Pub Date : 2019-11-14DOI: 10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000573
B. Partsvania, T. Sulaberidze, Alexandre Kuskivadze, SophiaAbazadze
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) prostate cancer is the second cause of cancer death in men worldwide [1,2]. Some advanced prostate cancers have well known symptoms. However non-cancerous diseases of the prostate, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cause same symptoms. On the other hand, at very early stages, prostate cancer has no symptoms, the tumor dimension is quite small, and it is extremely difficult to detect it. If prostate cancer is detected at an early stage, it can be successfully cured by different methods. At the later stages, treatment or surgery has very low efficiency. Prostate cancer can often be found by measuring the amount of PSA in the blood. Most healthy men have levels under 4 nano-grams per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. When prostate cancer develops, the PSA level usually goes above 4. However, for determination of the existence of cancer, some additional methods are used: for example: PSA velocity [3,4] and/or PSA density. Besides, measurement of the ratio of free to total PSA is additional tool in prostate cancer diagnosis [5]. However, the major drawback of PSA determination is its relative lack of specificity. The PSA level can also be increased by benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, prostatitis, etc.
{"title":"Mini Review of Prostate Cancer Diagnostics","authors":"B. Partsvania, T. Sulaberidze, Alexandre Kuskivadze, SophiaAbazadze","doi":"10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000573","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000573","url":null,"abstract":"According to the World Health Organization (WHO) prostate cancer is the second cause of cancer death in men worldwide [1,2]. Some advanced prostate cancers have well known symptoms. However non-cancerous diseases of the prostate, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) cause same symptoms. On the other hand, at very early stages, prostate cancer has no symptoms, the tumor dimension is quite small, and it is extremely difficult to detect it. If prostate cancer is detected at an early stage, it can be successfully cured by different methods. At the later stages, treatment or surgery has very low efficiency. Prostate cancer can often be found by measuring the amount of PSA in the blood. Most healthy men have levels under 4 nano-grams per milliliter (ng/mL) of blood. When prostate cancer develops, the PSA level usually goes above 4. However, for determination of the existence of cancer, some additional methods are used: for example: PSA velocity [3,4] and/or PSA density. Besides, measurement of the ratio of free to total PSA is additional tool in prostate cancer diagnosis [5]. However, the major drawback of PSA determination is its relative lack of specificity. The PSA level can also be increased by benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) a noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, prostatitis, etc.","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49432814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-07DOI: 10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000572
Yung‐chi Cheng, Peikwen Cheng, Shwu-Huey Liu, W. Lam, Fulan Guan, Rong Hu, William Cheng
Currently many pharmaceutical and biotech companies are focusing primarily on the treatment versus the prevention of disease, with the exception of developing vaccines against infectious agents as preventative measurement. Developing small molecule medicines still largely applies a reductionist approach focused on a particular target and developing selective and potent chemicals aimed at it. The advancement of knowledge and modern technologies has facilitated the reductionist approach and led to the discovery of a few interesting targetoriented drugs with varying degrees of success, however this approach has not been satisfactory for the treatment of more complex, heterogeneous diseases which are often associated with the aging process [1]. It is recognized that the selected target in most cases is not only important for the pathogenesis of disease, but also plays an important role in the normal functions of the body. With highly potent chemicals used on long term basis, toxicity in normal tissues will often evolve. Furthermore, there is heterogeneity of the tissue target phenotype due to the degree of nutrients, including oxygen, and interaction among cells in the tissue [2]. Drugs could have a different impact on cells depending on its target phenotype or other cellular components. The response of targeted cells to drugs could `be different. This is clearly evident in cancer tissue (Figure 1).
{"title":"The Evolution of Future Medicine - WE Medicine - To Meet Unmet Medical Needs","authors":"Yung‐chi Cheng, Peikwen Cheng, Shwu-Huey Liu, W. Lam, Fulan Guan, Rong Hu, William Cheng","doi":"10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000572","url":null,"abstract":"Currently many pharmaceutical and biotech companies are focusing primarily on the treatment versus the prevention of disease, with the exception of developing vaccines against infectious agents as preventative measurement. Developing small molecule medicines still largely applies a reductionist approach focused on a particular target and developing selective and potent chemicals aimed at it. The advancement of knowledge and modern technologies has facilitated the reductionist approach and led to the discovery of a few interesting targetoriented drugs with varying degrees of success, however this approach has not been satisfactory for the treatment of more complex, heterogeneous diseases which are often associated with the aging process [1]. It is recognized that the selected target in most cases is not only important for the pathogenesis of disease, but also plays an important role in the normal functions of the body. With highly potent chemicals used on long term basis, toxicity in normal tissues will often evolve. Furthermore, there is heterogeneity of the tissue target phenotype due to the degree of nutrients, including oxygen, and interaction among cells in the tissue [2]. Drugs could have a different impact on cells depending on its target phenotype or other cellular components. The response of targeted cells to drugs could `be different. This is clearly evident in cancer tissue (Figure 1).","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42531359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-06DOI: 10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000571
E. Shahini, E. Maldi, T. Staiano
A 57-year-old Caucasian woman, presented to our Endoscopy Unit, complaining several episodes of rectal bleeding during the last 2 weeks, associated with lower abdominal and back pain, mild weight loss and asthenia. On presentation, the patient was hemodynamically stable. Her laboratory tests showed normocytic anemia of 10g/dL, increase of creatine chinase of 264U/L, and mild hypopotassemia (3.4 mEq/l). Moreover, she reported a family history for gastric cancer (father), and she was surveilled by our Oncological center for a recurrent neoplastic disease and for a systemic autoimmune disease, for many years stable under treatment with cycles of radiotherapy, imatinib mesylate, steroids, levothyroxine, and semestral zoledronic acid. After she underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy, a bulky ulcerated rectal mass, of suspected extraparietal origin, was revealed in (Figure 1) and (Figure 2). Multiple random biopsies were obtained from the normal mucosa as well as separately from the ulcers.
{"title":"A Strange Association Between A Rectum- Infiltrating / Metastatic Dedifferentiated Chordoma And Schmidt’s Syndrome","authors":"E. Shahini, E. Maldi, T. Staiano","doi":"10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000571","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000571","url":null,"abstract":"A 57-year-old Caucasian woman, presented to our Endoscopy Unit, complaining several episodes of rectal bleeding during the last 2 weeks, associated with lower abdominal and back pain, mild weight loss and asthenia. On presentation, the patient was hemodynamically stable. Her laboratory tests showed normocytic anemia of 10g/dL, increase of creatine chinase of 264U/L, and mild hypopotassemia (3.4 mEq/l). Moreover, she reported a family history for gastric cancer (father), and she was surveilled by our Oncological center for a recurrent neoplastic disease and for a systemic autoimmune disease, for many years stable under treatment with cycles of radiotherapy, imatinib mesylate, steroids, levothyroxine, and semestral zoledronic acid. After she underwent flexible sigmoidoscopy, a bulky ulcerated rectal mass, of suspected extraparietal origin, was revealed in (Figure 1) and (Figure 2). Multiple random biopsies were obtained from the normal mucosa as well as separately from the ulcers.","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45815772","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-11-04DOI: 10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000570
R. Shabrawy, Mariam A Maged, Nehal A Mahmoud, Nehal M ElShabrawy
Tumor immunotherapy exceeds radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the fact that it considered the most tumor-specific therapy; it is characteristically effective in metastatic tumors, which is a real challenge facing current tumor therapies. Additionally, it confers long-lasting memory, which cannot by induce by other therapeutic approaches [1]. T cell is the major cell orchestrating the anti-tumor immune response. For a T cell to be activated and differentiated, it should receive activating signal not only from the T cell receptor but also from other co-stimulatory molecules [2]. On the other hand, to maintain a balanced immune system other molecule are involved in the inhibition of the activated T cell after the end of an immune response. Understanding these pathways can help in influencing the activity of T cell and thus provide other options for cancer immunotherapy [3].
{"title":"T cell Immune Pathways Current and Future Implementation in Cancer Immunotherapy","authors":"R. Shabrawy, Mariam A Maged, Nehal A Mahmoud, Nehal M ElShabrawy","doi":"10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000570","url":null,"abstract":"Tumor immunotherapy exceeds radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the fact that it considered the most tumor-specific therapy; it is characteristically effective in metastatic tumors, which is a real challenge facing current tumor therapies. Additionally, it confers long-lasting memory, which cannot by induce by other therapeutic approaches [1]. T cell is the major cell orchestrating the anti-tumor immune response. For a T cell to be activated and differentiated, it should receive activating signal not only from the T cell receptor but also from other co-stimulatory molecules [2]. On the other hand, to maintain a balanced immune system other molecule are involved in the inhibition of the activated T cell after the end of an immune response. Understanding these pathways can help in influencing the activity of T cell and thus provide other options for cancer immunotherapy [3].","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45861457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-30DOI: 10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000569
Ghorban Sl, T Mohammad-TaghiB, Ali Fl, A. Mohsen, Mahdi Hs, Alireza Rk
In radiotherapy there is a great need for accurate determination of the adsorbed dose of tumor tissue as well as to healthy organs at risk. The absorbed dose delivered to the planning target volume (PTV) should be ± %5 of the stated dose (Other authors suggest ± %3) [1,2]. To accomplish this goal, most treatments are executed according to a calculated plan. In clinical cases verification of the calculated dose plan by measurements is often complicated. This is especially true if the treatment comprises several beams of different fields and radiation qualities and if the beams impinge on an irregularly shaped body section containing various kinds of tissues or cavities. One method to verification treatments is to carry out measurements using thermo luminescence (TL) dosimeters in patient-like (soft tissue equivalent) phantoms [2,3]. The purpose of this study was to estimate the absorbed dose in the spinal cord and the esophagus by the TLD measurements in Plexiglas phantom.
{"title":"Estimating the Absorbed Dose in Spinal Cord After Radiotherapy of Cervical Esophageal Tumors (Dose measurement at 3D Plexiglas phantom)","authors":"Ghorban Sl, T Mohammad-TaghiB, Ali Fl, A. Mohsen, Mahdi Hs, Alireza Rk","doi":"10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000569","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000569","url":null,"abstract":"In radiotherapy there is a great need for accurate determination of the adsorbed dose of tumor tissue as well as to healthy organs at risk. The absorbed dose delivered to the planning target volume (PTV) should be ± %5 of the stated dose (Other authors suggest ± %3) [1,2]. To accomplish this goal, most treatments are executed according to a calculated plan. In clinical cases verification of the calculated dose plan by measurements is often complicated. This is especially true if the treatment comprises several beams of different fields and radiation qualities and if the beams impinge on an irregularly shaped body section containing various kinds of tissues or cavities. One method to verification treatments is to carry out measurements using thermo luminescence (TL) dosimeters in patient-like (soft tissue equivalent) phantoms [2,3]. The purpose of this study was to estimate the absorbed dose in the spinal cord and the esophagus by the TLD measurements in Plexiglas phantom.","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43692136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-29DOI: 10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000567
Xiaolan Feng, C. Simmons, S. Yip
As with other malignancies, GISTs evolve over time and may develop various types of mutations over the disease trajectory. At diagnosis, it is known that most GISTs, in fact roughly 70-90% of GISTs contain various types of gain of function mutations in KIT (exons 9 (~10%), 11 (~70%), 13(~2%), 17(~1%)) or platelet derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRα) (exons 12 (~1%), 14 (~1%), 18 (~8%)) oncogenes [1]. ~10-15% of GISTs are so called wild-type (wt) GISTs that do not contain KIT/ PDGFRα mutations [1]. About 20-40% of wt GISTs overexpress insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and have loss of expression of the succinate dehydrogenase complex either due to mutations in one of four SDH subunits (SDHA/SDHB/SDHC/SDHD) or promoter hypermethylation of SDHC collectively defined as SDH-deficient GISTs [2]. The rest of wt GISTs may contain alterations affecting the gene for neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) or genes coding for members of the RAS signaling pathway such as BRAF (~4%)/RAS (<1%)/PIK3CA (<1%) [3]. GISTs that do not contain mutations in KIT/PDGFRα/RAS pathway/SDH mutations are referred as quadruple wt GISTs, likely in the range of ~5% in prevalence [4]. ETV6-NTRK3 and FGFR1-TACC1 translocation are recently identified in quadruple wt GISTs [5-7].
{"title":"Consensus or Controversy Should Mutational Analysis (Ma) Be Considered as a Routine Testing in the Clinical Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) in the Era of Personalized Medicine?","authors":"Xiaolan Feng, C. Simmons, S. Yip","doi":"10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000567","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/NACS.2019.03.000567","url":null,"abstract":"As with other malignancies, GISTs evolve over time and may develop various types of mutations over the disease trajectory. At diagnosis, it is known that most GISTs, in fact roughly 70-90% of GISTs contain various types of gain of function mutations in KIT (exons 9 (~10%), 11 (~70%), 13(~2%), 17(~1%)) or platelet derived growth factor alpha (PDGFRα) (exons 12 (~1%), 14 (~1%), 18 (~8%)) oncogenes [1]. ~10-15% of GISTs are so called wild-type (wt) GISTs that do not contain KIT/ PDGFRα mutations [1]. About 20-40% of wt GISTs overexpress insulin growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) and have loss of expression of the succinate dehydrogenase complex either due to mutations in one of four SDH subunits (SDHA/SDHB/SDHC/SDHD) or promoter hypermethylation of SDHC collectively defined as SDH-deficient GISTs [2]. The rest of wt GISTs may contain alterations affecting the gene for neurofibromatosis 1 (NF1) or genes coding for members of the RAS signaling pathway such as BRAF (~4%)/RAS (<1%)/PIK3CA (<1%) [3]. GISTs that do not contain mutations in KIT/PDGFRα/RAS pathway/SDH mutations are referred as quadruple wt GISTs, likely in the range of ~5% in prevalence [4]. ETV6-NTRK3 and FGFR1-TACC1 translocation are recently identified in quadruple wt GISTs [5-7].","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44482167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-29DOI: 10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000568
J. Fernandes
Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for several biochemical reaction. Serum Pi is maintained at relatively narrow range concentrations, between 0.7 and 1.55mM. Tumor microenvironment presents a high Pi concentration (1.8±0.2mM Pi) and this could be associated wi the rapid growth in the “Growth Rate Hypothesis”. Several studies have identified high expression of Pi transporters in various tumor tissues. Similarly, ecto-enzymes (like ecto-nucleotidases or ecto- phosphates) act by dephosphorylating phospho-substrates in the extracellular environment, and its high expression has been observed in various types of cancer. Little is known about the function of these ecto-enzymes on Pi releasing and accumulation in the tumor environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to correlate a possible contribution of the Pi release in the tumor microenvironment by ecto-nucleotidases and ecto-phosphatases, concomitant to the regulation of Pi extracellular pool by specific Pi transporters, associating it to the tumorigenesis.
{"title":"Release of Inorganic Phosphate into the Tumor Environment: Possible Roles of Ecto- Nucleotidases and Ecto-Phosphatases","authors":"J. Fernandes","doi":"10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000568","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000568","url":null,"abstract":"Inorganic phosphate (Pi) is essential for several biochemical reaction. Serum Pi is maintained at relatively narrow range concentrations, between 0.7 and 1.55mM. Tumor microenvironment presents a high Pi concentration (1.8±0.2mM Pi) and this could be associated wi the rapid growth in the “Growth Rate Hypothesis”. Several studies have identified high expression of Pi transporters in various tumor tissues. Similarly, ecto-enzymes (like ecto-nucleotidases or ecto- phosphates) act by dephosphorylating phospho-substrates in the extracellular environment, and its high expression has been observed in various types of cancer. Little is known about the function of these ecto-enzymes on Pi releasing and accumulation in the tumor environment. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to correlate a possible contribution of the Pi release in the tumor microenvironment by ecto-nucleotidases and ecto-phosphatases, concomitant to the regulation of Pi extracellular pool by specific Pi transporters, associating it to the tumorigenesis.","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46881820","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-24DOI: 10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000566
Zotin Aa
Human growth, as a rule, is studied in the youthful period, limited to the first 20-30 years of life. This is largely due to the fact that a person’s linear growth in height ends by 18-22 years old Bogin [1]. A person’s weight reaches a maximum by 25-30 years Zotin [2]. However, a change in body mass occurs throughout life. In addition, growth is usually accompanied by biorhythms even during periods when changes in average body weight are not observed. The initial goal of the work was to identify growth biorhythms in adults measuring my weight for example. However, during the study, diseases that affect body weight were discovered. Accordingly, the purpose of the work has changed.
{"title":"Change of Individual Weight of a Patient with Autoimmune Thyroiditis and Colon Cancer Before and After Treatment","authors":"Zotin Aa","doi":"10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000566","url":null,"abstract":"Human growth, as a rule, is studied in the youthful period, limited to the first 20-30 years of life. This is largely due to the fact that a person’s linear growth in height ends by 18-22 years old Bogin [1]. A person’s weight reaches a maximum by 25-30 years Zotin [2]. However, a change in body mass occurs throughout life. In addition, growth is usually accompanied by biorhythms even during periods when changes in average body weight are not observed. The initial goal of the work was to identify growth biorhythms in adults measuring my weight for example. However, during the study, diseases that affect body weight were discovered. Accordingly, the purpose of the work has changed.","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42083344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-24DOI: 10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000565
V. Niculescu
Does cancer stem cells (CSCs) really originate from abnormal human stem cells (hSCs)? And is cancer a disease of cell differentiation in multicellular organisms or does it have deeper roots in the evolutionary history of life? Cancer stem cells were found in tumors of various tissues and organs as well as in established tumor cell lines. Like normal stem cells, CSCs are capable of self-renewal, quiescence, and cell differentiation. They invade other tissues and cause secondary tumors, metastases and cancer recurrence. CSCs express the embryonic stem cell markers OCT4, NANOG, SOX2 and YAP [1]. All these findings led previous cancer researchers to the assumption that CSCs arise from deficient human stem cells (hSCs). Some cancer researchers regarded cancer as a “stem cell disease” [2].
{"title":"Cancer Stem Cells and the Unicellular Life Cycle of Cancer","authors":"V. Niculescu","doi":"10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000565","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000565","url":null,"abstract":"Does cancer stem cells (CSCs) really originate from abnormal human stem cells (hSCs)? And is cancer a disease of cell differentiation in multicellular organisms or does it have deeper roots in the evolutionary history of life? Cancer stem cells were found in tumors of various tissues and organs as well as in established tumor cell lines. Like normal stem cells, CSCs are capable of self-renewal, quiescence, and cell differentiation. They invade other tissues and cause secondary tumors, metastases and cancer recurrence. CSCs express the embryonic stem cell markers OCT4, NANOG, SOX2 and YAP [1]. All these findings led previous cancer researchers to the assumption that CSCs arise from deficient human stem cells (hSCs). Some cancer researchers regarded cancer as a “stem cell disease” [2].","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48387615","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2019-10-18DOI: 10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000564
V. V. Ginneken
The world has a persistent plastic pollution problem and despite tremendously societal awareness we state the efforts of the International Scientific Community (ISC) are heavily lagging behind politics and other organizations, which we will substantiate further. On October 12, 2018, President Trump called out other nations, including China and Japan, for “making our oceans into their landfills” when he signed a legislation to improve efforts to clean up plastic trash from the world’s oceans [1]. Also, The European Parliament voted positively October 26, 2018 to approve a measure to ban single-use plastic across the continent which assignment hopefully could be enforced as early as 2021 [1]. This may be the first time in human history concerning ecological problems that politics and social media are at the forefront and the ISC is lagging behind. The accumulation of plastic waste in the oceans is a global, rapidly growing problem. Especially in recent years, much attention has been paid to curb the ongoing flow of plastics and the toxic chemicals they contain into the marine environment. While the world’s population now produces roughly its own weight in plastics per year, which is around 360 billion kilos/year in 2018 with a projection of 500 billion kilos/year in 2025. In addition, it is estimated that more than 280,000 tons of plastic float in the world-oceans. Experts are particularly concerned about the enormous amounts of plastic nanoparticles -estimated by [2] at a minimum of 5.25 trillion particles weighing 268,940 tonsthat are smaller than grains of sand (0.1 microns or less) and are a life-threatening situation. We have indications that plastic pollution is a new ecological problem and ultimately can cause a global increase of cancer cases. The suggested mechanism is the following. The Humboldt Current eastern gyre ecosystem is a highly productive ecosystem. It is the most productive eastern boundary current system. It accounts for roughly 18-20% of the total worldwide marine fish catch. The species are mostly pelagic: sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel. Fish meal is usually made from these cheap pelagic fish species. We hypothesize plastic accumulates in the global five oceanic gyre systems (Figure 1; courtesy 5gyres.org) including the ecological very productive Humboldt Current eastern gyre ecosystem.
{"title":"Plastic in the Food Chain and the Expected Pandemic of Cancer?","authors":"V. V. Ginneken","doi":"10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000564","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.31031/nacs.2019.03.000564","url":null,"abstract":"The world has a persistent plastic pollution problem and despite tremendously societal awareness we state the efforts of the International Scientific Community (ISC) are heavily lagging behind politics and other organizations, which we will substantiate further. On October 12, 2018, President Trump called out other nations, including China and Japan, for “making our oceans into their landfills” when he signed a legislation to improve efforts to clean up plastic trash from the world’s oceans [1]. Also, The European Parliament voted positively October 26, 2018 to approve a measure to ban single-use plastic across the continent which assignment hopefully could be enforced as early as 2021 [1]. This may be the first time in human history concerning ecological problems that politics and social media are at the forefront and the ISC is lagging behind. The accumulation of plastic waste in the oceans is a global, rapidly growing problem. Especially in recent years, much attention has been paid to curb the ongoing flow of plastics and the toxic chemicals they contain into the marine environment. While the world’s population now produces roughly its own weight in plastics per year, which is around 360 billion kilos/year in 2018 with a projection of 500 billion kilos/year in 2025. In addition, it is estimated that more than 280,000 tons of plastic float in the world-oceans. Experts are particularly concerned about the enormous amounts of plastic nanoparticles -estimated by [2] at a minimum of 5.25 trillion particles weighing 268,940 tonsthat are smaller than grains of sand (0.1 microns or less) and are a life-threatening situation. We have indications that plastic pollution is a new ecological problem and ultimately can cause a global increase of cancer cases. The suggested mechanism is the following. The Humboldt Current eastern gyre ecosystem is a highly productive ecosystem. It is the most productive eastern boundary current system. It accounts for roughly 18-20% of the total worldwide marine fish catch. The species are mostly pelagic: sardines, anchovies and jack mackerel. Fish meal is usually made from these cheap pelagic fish species. We hypothesize plastic accumulates in the global five oceanic gyre systems (Figure 1; courtesy 5gyres.org) including the ecological very productive Humboldt Current eastern gyre ecosystem.","PeriodicalId":93131,"journal":{"name":"Novel approaches in cancer study","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48619873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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