Pub Date : 2024-08-29DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107622
Sherilyn DeStefano, Emily Peterson, Derek C Pham, Nicholas J Jackson, Derjung M Tarn, Dena Florczyk, Aurelia Nattiv
Objectives College athletes are at elevated risk for sexual violence, yet few formally report it and screening for sexual violence is uncommon. This study aimed to evaluate the nature of screening occurring among college athletes and collect athletes’ opinions on how best to screen for sexual violence. Methods This was a mixed-methods study combining a cross-sectional survey with small group interviews. Intercollegiate and club athletes 18 years and older at a division I institution were recruited to complete an online, anonymous survey. Those who completed the survey were invited to participate in follow-up interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Results 165 athletes completed the survey. Only 25% of respondents reported past screening for any type of interpersonal violence, and only 22% reported past screening for sexual abuse and 21% for sexual harassment. 12 student–athletes participated in follow-up interviews. Athletes suggested several best practices including normalising conversation about sexual violence, empowering athletes to maintain a sense of control around disclosure, building trust and providing multiple opportunities for discussion and disclosure. Conclusion Less than one-quarter of athletes in this study have been screened for sexual violence. Sensitive and effective screening practices should include providing safe environments, initiating the conversation, offering multiple opportunities for disclosure, and ensuring personnel completing screening are knowledgeable on what to do in case of a disclosure. These can inform screening and educational practices to decrease stigma, support those affected and ultimately decrease the incidence of sexual violence victimisation. Data are available on reasonable request. Deidentified data are available on reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.
{"title":"Screening college athletes for sexual violence: athletes’ experiences and opinions on best practices","authors":"Sherilyn DeStefano, Emily Peterson, Derek C Pham, Nicholas J Jackson, Derjung M Tarn, Dena Florczyk, Aurelia Nattiv","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-107622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2023-107622","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives College athletes are at elevated risk for sexual violence, yet few formally report it and screening for sexual violence is uncommon. This study aimed to evaluate the nature of screening occurring among college athletes and collect athletes’ opinions on how best to screen for sexual violence. Methods This was a mixed-methods study combining a cross-sectional survey with small group interviews. Intercollegiate and club athletes 18 years and older at a division I institution were recruited to complete an online, anonymous survey. Those who completed the survey were invited to participate in follow-up interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. Results 165 athletes completed the survey. Only 25% of respondents reported past screening for any type of interpersonal violence, and only 22% reported past screening for sexual abuse and 21% for sexual harassment. 12 student–athletes participated in follow-up interviews. Athletes suggested several best practices including normalising conversation about sexual violence, empowering athletes to maintain a sense of control around disclosure, building trust and providing multiple opportunities for discussion and disclosure. Conclusion Less than one-quarter of athletes in this study have been screened for sexual violence. Sensitive and effective screening practices should include providing safe environments, initiating the conversation, offering multiple opportunities for disclosure, and ensuring personnel completing screening are knowledgeable on what to do in case of a disclosure. These can inform screening and educational practices to decrease stigma, support those affected and ultimately decrease the incidence of sexual violence victimisation. Data are available on reasonable request. Deidentified data are available on reasonable request by contacting the corresponding author.","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142100688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108830
Camille Tooth, Evert Verhagen, Babette M Pluim, Jan Cabri, François Bieuzen, Pascal Edouard
Following the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on the methods for collecting and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports,1 2 the International Tennis Federation’s Sports Science Committee, in collaboration with selected external experts, developed a tennis-specific extension.3 This initiative aimed to standardise health surveillance for non-disabled and wheelchair tennis players and provide discipline-specific recommendations regarding injury and illness classification, mechanisms, onset modes, athlete exposure, risk reporting and data collection methods. The tennis-specific extension and this summary aim to present the elements specific to tennis that differentiate or add to the original IOC consensus for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports (figure 1).1 2 Figure 1 Infographic of the ReFORM synthesis of the International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement on methods for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness …
{"title":"Methods for recording and reporting of epidemiological data on injury and illness in tennis: ReFORM synthesis of the International Olympic Committee consensus statement","authors":"Camille Tooth, Evert Verhagen, Babette M Pluim, Jan Cabri, François Bieuzen, Pascal Edouard","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108830","url":null,"abstract":"Following the International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on the methods for collecting and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports,1 2 the International Tennis Federation’s Sports Science Committee, in collaboration with selected external experts, developed a tennis-specific extension.3 This initiative aimed to standardise health surveillance for non-disabled and wheelchair tennis players and provide discipline-specific recommendations regarding injury and illness classification, mechanisms, onset modes, athlete exposure, risk reporting and data collection methods. The tennis-specific extension and this summary aim to present the elements specific to tennis that differentiate or add to the original IOC consensus for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness in sports (figure 1).1 2 Figure 1 Infographic of the ReFORM synthesis of the International Olympic Committee Consensus Statement on methods for recording and reporting epidemiological data on injury and illness …","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108380
Jasmine Titova, Margie H Davenport, Alexandra Humphrys, Melanie Hayman
Objective To synthesise the existing literature relating to barriers and enablers encountered by elite athletes during preconception and pregnancy for the purpose of identifying key recommendations and actionable steps to inform the development of pregnancy guidelines to support preconception and pregnancy in national sporting organisations. Design Mixed-methods systematic review with thematic analysis. Data sources Four databases (Medline, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and CINAHL) were systematically searched to identify relevant studies, along with reference lists of included studies until 3 April 2023. Eligibility criteria Peer-reviewed primary studies from any date, language and location which identify at least one barrier and/or enabler encountered by elite female athletes during preconception and/or pregnancy were included. Grey literature, books, conference papers and other reviews were excluded. Results A total of 29 studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. The most common barriers identified were attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of the athlete and society, lack of support provided by sports organisations and lack of evidence-based information available. The most common enablers were specific strategies used by athletes (eg, modified training) to manage the demands of preconception and pregnancy, attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of the athlete, and support of family. Conclusion Key recommendations developed from the results are for sporting organisations to (1) develop clear, transparent and multifaceted policies to support preconception and pregnancy; (2) foster supportive environments which offer flexible training, social support and positive promotion of pregnant athletes and (3) provide clear, evidence-based education and information about preconception and pregnancy to athletes, coaches, support staff and organisational staff. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as online supplemental information.
{"title":"Barriers and enablers encountered by elite athletes during preconception and pregnancy: a mixed-methods systematic review","authors":"Jasmine Titova, Margie H Davenport, Alexandra Humphrys, Melanie Hayman","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108380","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108380","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To synthesise the existing literature relating to barriers and enablers encountered by elite athletes during preconception and pregnancy for the purpose of identifying key recommendations and actionable steps to inform the development of pregnancy guidelines to support preconception and pregnancy in national sporting organisations. Design Mixed-methods systematic review with thematic analysis. Data sources Four databases (Medline, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and CINAHL) were systematically searched to identify relevant studies, along with reference lists of included studies until 3 April 2023. Eligibility criteria Peer-reviewed primary studies from any date, language and location which identify at least one barrier and/or enabler encountered by elite female athletes during preconception and/or pregnancy were included. Grey literature, books, conference papers and other reviews were excluded. Results A total of 29 studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion. The most common barriers identified were attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of the athlete and society, lack of support provided by sports organisations and lack of evidence-based information available. The most common enablers were specific strategies used by athletes (eg, modified training) to manage the demands of preconception and pregnancy, attitudes, perceptions and beliefs of the athlete, and support of family. Conclusion Key recommendations developed from the results are for sporting organisations to (1) develop clear, transparent and multifaceted policies to support preconception and pregnancy; (2) foster supportive environments which offer flexible training, social support and positive promotion of pregnant athletes and (3) provide clear, evidence-based education and information about preconception and pregnancy to athletes, coaches, support staff and organisational staff. All data relevant to the study are included in the article or uploaded as online supplemental information.","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108306
David B Anderson, Aimie L Peek, James M Van Gelder, Kerry Peek
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a clinical condition of upper motor neuron lesion signs, that is confirmed with advanced imaging demonstrating compression of the spinal cord in the cervical spine.1 Common symptoms of DCM include loss of upper and lower limb strength and coordination, gait dysfunction, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.2 The difference between DCM and other sports-related spinal cord injuries is that DCM results from spinal cord compression due to gradual degenerative changes, making detection more difficult. DCM is a leading cause of spinal cord injury2 and can result in catastrophic symptoms and lifelong disability if left untreated.2 While the mean prevalence of DCM is low in the general population at around 2.22% (95% CI 0.44% to 2.68%), specific populations are at greater risk, such as older adults (>79 years of age) who have a mean prevalence of 4.16% (95% CI 0.82% to 5.03%).3 People from Asia-Pacific and African regions are also reported to have an increased prevalence of DCM and/or cervical stenosis.4 A recent review of the risk factors for the development of DCM reported that long-term participation in contact sports may be associated with increased rates of early spinal degeneration as well as spinal cord injury secondary to cervical spinal stenosis.5 While the exact mechanism remains unclear, it is possible that the combination of repeated mechanical loading and increased prevalence of cervical injuries in contact sport athletes is a cause of early spinal degeneration. In particular, premature cervical spondylosis can lead to DCM in some contact sport athletes.5 This commentary explores the potential benefits of screening contact sport athletes for DCM to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention. Unlike other spinal cord injuries, DCM does not require a traumatic event and can have an insidious onset, making diagnosis and detection …
{"title":"Should we screen retired contact sport athletes for early signs of degenerative cervical myelopathy?","authors":"David B Anderson, Aimie L Peek, James M Van Gelder, Kerry Peek","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108306","url":null,"abstract":"Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a clinical condition of upper motor neuron lesion signs, that is confirmed with advanced imaging demonstrating compression of the spinal cord in the cervical spine.1 Common symptoms of DCM include loss of upper and lower limb strength and coordination, gait dysfunction, and bladder and bowel dysfunction.2 The difference between DCM and other sports-related spinal cord injuries is that DCM results from spinal cord compression due to gradual degenerative changes, making detection more difficult. DCM is a leading cause of spinal cord injury2 and can result in catastrophic symptoms and lifelong disability if left untreated.2 While the mean prevalence of DCM is low in the general population at around 2.22% (95% CI 0.44% to 2.68%), specific populations are at greater risk, such as older adults (>79 years of age) who have a mean prevalence of 4.16% (95% CI 0.82% to 5.03%).3 People from Asia-Pacific and African regions are also reported to have an increased prevalence of DCM and/or cervical stenosis.4 A recent review of the risk factors for the development of DCM reported that long-term participation in contact sports may be associated with increased rates of early spinal degeneration as well as spinal cord injury secondary to cervical spinal stenosis.5 While the exact mechanism remains unclear, it is possible that the combination of repeated mechanical loading and increased prevalence of cervical injuries in contact sport athletes is a cause of early spinal degeneration. In particular, premature cervical spondylosis can lead to DCM in some contact sport athletes.5 This commentary explores the potential benefits of screening contact sport athletes for DCM to facilitate early diagnosis and intervention. Unlike other spinal cord injuries, DCM does not require a traumatic event and can have an insidious onset, making diagnosis and detection …","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108444
Natan Feter, Tomasz S Ligeza, Neha Bashir, Ramiya J Shanmugam, Bryan Montero Herrera, Tamara Aldabbagh, Anne-Farah Usman, Ayumi Yonezawa, Shane McCarthy, Danielle Herrera, Denise Vargas, Emaad M Mir, Talha Syed, Sanam Desai, Hector Shi, William Kim, Natalie Puhar, Kushi Gowda, Olivia Nowak, Jin Kuang, Flor Quiroz, Eduardo L Caputo, Qian Yu, JJ Pionke, Liye Zou, Lauren B Raine, Gabriele Gratton, Monica Fabiani, David R Lubans, Pedro C Hallal, Dominika M Pindus
Objective To examine the acute and chronic effects of reducing prolonged sedentary time (ST) with physical activity (PA) on cognitive and brain health. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses. Eligibility criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to 17 June 2024, with healthy participants without cognitive impairment or neurological conditions that affect cognitive functioning, aged ≥4 years, testing acute and chronic effects of reducing ST and/or prolonged ST by reallocating ST to PA on cognitive function, brain function, and structure. Results We included 25 RCTs (n=1289) investigating acute (21 studies) and chronic (4 studies) effects on cognitive function (acute: n=20, chronic: n=4) and brain function (acute: n=7, chronic: n=1); there were no studies on brain structure. Acutely interrupting continuous ST with either multiple or a single PA bout improved cognitive function measured from 3 hours to three consecutive days based on 91 effect sizes ( g =0.17, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.29, p=0.005, I 2=45.5%). When comparing single versus multiple PA bouts, only multiple PA bouts yielded a positive effect on cognitive function based on 72 effect sizes ( g =0.20, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.35, p=0.006; I 2=48.8%). Chronic studies reported null findings on cognitive function (n=4), with some evidence of improved neural efficiency of the hippocampus (n=1). Conclusion Interrupting ST with PA acutely improves cognitive function. The evidence from chronic studies remains inconclusive. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020200998. Data are available in a public, open access repository. All data used in this study are publicly available in the Open Science Framework: .
目的 研究通过体育锻炼减少长时间久坐（ST）对认知和大脑健康的急性和慢性影响。设计 系统综述和荟萃分析。数据来源：PubMed、Scopus、CINAHL、PsycINFO、SPORTDiscus、Web of Science 和 ProQuest Dissertation and Theses。资格标准 从开始到 2024 年 6 月 17 日发表的随机对照试验 (RCT)，对象为年龄≥4 岁、无认知障碍或神经系统疾病影响认知功能的健康参与者，测试通过将 ST 重新分配给 PA 来减少 ST 和/或延长 ST 对认知功能、大脑功能和结构的急性和慢性影响。结果 我们纳入了 25 项 RCT（n=1289），研究了急性（21 项研究）和慢性（4 项研究）对认知功能（急性：n=20，慢性：n=4）和脑功能（急性：n=7，慢性：n=1）的影响；没有关于脑结构的研究。根据 91 项效应大小（g =0.17，95% CI：0.05 至 0.29，p=0.005，I 2=45.5%），用多次或单次 PA 急性中断连续 ST 可改善 3 小时至连续 3 天的认知功能。在比较单次与多次 PA 时，根据 72 个效应大小（g =0.20，95% CI：0.06 至 0.35，p=0.006；I 2=48.8%），只有多次 PA 对认知功能产生了积极影响。慢性研究报告的认知功能结果为零（4 项），但有证据表明海马体的神经效率有所提高（1 项）。结论 用 PA 急性中断 ST 可改善认知功能。慢性研究的证据仍无定论。系统综述注册号为 PROSPERO CRD42020200998。数据可在公开、开放的资料库中获取。本研究中使用的所有数据均可在开放科学框架中公开获取： 。
{"title":"Effects of reducing sedentary behaviour by increasing physical activity, on cognitive function, brain function and structure across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Natan Feter, Tomasz S Ligeza, Neha Bashir, Ramiya J Shanmugam, Bryan Montero Herrera, Tamara Aldabbagh, Anne-Farah Usman, Ayumi Yonezawa, Shane McCarthy, Danielle Herrera, Denise Vargas, Emaad M Mir, Talha Syed, Sanam Desai, Hector Shi, William Kim, Natalie Puhar, Kushi Gowda, Olivia Nowak, Jin Kuang, Flor Quiroz, Eduardo L Caputo, Qian Yu, JJ Pionke, Liye Zou, Lauren B Raine, Gabriele Gratton, Monica Fabiani, David R Lubans, Pedro C Hallal, Dominika M Pindus","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108444","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108444","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To examine the acute and chronic effects of reducing prolonged sedentary time (ST) with physical activity (PA) on cognitive and brain health. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses. Eligibility criteria Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to 17 June 2024, with healthy participants without cognitive impairment or neurological conditions that affect cognitive functioning, aged ≥4 years, testing acute and chronic effects of reducing ST and/or prolonged ST by reallocating ST to PA on cognitive function, brain function, and structure. Results We included 25 RCTs (n=1289) investigating acute (21 studies) and chronic (4 studies) effects on cognitive function (acute: n=20, chronic: n=4) and brain function (acute: n=7, chronic: n=1); there were no studies on brain structure. Acutely interrupting continuous ST with either multiple or a single PA bout improved cognitive function measured from 3 hours to three consecutive days based on 91 effect sizes ( g =0.17, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.29, p=0.005, I 2=45.5%). When comparing single versus multiple PA bouts, only multiple PA bouts yielded a positive effect on cognitive function based on 72 effect sizes ( g =0.20, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.35, p=0.006; I 2=48.8%). Chronic studies reported null findings on cognitive function (n=4), with some evidence of improved neural efficiency of the hippocampus (n=1). Conclusion Interrupting ST with PA acutely improves cognitive function. The evidence from chronic studies remains inconclusive. Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42020200998. Data are available in a public, open access repository. All data used in this study are publicly available in the Open Science Framework: <https://osf.io/wkyrb/?view_only=53fcae98b76b4f9e91f9208694512415>.","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-28DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108186
Michael F Bergeron, Jean Côté, Sean P Cumming, Rosemary Purcell, Neil Armstrong, Luca Basilico, Kirsty Burrows, Jean-Benoit Charrin, Allyson Felix, Heike Groesswang, Yasunobu Iwasaki, Mininder S Kocher, Magali Martowicz, Kit McConnell, Jane Moran, Christine Holm Moseid, Margo Mountjoy, Torbjørn Soligard, Evgenia Tetelbaum, Ansgar Thiel, Tine Vertommen, Gloria Viseras, Richard Budgett, Lars Engebretsen, Uğur Erdener
With the pronounced ongoing growth of global youth sports, opportunities for and participation of youth athletes on the world sports stage, including the Olympic Games, are expected to escalate. Yet, adolescence is a vulnerable period of development and inherently dynamic, with non-linear and asynchronous progression of physical, physiological, psychological and social attributes. These non-concurrent changes within and between individuals are accompanied by irregular and unpredictable threats and impediments. Likewise, the evident age-based criteria and conventional path for those youth athletes deemed eligible candidates for the Olympic Games are not well or consistently defined. Furthermore, the unstructured and largely varying policies and practices across the sporting International Federations specific to youth participation underscore the need to establish a contemporary universal paradigm that would enable elite youth athletes to navigate an individualised healthy pathway to personal, athletic and sport success. First, we reviewed and summarised key challenges facing elite youth athletes and the relevant evidence fundamental to facilitating and supporting central aspects of health and well-being, while empowering safe, sustainable and positive engagement during athletic and personal advancement and competition. Second, we developed and present a modern elite youth athlete model that emphasises a child-centred, practical framework with corresponding guidelines and recommendations to protect health and well-being while safely and favourably managing international sport competition. Our proposed evidence-informed paradigm will enable and support individualised pathways for healthy, well-rounded and sustainable positive engagement while achieving sport success for youth contending or aiming to compete at world-class international sporting events.
{"title":"IOC consensus statement on elite youth athletes competing at the Olympic Games: essentials to a healthy, safe and sustainable paradigm","authors":"Michael F Bergeron, Jean Côté, Sean P Cumming, Rosemary Purcell, Neil Armstrong, Luca Basilico, Kirsty Burrows, Jean-Benoit Charrin, Allyson Felix, Heike Groesswang, Yasunobu Iwasaki, Mininder S Kocher, Magali Martowicz, Kit McConnell, Jane Moran, Christine Holm Moseid, Margo Mountjoy, Torbjørn Soligard, Evgenia Tetelbaum, Ansgar Thiel, Tine Vertommen, Gloria Viseras, Richard Budgett, Lars Engebretsen, Uğur Erdener","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108186","url":null,"abstract":"With the pronounced ongoing growth of global youth sports, opportunities for and participation of youth athletes on the world sports stage, including the Olympic Games, are expected to escalate. Yet, adolescence is a vulnerable period of development and inherently dynamic, with non-linear and asynchronous progression of physical, physiological, psychological and social attributes. These non-concurrent changes within and between individuals are accompanied by irregular and unpredictable threats and impediments. Likewise, the evident age-based criteria and conventional path for those youth athletes deemed eligible candidates for the Olympic Games are not well or consistently defined. Furthermore, the unstructured and largely varying policies and practices across the sporting International Federations specific to youth participation underscore the need to establish a contemporary universal paradigm that would enable elite youth athletes to navigate an individualised healthy pathway to personal, athletic and sport success. First, we reviewed and summarised key challenges facing elite youth athletes and the relevant evidence fundamental to facilitating and supporting central aspects of health and well-being, while empowering safe, sustainable and positive engagement during athletic and personal advancement and competition. Second, we developed and present a modern elite youth athlete model that emphasises a child-centred, practical framework with corresponding guidelines and recommendations to protect health and well-being while safely and favourably managing international sport competition. Our proposed evidence-informed paradigm will enable and support individualised pathways for healthy, well-rounded and sustainable positive engagement while achieving sport success for youth contending or aiming to compete at world-class international sporting events.","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142090129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108369
Annelie Bilberg, Kaisa Mannerkorpi, Mats Borjesson, Sara Svedlund, Jenny Sivertsson, Eva Klingberg, Jan Bjersing
Objectives Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have substantially elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases, and low cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is a major mediator. The aim of this assessor-blinded, two-armed multicentre randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and strength exercise on cardiovascular health, physical fitness and overall health in patients with RA. Methods In total, 87 patients (86% female; aged 20–60 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). The IG performed HIIT and strength exercise for 12 weeks. The CG was instructed to be physically active on a moderately intensive level, ≥150 min/week. Primary outcome was change in VO2max. Secondary outcomes were changes in anthropometry measures, muscle strength, overall health (Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)-Global), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), pain and disease activity (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28)). Results There was a significant mean group difference of change on VO2max (3.71 mL/kg/min; 95% CI 2.16, 5.25) in favour of the IG. Significant mean group differences of change were also seen for O2-pulse (1.38; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.91), waist circumference (−2.6; 95% CI −5.09 to –0.18), 1-minute sit-to-stand (5.0; 95% CI 3.35 to 6.72), handgrip strength (28.5; 95% CI 3.80 to 52.8), overall health (−14.7; 95% CI –23.8 to –5.50) and PGIC (p<0.0001) in favour of the IG. No significant mean group differences of change were found for pain (−4.0; 95% CI −13.07 to 5.06), DAS28 (−0.25; 95% CI −0.60 to 0.10) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (−0.64; 95% CI −3.23 to 1.90). Conclusion Supervised HIIT and strength exercise improved cardiovascular health, physical fitness and overall health without a deterioration in pain and disease activity and should be considered in patients with well-controlled RA. Trial registration number [NCT05768165][1]. Data are available upon reasonable request. The dataset analysed in the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT05768165&atom=%2Fbjsports%2Fearly%2F2024%2F08%2F23%2Fbjsports-2024-108369.atom
目的 类风湿性关节炎（RA）患者罹患心血管疾病的风险大大增加，而心肺功能（VO2max）低下是主要的诱因。这项评估者盲法双臂多中心随机对照试验旨在评估高强度间歇训练（HIIT）和力量锻炼对 RA 患者心血管健康、体能和整体健康的影响。方法 共有 87 名患者（86% 为女性，年龄在 20-60 岁之间）被随机分配到干预组（IG）或对照组（CG）。干预组进行为期12周的HIIT和力量锻炼。对照组则接受中等强度的体育锻炼，每周≥150分钟。主要结果是最大氧饱和度的变化。次要结果是人体测量指标、肌肉力量、总体健康状况（视觉模拟量表（VAS）-总体）、患者总体变化印象（PGIC）、疼痛和疾病活动度（28 个关节的疾病活动度评分（DAS28））的变化。结果 综合治疗组的 VO2max 平均值变化差异显著（3.71 mL/kg/min; 95% CI 2.16, 5.25）。在氧气脉搏（1.38；95% CI 0.85 至 1.91）、腰围（-2.6；95% CI -5.09 至 -0.18）、1 分钟坐立（5.0；95% CI 3.35 至 6.72）、手握力（28.5；95% CI 3.80 至 52.8）、整体健康（-14.7；95% CI -23.8 至 -5.50）和 PGIC（p<0.0001）方面，IG 也有显著的平均组间差异。疼痛（-4.0；95% CI -13.07至5.06）、DAS28（-0.25；95% CI -0.60至0.10）和红细胞沉降率（-0.64；95% CI -3.23至1.90）的平均变化差异不明显。结论 有监督的HIIT和力量锻炼可改善心血管健康、体能和整体健康，且不会导致疼痛和疾病活动性恶化，应考虑用于病情控制良好的RA患者。试验注册号[NCT05768165][1]。如有合理要求，可提供相关数据。本研究分析的数据集可向通讯作者索取。[1]:/lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT05768165&atom=%2Fbjsports%2Fearly%2F2024%2F08%2F23%2Fbjsports-2024-108369.atom
{"title":"High-intensity interval training improves cardiovascular and physical health in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multicentre randomised controlled trial","authors":"Annelie Bilberg, Kaisa Mannerkorpi, Mats Borjesson, Sara Svedlund, Jenny Sivertsson, Eva Klingberg, Jan Bjersing","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108369","url":null,"abstract":"Objectives Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have substantially elevated risk for cardiovascular diseases, and low cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) is a major mediator. The aim of this assessor-blinded, two-armed multicentre randomised controlled trial was to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and strength exercise on cardiovascular health, physical fitness and overall health in patients with RA. Methods In total, 87 patients (86% female; aged 20–60 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (IG) or a control group (CG). The IG performed HIIT and strength exercise for 12 weeks. The CG was instructed to be physically active on a moderately intensive level, ≥150 min/week. Primary outcome was change in VO2max. Secondary outcomes were changes in anthropometry measures, muscle strength, overall health (Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)-Global), Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC), pain and disease activity (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28)). Results There was a significant mean group difference of change on VO2max (3.71 mL/kg/min; 95% CI 2.16, 5.25) in favour of the IG. Significant mean group differences of change were also seen for O2-pulse (1.38; 95% CI 0.85 to 1.91), waist circumference (−2.6; 95% CI −5.09 to –0.18), 1-minute sit-to-stand (5.0; 95% CI 3.35 to 6.72), handgrip strength (28.5; 95% CI 3.80 to 52.8), overall health (−14.7; 95% CI –23.8 to –5.50) and PGIC (p<0.0001) in favour of the IG. No significant mean group differences of change were found for pain (−4.0; 95% CI −13.07 to 5.06), DAS28 (−0.25; 95% CI −0.60 to 0.10) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (−0.64; 95% CI −3.23 to 1.90). Conclusion Supervised HIIT and strength exercise improved cardiovascular health, physical fitness and overall health without a deterioration in pain and disease activity and should be considered in patients with well-controlled RA. Trial registration number [NCT05768165][1]. Data are available upon reasonable request. The dataset analysed in the present study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT05768165&atom=%2Fbjsports%2Fearly%2F2024%2F08%2F23%2Fbjsports-2024-108369.atom","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045562","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107532
Maddy Sheppard-Perkins, Lindsay Bradley, Sarah Beaudry, Francine Darroch
{"title":"Someone in their corner: trauma- and violence-informed approaches to disclosures of maltreatment in sport.","authors":"Maddy Sheppard-Perkins, Lindsay Bradley, Sarah Beaudry, Francine Darroch","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-107532","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-107532","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008292","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-23DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108200
Stuart G. Wilson, Mia KurtzFavero, Haley H. Smith, Michael F Bergeron, Jean Côté
Objective The objective of this study is to characterise the key factors that influence positive engagement and desirable developmental outcomes in sport among elite youth athletes by summarising the methods, groups and pertinent topical areas examined in the extant published research. Design Scoping review. Data sources We searched the databases SPORTDiscus, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science and Sports Medicine & Education Index for peer-reviewed, published in English articles that considered the factors influencing positive developmental outcomes for athletes under 18 years competing at a national and/or international level. Results The search returned 549 articles, of which 43 met the inclusion criteria. 16 studies used a qualitative approach, 14 collected quantitative data, 2 adopted mixed methods and 11 were reviews. Seven articles involved athletes competing in absolute skill contexts (ie, against the best athletes of any age) while the majority involved athletes competing in relative skill contexts (ie, against the best in a specific age or developmental group). The studies described the characteristics of the athletes, as well as their training, relationships with others, social and physical environments, and/or their overall developmental pathways. Conclusion Existing research on positive engagement in elite youth sport aligned with and mapped onto established models of positive development in youth sport more generally. Our findings further support that, while certain youth athletes may demonstrate extraordinary performance capabilities, they are still children who benefit from positive engagement prompted and reinforced by developmentally appropriate and supportive activities, relationships and environments. Data are available on reasonable request.
目标 本研究旨在通过总结现有已发表研究的方法、群体和相关主题领域，描述影响青少年精英运动员积极参与体育运动和取得理想发展成果的关键因素。设计 范围综述。数据来源 我们在 SPORTDiscus、APA PsycINFO、Web of Science 和 Sports Medicine & Education Index 等数据库中检索了经同行评审的、以英文发表的文章，这些文章考虑了影响 18 岁以下参加国内和/或国际比赛的运动员积极发展成果的因素。结果 检索到 549 篇文章，其中 43 篇符合纳入标准。16 项研究采用了定性方法，14 项研究收集了定量数据，2 项研究采用了混合方法，11 项研究为综述。有 7 篇文章涉及运动员在绝对技能背景下的比赛（即与任何年龄段的最佳运动员比赛），而大多数文章涉及运动员在相对技能背景下的比赛（即与特定年龄段或发展阶段的最佳运动员比赛）。这些研究描述了运动员的特点，以及他们的训练、与他人的关系、社会和物理环境，和/或他们的整体发展路径。结论 现有的关于青少年精英体育积极投入的研究与青少年体育积极发展的既定模式相一致，并与之相吻合。我们的研究结果进一步证明，虽然某些青少年运动员可能会表现出非凡的运动能力，但他们仍然是受益于积极投入的儿童，而积极投入是由与发展相适应的支持性活动、关系和环境所促成和加强的。如有合理要求，可提供相关数据。
{"title":"They are still children: a scoping review of conditions for positive engagement in elite youth sport","authors":"Stuart G. Wilson, Mia KurtzFavero, Haley H. Smith, Michael F Bergeron, Jean Côté","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108200","url":null,"abstract":"Objective The objective of this study is to characterise the key factors that influence positive engagement and desirable developmental outcomes in sport among elite youth athletes by summarising the methods, groups and pertinent topical areas examined in the extant published research. Design Scoping review. Data sources We searched the databases SPORTDiscus, APA PsycINFO, Web of Science and Sports Medicine & Education Index for peer-reviewed, published in English articles that considered the factors influencing positive developmental outcomes for athletes under 18 years competing at a national and/or international level. Results The search returned 549 articles, of which 43 met the inclusion criteria. 16 studies used a qualitative approach, 14 collected quantitative data, 2 adopted mixed methods and 11 were reviews. Seven articles involved athletes competing in absolute skill contexts (ie, against the best athletes of any age) while the majority involved athletes competing in relative skill contexts (ie, against the best in a specific age or developmental group). The studies described the characteristics of the athletes, as well as their training, relationships with others, social and physical environments, and/or their overall developmental pathways. Conclusion Existing research on positive engagement in elite youth sport aligned with and mapped onto established models of positive development in youth sport more generally. Our findings further support that, while certain youth athletes may demonstrate extraordinary performance capabilities, they are still children who benefit from positive engagement prompted and reinforced by developmentally appropriate and supportive activities, relationships and environments. Data are available on reasonable request.","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-08-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142045563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-08-20DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108121
Ida A Heikura, Walter T P McCluskey, Ming-Chang Tsai, Liz Johnson, Holly Murray, Margo Mountjoy, Kathryn E Ackerman, Matthew Fliss, Trent Stellingwerff
Objective: This cross-sectional retrospective and prospective study implemented the 2023 International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Clinical Assessment Tool version 2 (CAT2) to determine the current severity of REDs (primary outcome) and future risk of bone stress injuries (BSI, exploratory outcome) in elite athletes.
Methods: Female (n=143; 23.3±4.3 years) and male (n=70; 23.1±3.7 years) athletes (performance tier 3 (52%), tier 4 (36%), tier 5 (12%)) participated in a baseline CAT2 (with minor modifications) assessment, including a self-report questionnaire (menstrual function (females), BSI, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)), bone mineral density (BMD via DXA) and fasted blood analysis (triiodothyronine (T3), testosterone, cholesterol). Athletes were assigned a green, yellow, orange or red light via CAT2. The prospective risk of new self-report of physician-diagnosed BSI was assessed over a subsequent 6-24 months.
Results: REDs prevalence was 55% green, 36% yellow, 5% orange and 4% red light. The CAT2 identified a greater prevalence of amenorrhoea and BSI and lower T3, testosterone and BMD (p<0.01) in red, orange and yellow (those with REDs) versus green light. ORs for a prospective self-reported BSI (majority physician diagnosed) were greater in orange vs green (OR 7.71, 95% CI (1.26 to 39.83)), in females with severe amenorrhoea (OR 4.6 (95% CI 0.98 to 17.85)), in males with low sex drive (OR 16.0 (95% CI 4.79 to 1038.87)), and athletes with elevated EDE-Q global scores (OR 1.45 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.97)).
Conclusion: The CAT2 has high validity in demonstrating current severity of REDs, with increased future risk of self-reported BSI in athletes with a more severe REDs traffic light category.
{"title":"Application of the IOC Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Clinical Assessment Tool version 2 (CAT2) across 200+ elite athletes.","authors":"Ida A Heikura, Walter T P McCluskey, Ming-Chang Tsai, Liz Johnson, Holly Murray, Margo Mountjoy, Kathryn E Ackerman, Matthew Fliss, Trent Stellingwerff","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108121","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This cross-sectional retrospective and prospective study implemented the 2023 International Olympic Committee Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs) Clinical Assessment Tool version 2 (CAT2) to determine the current severity of REDs (primary outcome) and future risk of bone stress injuries (BSI, exploratory outcome) in elite athletes.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Female (n=143; 23.3±4.3 years) and male (n=70; 23.1±3.7 years) athletes (performance tier 3 (52%), tier 4 (36%), tier 5 (12%)) participated in a baseline CAT2 (with minor modifications) assessment, including a self-report questionnaire (menstrual function (females), BSI, Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q)), bone mineral density (BMD via DXA) and fasted blood analysis (triiodothyronine (T3), testosterone, cholesterol). Athletes were assigned a green, yellow, orange or red light via CAT2. The prospective risk of new self-report of physician-diagnosed BSI was assessed over a subsequent 6-24 months.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>REDs prevalence was 55% green, 36% yellow, 5% orange and 4% red light. The CAT2 identified a greater prevalence of amenorrhoea and BSI and lower T3, testosterone and BMD (p<0.01) in red, orange and yellow (those with REDs) versus green light. ORs for a prospective self-reported BSI (majority physician diagnosed) were greater in orange vs green (OR 7.71, 95% CI (1.26 to 39.83)), in females with severe amenorrhoea (OR 4.6 (95% CI 0.98 to 17.85)), in males with low sex drive (OR 16.0 (95% CI 4.79 to 1038.87)), and athletes with elevated EDE-Q global scores (OR 1.45 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.97)).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The CAT2 has high validity in demonstrating current severity of REDs, with increased future risk of self-reported BSI in athletes with a more severe REDs traffic light category.</p>","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142008291","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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