Pub Date : 2018-10-11DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00162
S. Mohiuddin
Diabetes mellitus is considered to be one of the most common public health disorders which have a wide range of distribution all over the globes. For development of adolescent diabetes mellitus, the major etiological factors are the synergistic effects of environmental, genetic and immunological factors which used to destruct the pancreatic β-cells mass. The main contributing factor for occurrence of type 1 diabetes in individuals of genetic susceptibility is due to process of autoimmunity that used to develop several months or even years which used to destroy the β-cells mass.1 Immunological markers are used to consider as main precipitating agent before diabetic condition is clinically overt. Although there was a well-maintained normal tolerance level of glucose but due drastically decline of mass of β cells, insulin secretion is gradually decreasing. Clinical sign and symptom of diabetes mellitus usually caused when about 80% of β cell mass used to destroy. At this point of time the number of residual functioning β cells is insufficient to maintain the glucose tolerance. The triggering factor for transition from impaired glucose tolerance to frank diabetes are very frequently associated with requirement of more amount of insulin that may occur in infections or puberty. In human leukocyte antigen region (HLA region) on chromosome no 6 the major susceptibility gene of type 1 diabetes mellitus is located and this inheritance is mainly is of polygenic variety which used to account for 40% to 50% of genetic risk for developing of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Class II major histocompatibility complex (class II MHC) is encoded by genes which are situated in this region. The strongest association is with the DQ locus within this region and this locus is again further subtyped into α and β loci. The haplotypes DQ A1*0301, DQ B1*0302, DQ A1*501 and DQ B1* 201 have the strongest association with type1 diabetes that have shown after refinement in genotyping of HLA loci. It has been found that the amino acid in position 57 of the N-terminal β-1 domain of the HLA-DQ β chain is directly related to susceptibility of type 1 diabetes although analysis of DNA sequence from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus has not so far shown unique class II sequence.2 If individuals undergone infection or toxic insult, their immune system generally susceptible to develop a vigorous autoimmune process either against molecule of β cell resembling the viral protein or against altered pancreatic β cell antigens is felt to develop immune mediated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Although other types of islets cell are inexplicably spared from the autoimmune process though they are functionally and embryological similar to β cells and expresses maximum of the similar proteins in β cells. By the process called “Insulitis” the pancreatic islets are infiltrated with leucocytes.3
{"title":"Altered level of inflammatory markers in relation to glycemic status associated with adolescent diabetic patients","authors":"S. Mohiuddin","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00162","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00162","url":null,"abstract":"Diabetes mellitus is considered to be one of the most common public health disorders which have a wide range of distribution all over the globes. For development of adolescent diabetes mellitus, the major etiological factors are the synergistic effects of environmental, genetic and immunological factors which used to destruct the pancreatic β-cells mass. The main contributing factor for occurrence of type 1 diabetes in individuals of genetic susceptibility is due to process of autoimmunity that used to develop several months or even years which used to destroy the β-cells mass.1 Immunological markers are used to consider as main precipitating agent before diabetic condition is clinically overt. Although there was a well-maintained normal tolerance level of glucose but due drastically decline of mass of β cells, insulin secretion is gradually decreasing. Clinical sign and symptom of diabetes mellitus usually caused when about 80% of β cell mass used to destroy. At this point of time the number of residual functioning β cells is insufficient to maintain the glucose tolerance. The triggering factor for transition from impaired glucose tolerance to frank diabetes are very frequently associated with requirement of more amount of insulin that may occur in infections or puberty. In human leukocyte antigen region (HLA region) on chromosome no 6 the major susceptibility gene of type 1 diabetes mellitus is located and this inheritance is mainly is of polygenic variety which used to account for 40% to 50% of genetic risk for developing of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Class II major histocompatibility complex (class II MHC) is encoded by genes which are situated in this region. The strongest association is with the DQ locus within this region and this locus is again further subtyped into α and β loci. The haplotypes DQ A1*0301, DQ B1*0302, DQ A1*501 and DQ B1* 201 have the strongest association with type1 diabetes that have shown after refinement in genotyping of HLA loci. It has been found that the amino acid in position 57 of the N-terminal β-1 domain of the HLA-DQ β chain is directly related to susceptibility of type 1 diabetes although analysis of DNA sequence from patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus has not so far shown unique class II sequence.2 If individuals undergone infection or toxic insult, their immune system generally susceptible to develop a vigorous autoimmune process either against molecule of β cell resembling the viral protein or against altered pancreatic β cell antigens is felt to develop immune mediated type 1 diabetes mellitus. Although other types of islets cell are inexplicably spared from the autoimmune process though they are functionally and embryological similar to β cells and expresses maximum of the similar proteins in β cells. By the process called “Insulitis” the pancreatic islets are infiltrated with leucocytes.3","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"15 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80077218","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00160
A. Pradhan, R. Sethi
Establishment of prompt reperfusion of infarct related artery remains the goal in STEMI management. ST segment resolution is rapid and inexpensive tool to assess efficacy of reperfusion therapy in STEMI at bedside.7 Various studies have also documented the poor prognosis associated with non resolution of ST segment following thrombolysis.8,9 Thrombolytic therapy fails to achieve effective reperfusion in diabetic subset even in a setting of early presentation.10
{"title":"Diabetes and myocardial infarction: revisiting the conundrum!","authors":"A. Pradhan, R. Sethi","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00160","url":null,"abstract":"Establishment of prompt reperfusion of infarct related artery remains the goal in STEMI management. ST segment resolution is rapid and inexpensive tool to assess efficacy of reperfusion therapy in STEMI at bedside.7 Various studies have also documented the poor prognosis associated with non resolution of ST segment following thrombolysis.8,9 Thrombolytic therapy fails to achieve effective reperfusion in diabetic subset even in a setting of early presentation.10","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"175 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83448918","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-08DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00161
Lutvi Abdullah
i. Stunting is the most prevalent form of child under nutrition worldwide. ii. Two main pathways are described leading to stunting— inadequate nutrition and exposure to infection. iii. Nutritional interventions alone fail to eliminate the problem of stunting in lowand middle-income countries. iv. Papaya Seeds has vitamin, mineral and protein for completing nutrition in our body What Is New v. The frequency of hand washing and use of soap during hand washing were independently associated with childhood stunting in Indonesia. vi. The non-nutritional pathway of restricted linear growth of children in rural communities is important. vii. Ant stunting interventions in rural areas should be expanded to include sanitation and hygienic measures. viii. Innovation Food for Decreasing Stunting System ix. Diversification from Papaya Seeds
{"title":"Pancake with papaya seeds topping for repairing stunting system with food of medicine","authors":"Lutvi Abdullah","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00161","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00161","url":null,"abstract":"i. Stunting is the most prevalent form of child under nutrition worldwide. ii. Two main pathways are described leading to stunting— inadequate nutrition and exposure to infection. iii. Nutritional interventions alone fail to eliminate the problem of stunting in lowand middle-income countries. iv. Papaya Seeds has vitamin, mineral and protein for completing nutrition in our body What Is New v. The frequency of hand washing and use of soap during hand washing were independently associated with childhood stunting in Indonesia. vi. The non-nutritional pathway of restricted linear growth of children in rural communities is important. vii. Ant stunting interventions in rural areas should be expanded to include sanitation and hygienic measures. viii. Innovation Food for Decreasing Stunting System ix. Diversification from Papaya Seeds","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79373011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-10-04DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00159
C. Constantin, Tudor Veronica Gabriela
During the admission, the patients’ condition seemed to improve, altough the white blood count remained at high levels all that time. There was only one episode of fever, the highest temperature reaching 37°C, point at which hemoculture was collected. The fever was remitted after administrating antibiotics. Basal bolus insulin therapy was initiated with good results regarding the patients’ glycaemic levels. Laboratory parameters evidenced leukocytosis syndrome with white blood cells over 30000/mm3, inflammatory syndrome, high values of conjugated bilirubin, hyperglycemia, mild anemia. Subsequently, hemo and uroculture were proven negative, as well as stool samples for Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. Imagistic analysis were also performed, abdominal ultrasound revealed increased size of the liver, inflammation of the gall bladder without gallstones and as cites fluid with perihepatic, perisplenic and pelvic disposition. Abdominal MRI confirmed the ultrasound results.
{"title":"Leucocytosis and type 2 diabetes mellitus – a case report","authors":"C. Constantin, Tudor Veronica Gabriela","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00159","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00159","url":null,"abstract":"During the admission, the patients’ condition seemed to improve, altough the white blood count remained at high levels all that time. There was only one episode of fever, the highest temperature reaching 37°C, point at which hemoculture was collected. The fever was remitted after administrating antibiotics. Basal bolus insulin therapy was initiated with good results regarding the patients’ glycaemic levels. Laboratory parameters evidenced leukocytosis syndrome with white blood cells over 30000/mm3, inflammatory syndrome, high values of conjugated bilirubin, hyperglycemia, mild anemia. Subsequently, hemo and uroculture were proven negative, as well as stool samples for Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia. Imagistic analysis were also performed, abdominal ultrasound revealed increased size of the liver, inflammation of the gall bladder without gallstones and as cites fluid with perihepatic, perisplenic and pelvic disposition. Abdominal MRI confirmed the ultrasound results.","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"142 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77892328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-21DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00158
H. Bando
Firstly, diabetes shows decreased insulin secretion from beta cell of pancreas and the presence of insulin resistance. These disorders were expressed as homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) and homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β).1 From the clinical point of view, there is common path physiological mechanism of insulin resistance which is found in diabetes, hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome and so on. Consequently, weight reduction and diet therapy would be necessary.
{"title":"Recent problems for the elderly life - diabetes, dementia, frailty","authors":"H. Bando","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00158","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00158","url":null,"abstract":"Firstly, diabetes shows decreased insulin secretion from beta cell of pancreas and the presence of insulin resistance. These disorders were expressed as homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) and homeostasis model assessment of β cell function (HOMA-β).1 From the clinical point of view, there is common path physiological mechanism of insulin resistance which is found in diabetes, hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, obesity, metabolic syndrome and so on. Consequently, weight reduction and diet therapy would be necessary.","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81251675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-10DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00156
Barve Vaibhavi Shridhar
Ayurveda has been practiced in India for about last 5000 yrs. Aim of Ayurveda is to balance the five elements in body through diet, herbs, cleansing procedures and Yoga. Thus, it acts at mental as well as physical level. Hyperlipidemia has been recognized as an impending risk factor for diseases like the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. It has been defined as the presence of raised or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.1 globally, raised cholesterol is estimated to be responsible for 18% of cerebrovascular disease and 56% of ischemic heart disease. Overall, these diseases accounts for about 4.4 million deaths (7.9% of the total) and 40.4 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) (2.8% of the total.2 With advent of newer dimensions in medical field, a need for safe and effective treatment options is on rise.
{"title":"Ayurveda for hypertriglyceridemia: a case report","authors":"Barve Vaibhavi Shridhar","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00156","url":null,"abstract":"Ayurveda has been practiced in India for about last 5000 yrs. Aim of Ayurveda is to balance the five elements in body through diet, herbs, cleansing procedures and Yoga. Thus, it acts at mental as well as physical level. Hyperlipidemia has been recognized as an impending risk factor for diseases like the metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and hypertension. It has been defined as the presence of raised or abnormal levels of lipids and/or lipoproteins in the blood.1 globally, raised cholesterol is estimated to be responsible for 18% of cerebrovascular disease and 56% of ischemic heart disease. Overall, these diseases accounts for about 4.4 million deaths (7.9% of the total) and 40.4 million disability adjusted life years (DALYs) (2.8% of the total.2 With advent of newer dimensions in medical field, a need for safe and effective treatment options is on rise.","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73575859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-09-10DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00157
G. Tomkin
Atherosclerosis is a major complication of diabetes. Hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia are the major risk factors found in diabetes. This article reviews the metabolic disturbance which occurs in diabetes that leads to hypertriglyceridaemia and low high density lipoproteins (HDL) and discuss why this profile is atherogenic. Diabetes is a condition in which there is a deficiency of insulin. Absolute deficiency occurs when the beta cells in the pancreas have entirely lost their insulin secreting capacity but most patients with diabetes have some residual function and it is insulin resistance that tips the balance into diabetes when the insulin resistance cannot be overcome by a sufficient increase in insulin production.
{"title":"Triglyceride and high density lipoprotein metabolism in diabetes","authors":"G. Tomkin","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00157","url":null,"abstract":"Atherosclerosis is a major complication of diabetes. Hyperglycaemia, hypertension and dyslipidaemia are the major risk factors found in diabetes. This article reviews the metabolic disturbance which occurs in diabetes that leads to hypertriglyceridaemia and low high density lipoproteins (HDL) and discuss why this profile is atherogenic. Diabetes is a condition in which there is a deficiency of insulin. Absolute deficiency occurs when the beta cells in the pancreas have entirely lost their insulin secreting capacity but most patients with diabetes have some residual function and it is insulin resistance that tips the balance into diabetes when the insulin resistance cannot be overcome by a sufficient increase in insulin production.","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74550772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-30DOI: 10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00155
S. Mohiuddin, P. Manjrekar
Ceruloplasmin is one the important components of the multicopper oxidase family of enzymes. Three types of spectroscopically distinct copper sites are present in this evolutionarily conserved group of proteins.1 The signature sequences encompassing the amino acid ligands for copper are highly conserved among all multicopper oxidases. The substrates, the number of type I coppers and precise mechanism of intramolecular electron transfer differ from protein to protein.2 Unique members of this family of enzymes, which include the well characterized protein laccase and ascorbate oxidase, are present in bacteria, fungi, yeast, plants, worms, parasites and mammals. Manganese, iron, nitrate, bilirubin, phenol and ascorbate are the known substrates of the multicopper oxidase.2
{"title":"Role of ceruloplasmin as a low grade chronic inflammatory marker and activated innate immune system in pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus","authors":"S. Mohiuddin, P. Manjrekar","doi":"10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/JDMDC.2018.05.00155","url":null,"abstract":"Ceruloplasmin is one the important components of the multicopper oxidase family of enzymes. Three types of spectroscopically distinct copper sites are present in this evolutionarily conserved group of proteins.1 The signature sequences encompassing the amino acid ligands for copper are highly conserved among all multicopper oxidases. The substrates, the number of type I coppers and precise mechanism of intramolecular electron transfer differ from protein to protein.2 Unique members of this family of enzymes, which include the well characterized protein laccase and ascorbate oxidase, are present in bacteria, fungi, yeast, plants, worms, parasites and mammals. Manganese, iron, nitrate, bilirubin, phenol and ascorbate are the known substrates of the multicopper oxidase.2","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"62 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79850049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-08-20DOI: 10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00154
Aless, R. Mantovani, Ilaria Teobaldi
We have read with interest the manuscript of Miranda and Da Ros, which was recently published in this Journal.1 We completely agree with the Authors that education of the patient with diabetes mellitus regarding foot care is effective for the prevention of diabetic foot ulceration.1‒3 Importantly, this is even more evident when such education is structured, organized, repetitive, and combined with multiple preventive interventions.1‒3 However, we believe that another relevant (albeit not much acknowledged) aspect should be considered regarding this issue.
{"title":"A dress does not fit everyone","authors":"Aless, R. Mantovani, Ilaria Teobaldi","doi":"10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15406/jdmdc.2018.05.00154","url":null,"abstract":"We have read with interest the manuscript of Miranda and Da Ros, which was recently published in this Journal.1 We completely agree with the Authors that education of the patient with diabetes mellitus regarding foot care is effective for the prevention of diabetic foot ulceration.1‒3 Importantly, this is even more evident when such education is structured, organized, repetitive, and combined with multiple preventive interventions.1‒3 However, we believe that another relevant (albeit not much acknowledged) aspect should be considered regarding this issue.","PeriodicalId":92240,"journal":{"name":"Journal of diabetes, metabolic disorders & control","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84780656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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