Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108310
David Bandiera, Sebastien Racinais, Frédéric Garrandes, Paolo Emilio Adami, Stéphane Bermon, Yannis P Pitsiladis, Antonio Tessitore
Several International Federations (IFs) employ specific policies to protect athletes' health from the danger of heat. Most policies rely on the measurement of thermal indices such as the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) to estimate the risk of heat-related illness. This review summarises the policies implemented by the 32 IFs of the 45 sports included in the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. It provides details into the venue type, measured parameters, used thermal indices, measurement procedures, mitigation strategies and specifies whether the policy is a recommendation or a requirement. Additionally, a categorisation of sports' heat stress risk is proposed. Among the 15 sports identified as high, very high or extreme risk, one did not have a heat policy, three did not specify any parameter measurement, one relied on water temperature, two on air temperature and relative humidity, seven on WBGT (six measured on-site and one estimated) and one on the Heat Stress Index. However, indices currently used in sports have been developed for soldiers or workers and may not adequately reflect the thermal strain endured by athletes. Notably, they do not account for the athletes' high metabolic heat production and their level of acclimation. It is, therefore, worthwhile listing the relevance of the thermal indices used by IFs to quantify the risk of heat stress, and in the near future, develop an index adapted to the specific needs of athletes.
{"title":"Heat-related risk at Paris 2024: a proposal for classification and review of International Federations policies.","authors":"David Bandiera, Sebastien Racinais, Frédéric Garrandes, Paolo Emilio Adami, Stéphane Bermon, Yannis P Pitsiladis, Antonio Tessitore","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108310","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108310","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Several International Federations (IFs) employ specific policies to protect athletes' health from the danger of heat. Most policies rely on the measurement of thermal indices such as the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT) to estimate the risk of heat-related illness. This review summarises the policies implemented by the 32 IFs of the 45 sports included in the Paris 2024 Olympic Games. It provides details into the venue type, measured parameters, used thermal indices, measurement procedures, mitigation strategies and specifies whether the policy is a recommendation or a requirement. Additionally, a categorisation of sports' heat stress risk is proposed. Among the 15 sports identified as high, very high or extreme risk, one did not have a heat policy, three did not specify any parameter measurement, one relied on water temperature, two on air temperature and relative humidity, seven on WBGT (six measured on-site and one estimated) and one on the Heat Stress Index. However, indices currently used in sports have been developed for soldiers or workers and may not adequately reflect the thermal strain endured by athletes. Notably, they do not account for the athletes' high metabolic heat production and their level of acclimation. It is, therefore, worthwhile listing the relevance of the thermal indices used by IFs to quantify the risk of heat stress, and in the near future, develop an index adapted to the specific needs of athletes.</p>","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141475957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108624
Mark R Mackie, Martin Schwellnus, Jane S Thornton
{"title":"Infographic. International Olympic Committee (IOC) consensus statement and clinical decision-making guide on acute respiratory illness in athletes.","authors":"Mark R Mackie, Martin Schwellnus, Jane S Thornton","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108624","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141757206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Passing the baton of medical disaster preparedness advice from city medical supervisors of the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games to future host medical organisers.","authors":"Soichiro Kato, Yoshitaka Inoue, Yoshihiro Yamaguchi","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108427","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108427","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141261051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107406
Phoebe Runciman, Maaike Eken, Helene van der Hoven, Marelise Badenhorst, Cheri Blauwet, Vincent Gouttebarge, Leslie Swartz, Wayne Derman
Objectives: To examine healthcare professionals (HCPs) attitudes, beliefs and preparedness towards the management of Para athlete mental health during the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games.
Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. National Paralympic Committee's HCPs (n=857) working at the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games were invited to respond to an anonymous online survey regarding the management of Para athlete mental health in their team. Data were analysed using descriptive frequency statistics.
Results: The survey was completed by 256 HCPs (30% of respondents). Most HCPs agreed that mental health was a concern in Para athletes (n=210; 82%). However, half (n=122; 48%) agreed that they did not screen Para athletes for mental health symptoms, and half (n=130; 51%) agreed that there was increased stigma around disclosure of mental health symptoms among Para athletes, compared with athletes without disability. Most HCPs (n=221; 86%) agreed they wanted to improve their knowledge and skills surrounding athlete mental healthcare. Culturally sensitivite, non-discriminatory and contextual factors were highlighted as desired areas of education for HCPs and active information dissemination for Para athletes.
Conclusion: HCPs working at the Paralympic Games considered Para athlete mental healthcare important and reported perceived stigma, yet indicated low rates of mental health screening. Most respondents expressed the need for mental health education. Culturally sensitive training and active education strategies should be implemented to optimally manage Para athlete mental health.
{"title":"Evaluating workforce needs: an investigation of healthcare professionals' attitudes, beliefs and preparedness towards the management of Para athlete mental health at the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games.","authors":"Phoebe Runciman, Maaike Eken, Helene van der Hoven, Marelise Badenhorst, Cheri Blauwet, Vincent Gouttebarge, Leslie Swartz, Wayne Derman","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-107406","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-107406","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To examine healthcare professionals (HCPs) attitudes, beliefs and preparedness towards the management of Para athlete mental health during the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional observational study was conducted. National Paralympic Committee's HCPs (n=857) working at the Tokyo 2020 and Beijing 2022 Paralympic Games were invited to respond to an anonymous online survey regarding the management of Para athlete mental health in their team. Data were analysed using descriptive frequency statistics.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The survey was completed by 256 HCPs (30% of respondents). Most HCPs agreed that mental health was a concern in Para athletes (n=210; 82%). However, half (n=122; 48%) agreed that they did not screen Para athletes for mental health symptoms, and half (n=130; 51%) agreed that there was increased stigma around disclosure of mental health symptoms among Para athletes, compared with athletes without disability. Most HCPs (n=221; 86%) agreed they wanted to improve their knowledge and skills surrounding athlete mental healthcare. Culturally sensitivite, non-discriminatory and contextual factors were highlighted as desired areas of education for HCPs and active information dissemination for Para athletes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>HCPs working at the Paralympic Games considered Para athlete mental healthcare important and reported perceived stigma, yet indicated low rates of mental health screening. Most respondents expressed the need for mental health education. Culturally sensitive training and active education strategies should be implemented to optimally manage Para athlete mental health.</p>","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139563515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-107942
Kathrin Steffen, Roald Bahr, Benjamin Clarsen, Bjørn Fossan, Hilde Fredriksen, Hilde Gjelsvik, Lars Haugvad, Aasne Fenne Hoksrud, Erik Iversen, Anu Koivisto-Mørk, Ellen Moen, Vibeke Røstad, Tonje Reier-Nilsen, Thomas Torgalsen, Hilde Moseby Berge
Objective: A periodic health evaluation (PHE) is a comprehensive and multidisciplinary investigation of athlete health widely used in elite sport, but its contents and benefits can be questioned. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of conditions identified by a PHE among Paralympic and Olympic athletes over four consecutive Games cycles from Rio de Janeiro 2016 to Beijing 2022 and to assess the benefits and potential pitfalls of a comprehensive PHE programme in detecting existing injuries, illnesses and other health issues.
Methods: We collected extensive health history and clinical examination data on elite athletes: medical history, ECG, blood pressure, blood samples, spirometry, musculoskeletal health, cognitive function, mental health and compliance with public health programmes.
Results: The final cohort included 87 Paralympic and 367 Olympic athletes, representing 565 PHE cycles. Musculoskeletal problems and unspecified pain, infections and allergies were the most frequent health issues. High blood pressure was the most prevalent cardiovascular finding, and vitamin D deficiency the most common laboratory abnormality. Most athletes complied with the public childhood vaccination programmes, but fewer with recommended cancer screening. Follow-up of health issues was variable.
Conclusion: Our PHE programme identified musculoskeletal problems, infections, allergies, elevated blood pressure and vitamin D deficiency as common health conditions. Longitudinal follow-up of health conditions identified during screening and improved compliance with public health and cancer screening programmes is needed to determine the true benefits of athlete care prompted by the PHE.
目的:定期健康评估(PHE)是精英体育运动中广泛使用的一种对运动员健康状况进行多学科综合调查的方法,但其内容和益处可能会受到质疑。本研究旨在确定从 2016 年里约热内卢奥运会到 2022 年北京奥运会连续四个运动会周期内残奥会和奥运会运动员的定期健康评估所发现病症的患病率,并评估全面的定期健康评估计划在检测现有伤病和其他健康问题方面的益处和潜在隐患:我们收集了精英运动员的大量健康史和临床检查数据:病史、心电图、血压、血液样本、肺活量、肌肉骨骼健康、认知功能、心理健康以及对公共卫生计划的遵守情况:最终结果包括 87 名残奥会运动员和 367 名奥运会运动员,代表 565 个公共卫生教育周期。肌肉骨骼问题和不明原因的疼痛、感染和过敏是最常见的健康问题。高血压是最常见的心血管疾病,维生素 D 缺乏症是最常见的实验室异常。大多数运动员都参加了公共儿童疫苗接种计划,但参加建议的癌症筛查的运动员较少。健康问题的跟进情况各不相同:我们的公共卫生教育计划发现肌肉骨骼问题、感染、过敏、血压升高和维生素 D 缺乏症是常见的健康问题。需要对筛查中发现的健康问题进行纵向跟踪,并改善对公共卫生和癌症筛查计划的遵守情况,以确定 "健康促进计划 "所倡导的运动员保健的真正益处。
{"title":"Comprehensive periodic health evaluations of 454 Norwegian Paralympic and Olympic athletes over 8 years: what did we learn?","authors":"Kathrin Steffen, Roald Bahr, Benjamin Clarsen, Bjørn Fossan, Hilde Fredriksen, Hilde Gjelsvik, Lars Haugvad, Aasne Fenne Hoksrud, Erik Iversen, Anu Koivisto-Mørk, Ellen Moen, Vibeke Røstad, Tonje Reier-Nilsen, Thomas Torgalsen, Hilde Moseby Berge","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-107942","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-107942","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>A periodic health evaluation (PHE) is a comprehensive and multidisciplinary investigation of athlete health widely used in elite sport, but its contents and benefits can be questioned. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of conditions identified by a PHE among Paralympic and Olympic athletes over four consecutive Games cycles from Rio de Janeiro 2016 to Beijing 2022 and to assess the benefits and potential pitfalls of a comprehensive PHE programme in detecting existing injuries, illnesses and other health issues.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected extensive health history and clinical examination data on elite athletes: medical history, ECG, blood pressure, blood samples, spirometry, musculoskeletal health, cognitive function, mental health and compliance with public health programmes.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The final cohort included 87 Paralympic and 367 Olympic athletes, representing 565 PHE cycles. Musculoskeletal problems and unspecified pain, infections and allergies were the most frequent health issues. High blood pressure was the most prevalent cardiovascular finding, and vitamin D deficiency the most common laboratory abnormality. Most athletes complied with the public childhood vaccination programmes, but fewer with recommended cancer screening. Follow-up of health issues was variable.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Our PHE programme identified musculoskeletal problems, infections, allergies, elevated blood pressure and vitamin D deficiency as common health conditions. Longitudinal follow-up of health conditions identified during screening and improved compliance with public health and cancer screening programmes is needed to determine the true benefits of athlete care prompted by the PHE.</p>","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11287577/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140920714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108539
James H Hull, Martin Schwellnus, Maarit Valtonen
{"title":"Point-of-care testing to detect respiratory infections in athletes: what is the role?","authors":"James H Hull, Martin Schwellnus, Maarit Valtonen","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108539","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108539","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141757208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108281
Loïs Mougin, Valérie Bougault, Sébastien Racinais, Margo L Mountjoy, Ben Stephenson, Sarah Carter, Lewis J James, Stephen A Mears, Lee Taylor
The upcoming Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games could face environmental challenges related to heat, air quality and water quality. These challenges will pose potential threats to athletes and impact thousands of stakeholders and millions of spectators. Recognising the multifaceted nature of these challenges, a range of strategies will be essential for mitigating adverse effects on participants, stakeholders and spectators alike. From personalised interventions for athletes and attendees to comprehensive measures implemented by organisers, a holistic approach is crucial to address these challenges and the possible interplay of heat, air and water quality factors during the event. This evidence-based review highlights various environmental challenges anticipated at Paris 2024, offering strategies applicable to athletes, stakeholders and spectators. Additionally, it provides recommendations for Local Organising Committees and the International Olympic Committee that may be applicable to future Games. In summary, the review offers solutions for consideration by the stakeholders responsible for and affected by the anticipated environmental challenges at Paris 2024.
{"title":"Environmental challenges facing athletes, stakeholders and spectators at Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games: an evidence-based review of mitigation strategies and recommendations.","authors":"Loïs Mougin, Valérie Bougault, Sébastien Racinais, Margo L Mountjoy, Ben Stephenson, Sarah Carter, Lewis J James, Stephen A Mears, Lee Taylor","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108281","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108281","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The upcoming Paris 2024 Olympic and Paralympic Games could face environmental challenges related to heat, air quality and water quality. These challenges will pose potential threats to athletes and impact thousands of stakeholders and millions of spectators. Recognising the multifaceted nature of these challenges, a range of strategies will be essential for mitigating adverse effects on participants, stakeholders and spectators alike. From personalised interventions for athletes and attendees to comprehensive measures implemented by organisers, a holistic approach is crucial to address these challenges and the possible interplay of heat, air and water quality factors during the event. This evidence-based review highlights various environmental challenges anticipated at Paris 2024, offering strategies applicable to athletes, stakeholders and spectators. Additionally, it provides recommendations for Local Organising Committees and the International Olympic Committee that may be applicable to future Games. In summary, the review offers solutions for consideration by the stakeholders responsible for and affected by the anticipated environmental challenges at Paris 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141490898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108201
Torbjørn Soligard, Kathrin Steffen, Richard Budgett, Lars Engebretsen
{"title":"Development of sports medicine in the International Olympic Committee.","authors":"Torbjørn Soligard, Kathrin Steffen, Richard Budgett, Lars Engebretsen","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108201","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108201","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141174476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-25DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2023-108056
Babak Shadgan, Nima Molavi, Elena Abaeva, Saam Falahati, Stevan Sikimic, Loukas Konstantinou, Szabolcs Molnar
Objectives: To evaluate and compare the injuries of Olympic wrestlers during the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games held in August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods: In this descriptive epidemiological study, injury report forms were used to collect and analyse injury data during the competitions.
Results: During 410 matches in the Rio Olympic Games, 21 injuries were recorded among 346 wrestlers (112=women), a rate of 5.1 injuries/100 bouts and 6.1 injuries/100 athletes. During 322 matches in the Tokyo Olympic Games, 28 injuries were recorded among 287 wrestlers (96=women), with 8.7 injuries/100 bouts and 9.8 injuries/100 athletes. However, these apparent differences in injury rates between Tokyo and Rio were not statistically significant (injuries/bout: p=0.057, 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.02; injuries/athlete: p=0.087, 95% CI: 0.33 to 1.08). Mild injuries comprised the greatest proportion of injuries in both Olympic Games. Severe injuries accounted for 0%, 16.7% and 36.4% of injuries in Greco-Roman, Freestyle and Women's wrestling, respectively.
Conclusion: Most wrestling injuries in the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games were mild skin injuries in the head and face regions due to direct body contact during standing positions in the 1/8-final round of wrestling competitions. No critical injury was observed during the recent Olympic Games. Attention should be drawn to preventing upper limb joint dislocations as common severe injuries in both Olympic Games. While not statistically significant, the Tokyo Games, after the COVID-19 pandemic, witnessed a higher injury occurrence than the Rio Games.
{"title":"Wrestling injuries during the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games.","authors":"Babak Shadgan, Nima Molavi, Elena Abaeva, Saam Falahati, Stevan Sikimic, Loukas Konstantinou, Szabolcs Molnar","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-108056","DOIUrl":"10.1136/bjsports-2023-108056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objectives: </strong>To evaluate and compare the injuries of Olympic wrestlers during the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games held in August 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this descriptive epidemiological study, injury report forms were used to collect and analyse injury data during the competitions.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>During 410 matches in the Rio Olympic Games, 21 injuries were recorded among 346 wrestlers (112=women), a rate of 5.1 injuries/100 bouts and 6.1 injuries/100 athletes. During 322 matches in the Tokyo Olympic Games, 28 injuries were recorded among 287 wrestlers (96=women), with 8.7 injuries/100 bouts and 9.8 injuries/100 athletes. However, these apparent differences in injury rates between Tokyo and Rio were not statistically significant (injuries/bout: p=0.057, 95% CI: 0.31 to 1.02; injuries/athlete: p=0.087, 95% CI: 0.33 to 1.08). Mild injuries comprised the greatest proportion of injuries in both Olympic Games. Severe injuries accounted for 0%, 16.7% and 36.4% of injuries in Greco-Roman, Freestyle and Women's wrestling, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Most wrestling injuries in the 2016 Rio and 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games were mild skin injuries in the head and face regions due to direct body contact during standing positions in the 1/8-final round of wrestling competitions. No critical injury was observed during the recent Olympic Games. Attention should be drawn to preventing upper limb joint dislocations as common severe injuries in both Olympic Games. While not statistically significant, the Tokyo Games, after the COVID-19 pandemic, witnessed a higher injury occurrence than the Rio Games.</p>","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":11.6,"publicationDate":"2024-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141417867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-24DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108262
Wing S Kwok, Saman Khalatbari-Soltani, Xenia Dolja-Gore, Julie Byles, Juliana S Oliveira, Marina B Pinheiro, Anne Tiedemann, Catherine Sherrington
Objective To explore the relationship between long-term physical activity (PA) participation and falls. Methods Participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health born 1946–1951 self-reported amounts of PA every 3 years since 1998 (mean age: 54 years, n=11 796). Latent class analysis described profiles of self-reported PA participation over 18 years. Associations between patterns of PA participation and self-reported falls measured in 2019 were examined using multinomial logistic regression adjusted for directed-acyclic graph-informed potential confounders, with the highly active group as the reference category. Results Women were grouped into five PA participation profiles. Compared with consistently highly active patterns (maintaining ≥300 min/week, 22%), consistently lower levels of PA<100 min/week (18%), consistently some PA<150 min/week (18%) and decreasing PA but maintaining≥150 min/week (n=3540, 30%) had higher odds of non-injurious falls (odds Ratiolower level (OR): 1.59, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.97; ORsome PA: 1.27, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.55; ORdecreasing activity:1.29, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.63) and injurious falls (ORlow level: 1.32, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.64; ORsome PA: 1.27, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.54; ORdecreasing activity: 1.47, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.83). No association was found between increasing PA (≥150 min/week, 11%) for non-injurious (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.29) and injurious falls (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.29). After adjusting for potential confounders, consistently lower levels of PA remained associated with increased non-injurious falls odds (OR1998 survey: 1.40, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.77; OR2016 survey: 1.35, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.71). Conclusion The increased odds of falls among women with consistently lower levels of PA over 18 years supports ongoing participation of 150+ min/week of PA. Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. The data are not publicly available due to the data sharing agreement with the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH) However, data can be accessed when researchers request the ALSWH data at .
目的 探讨长期参加体育锻炼(PA)与跌倒之间的关系。方法 澳大利亚妇女健康纵向研究(Australian Longitudinal Study of Women's Health)中1946-1951年出生的参与者自1998年起每3年自我报告一次体育锻炼量(平均年龄:54岁,人数=11 796)。潜类分析描述了 18 年来自我报告的 PA 参与情况。以高度活跃组为参照组,采用多叉逻辑回归法,对有向环形图信息的潜在混杂因素进行调整,检验了 PA 参与模式与 2019 年测量的自我报告跌倒之间的关联。结果 妇女被分为五组参与体育锻炼的情况。与持续高度活跃组(保持≥300 分钟/周,占 22%)相比,持续较低水平的 PA。
{"title":"Falls and patterns of physical activity participation over 18 years in the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health","authors":"Wing S Kwok, Saman Khalatbari-Soltani, Xenia Dolja-Gore, Julie Byles, Juliana S Oliveira, Marina B Pinheiro, Anne Tiedemann, Catherine Sherrington","doi":"10.1136/bjsports-2024-108262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2024-108262","url":null,"abstract":"Objective To explore the relationship between long-term physical activity (PA) participation and falls. Methods Participants in the Australian Longitudinal Study of Women’s Health born 1946–1951 self-reported amounts of PA every 3 years since 1998 (mean age: 54 years, n=11 796). Latent class analysis described profiles of self-reported PA participation over 18 years. Associations between patterns of PA participation and self-reported falls measured in 2019 were examined using multinomial logistic regression adjusted for directed-acyclic graph-informed potential confounders, with the highly active group as the reference category. Results Women were grouped into five PA participation profiles. Compared with consistently highly active patterns (maintaining ≥300 min/week, 22%), consistently lower levels of PA<100 min/week (18%), consistently some PA<150 min/week (18%) and decreasing PA but maintaining≥150 min/week (n=3540, 30%) had higher odds of non-injurious falls (odds Ratiolower level (OR): 1.59, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.97; ORsome PA: 1.27, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.55; ORdecreasing activity:1.29, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.63) and injurious falls (ORlow level: 1.32, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.64; ORsome PA: 1.27, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.54; ORdecreasing activity: 1.47, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.83). No association was found between increasing PA (≥150 min/week, 11%) for non-injurious (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.29) and injurious falls (OR 1.07, 95% CI 0.90 to 1.29). After adjusting for potential confounders, consistently lower levels of PA remained associated with increased non-injurious falls odds (OR1998 survey: 1.40, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.77; OR2016 survey: 1.35, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.71). Conclusion The increased odds of falls among women with consistently lower levels of PA over 18 years supports ongoing participation of 150+ min/week of PA. Data may be obtained from a third party and are not publicly available. The data are not publicly available due to the data sharing agreement with the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH) However, data can be accessed when researchers request the ALSWH data at <https://alswh.org.au/for-data-users/applying-for-data/quick-guide/>.","PeriodicalId":9276,"journal":{"name":"British Journal of Sports Medicine","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":18.4,"publicationDate":"2024-07-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141755237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}