, plaque, membrane, hyphae-the oral contingent","authors":"Anu Bajaj","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00176","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00176","url":null,"abstract":"ii) Candida sp and co-existent oral microorganisms interactively collaborate, inhibit and counteract the consequences of microbial invasion.1 The saliva is endowed with mechanical disinfectant attributes and immunogenicity, with the incorporation of the salivary antibodies, which may aggregate the Candida organisms to circumvent the coherence to the epithelial surface and the enzymatic ingredients such as lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, and antileukoprotease.1 A disintegrated localized and systemic host defence ensures an inherent susceptibility to oral contamination, in conjunction with the virulent Candida micro-organisms and an Oral condition may emerge. A commensal or a carrier state may not symbolize a disease condition.1,3","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43910260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-18DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00175
N. Atif, Muneeza Khalid, O. Chughtai, Saad Asif, M. Rashid, Chughtai As
Breast cancer is a major concern and one of the leading causes of cancer related death worldwide. Breast cancer like many other types of cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease controlled by a multitude of genetic and epigenetic alterations.1. In Pakistani females, breast carcinoma occurs at a younger age group. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the most common type of tumour.2 Male breast carcinoma is an uncommon disease.3 Less than 1% of all breast carcinomas occur in men.4,5 The pathology is similar to that of female breast cancer, and infiltrating ductal cancer is the most common tumor type.6 During the past two decades the mortality rate has declined significantly, primarily due to the early use of adjuvant chemotherapy as well as detection of earlier stage tumours due to increased screening.7,8 Prognosis and management of breast cancer is influenced by the classical variables such as histological type and grade, tumour size, lymph node status, and status of hormonal receptors, Estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) of the tumour and more recently Her2Neu oncoprotein status.8,9 ER expression is undoubtedly the most important biomarker in breast cancer, because it provides the index for sensitivity to endocrine treatment. ER positive tumours (80% of breast cancer) use the steroid hormone estradiol as their main growth stimulus; ER is therefore direct target of endocrine therapies. PR expression is strongly dependent on the presence of ER. Tumours expressing PR but not ER are uncommon and represent <1 % of all breast cancer.10 The proto–oncogene(C–erb) has been localized to chromosome 17q and encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor. The name for the Her2 Neu is derived from human epidermal growth factor receptor, as it features substantial homology with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).11,12 Amplification and/or overexpression of Her2/ Neu gene is routinely evaluated using immunohistochemistry and or/ fluorescence insitu hybridization (FISH) in all cases of invasive breast carcinoma. Her–2 Neu amplification occurs in about one quarter to one fifth of breast cancers.13 The purpose of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical markers in invasive carcinoma of breast and to assess the relationship of hormonal receptor status and Her2 Neuoncoprotein over expression with tumour grade.
{"title":"Role of immunohistochemical markers in breast cancer and their correlation with grade of tumour, our experience","authors":"N. Atif, Muneeza Khalid, O. Chughtai, Saad Asif, M. Rashid, Chughtai As","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00175","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer is a major concern and one of the leading causes of cancer related death worldwide. Breast cancer like many other types of cancer is a complex heterogeneous disease controlled by a multitude of genetic and epigenetic alterations.1. In Pakistani females, breast carcinoma occurs at a younger age group. Infiltrating ductal carcinoma is the most common type of tumour.2 Male breast carcinoma is an uncommon disease.3 Less than 1% of all breast carcinomas occur in men.4,5 The pathology is similar to that of female breast cancer, and infiltrating ductal cancer is the most common tumor type.6 During the past two decades the mortality rate has declined significantly, primarily due to the early use of adjuvant chemotherapy as well as detection of earlier stage tumours due to increased screening.7,8 Prognosis and management of breast cancer is influenced by the classical variables such as histological type and grade, tumour size, lymph node status, and status of hormonal receptors, Estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) of the tumour and more recently Her2Neu oncoprotein status.8,9 ER expression is undoubtedly the most important biomarker in breast cancer, because it provides the index for sensitivity to endocrine treatment. ER positive tumours (80% of breast cancer) use the steroid hormone estradiol as their main growth stimulus; ER is therefore direct target of endocrine therapies. PR expression is strongly dependent on the presence of ER. Tumours expressing PR but not ER are uncommon and represent <1 % of all breast cancer.10 The proto–oncogene(C–erb) has been localized to chromosome 17q and encodes a transmembrane tyrosine kinase growth factor receptor. The name for the Her2 Neu is derived from human epidermal growth factor receptor, as it features substantial homology with the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR).11,12 Amplification and/or overexpression of Her2/ Neu gene is routinely evaluated using immunohistochemistry and or/ fluorescence insitu hybridization (FISH) in all cases of invasive breast carcinoma. Her–2 Neu amplification occurs in about one quarter to one fifth of breast cancers.13 The purpose of this study was to analyze the immunohistochemical markers in invasive carcinoma of breast and to assess the relationship of hormonal receptor status and Her2 Neuoncoprotein over expression with tumour grade.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42080673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-05DOI: 10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00174
Hisham Abu Farsak, Rawan Aljaras, N. A. Farsakh, H. Farsakh
Initial complete blood count (CBC) showed hemoglobin 11grams/ dL, total leukocyte count of 9×109/L and platelet count of 460000/ μL. No schistocytes were found on peripheral blood smear. A blood chemistry panel showed urea nitrogen 27mg/dL (8‒21mg/ dL), creatinine 1.1mg/dL (0.8‒1.3mg/dL), sodium 136mmol/L (135‒145mmol/L), potassium 4.2mmol/L (3.5‒5mmol/L), calcium 8.1mg/dL (8.5‒10.2mg/dL), glucose 93mg/ dL (65‒110mg/dL), LDH 240 U/L (120–220U/L), albumin 3.0g/dL (3.5‒5.0g/dL), and total protein 3.2g/dL (5.0–9.0g/dL), HCO3 20mEq/L (22–29mEq/L). Liver function test was normal. Urinalysis revealed protein (+), with increased red blood cells, no eosinophiluria. Serologic test results for anti‒nuclear antibody, anti‒double‒stranded DNA antibody, rheumatoid factor, cryoglobulinemia, hepatitis B and C, and ANCA were negative. Serum C3 and C4 levels were normal.
{"title":"Acute nephrotoxicity an unusual side effect or adverse toxicity of Captagon","authors":"Hisham Abu Farsak, Rawan Aljaras, N. A. Farsakh, H. Farsakh","doi":"10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/icpjl.2018.06.00174","url":null,"abstract":"Initial complete blood count (CBC) showed hemoglobin 11grams/ dL, total leukocyte count of 9×109/L and platelet count of 460000/ μL. No schistocytes were found on peripheral blood smear. A blood chemistry panel showed urea nitrogen 27mg/dL (8‒21mg/ dL), creatinine 1.1mg/dL (0.8‒1.3mg/dL), sodium 136mmol/L (135‒145mmol/L), potassium 4.2mmol/L (3.5‒5mmol/L), calcium 8.1mg/dL (8.5‒10.2mg/dL), glucose 93mg/ dL (65‒110mg/dL), LDH 240 U/L (120–220U/L), albumin 3.0g/dL (3.5‒5.0g/dL), and total protein 3.2g/dL (5.0–9.0g/dL), HCO3 20mEq/L (22–29mEq/L). Liver function test was normal. Urinalysis revealed protein (+), with increased red blood cells, no eosinophiluria. Serologic test results for anti‒nuclear antibody, anti‒double‒stranded DNA antibody, rheumatoid factor, cryoglobulinemia, hepatitis B and C, and ANCA were negative. Serum C3 and C4 levels were normal.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43500249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-22DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00173
G. Hachem
Triple negative breast cancer is a histologic subtype of breast carcinomas characterized by the lack of expression of hormone receptors (HR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Fifteen percent of the breast carcinomas are triple negative. It is the most aggressive histological subtype, affecting younger age population, and highly associated with distant recurrences despite adequate local control, mainly in the first three years following the diagnosis. In the metastatic setting, the median overall survival is around 12 months.1,2 The only available treatments still consist of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy with many promising results seen with poly‒ADP‒ribose‒polymerase inhibitors (PARP) inhibitors during this last decade. Many pathways and receptors expressed in the metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC) had been the subjects of research and clinical trials: androgen receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), antibody drug conjugate via targeting certain surface receptors and anti‒angiogenics.
{"title":"EGFR inhibition in metastatic triple negative breast cancer: a losing target","authors":"G. Hachem","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00173","url":null,"abstract":"Triple negative breast cancer is a histologic subtype of breast carcinomas characterized by the lack of expression of hormone receptors (HR), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). Fifteen percent of the breast carcinomas are triple negative. It is the most aggressive histological subtype, affecting younger age population, and highly associated with distant recurrences despite adequate local control, mainly in the first three years following the diagnosis. In the metastatic setting, the median overall survival is around 12 months.1,2 The only available treatments still consist of conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy with many promising results seen with poly‒ADP‒ribose‒polymerase inhibitors (PARP) inhibitors during this last decade. Many pathways and receptors expressed in the metastatic triple negative breast cancer (mTNBC) had been the subjects of research and clinical trials: androgen receptors, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), antibody drug conjugate via targeting certain surface receptors and anti‒angiogenics.","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49481587","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-05-07DOI: 10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00172
Sujita Bh, Ari, R. Makaju, S. Baral
Plasmacytoma is a localized collection of neoplastic plasma cells presenting either as a solitary lesion or a manifestation of multiple myeloma.1 The International Myeloma Working Group has defined a diagnostic criteria for Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone which requires all the following to be fulfilled: (i) biopsy‒proven solitary lesion of bone or soft tissue with evidence of clonal plasma cells, (ii) Normal bone marrow with no evidence of clonal plasma cells, (iii) Normal skeletal survey and MRI (or CT) of the spine and pelvis (except for the primary solitary lesion), and (iv) Absence of end‒organ damage such as hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, or bone lesions (CRAB) that can be attributed to a lymphoplasma cell proliferative disorder.2
{"title":"Solitary plasmacytoma of rib: a rare presentation","authors":"Sujita Bh, Ari, R. Makaju, S. Baral","doi":"10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/ICPJL.2018.06.00172","url":null,"abstract":"Plasmacytoma is a localized collection of neoplastic plasma cells presenting either as a solitary lesion or a manifestation of multiple myeloma.1 The International Myeloma Working Group has defined a diagnostic criteria for Solitary Plasmacytoma of Bone which requires all the following to be fulfilled: (i) biopsy‒proven solitary lesion of bone or soft tissue with evidence of clonal plasma cells, (ii) Normal bone marrow with no evidence of clonal plasma cells, (iii) Normal skeletal survey and MRI (or CT) of the spine and pelvis (except for the primary solitary lesion), and (iv) Absence of end‒organ damage such as hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, anemia, or bone lesions (CRAB) that can be attributed to a lymphoplasma cell proliferative disorder.2","PeriodicalId":92215,"journal":{"name":"International clinical pathology journal","volume":" ","pages":"1-3"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49056425","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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