Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils can instigate risk to human health via oral ingestion, particle inhalation, and dermal contact. The study evaluates the concentrations, distribution, and human health risk of various heavy metals in soil samples from crude oil polluted agricultural soil of Ogoniland, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, arsenic and mercury using AAS (SensAA). Measured concentrations of these heavy metals were employed to calculate the health risk for children and adults using Hazard Index (HI). For the children and adult population, the HI value for oral ingestion to lead in the polluted site was greater than one (HI > 1), and hence non-carcinogenic effects is considered as significant for human health. It is therefore of the essence to consider taking risk management measures in order to reduce the risk of human health from lead.
{"title":"Human health risk assessment of heavy metals from a crude oil polluted agricultural soil in Ogoniland, Nigeria","authors":"C. C. Chukwuma, C. Onuah, M. Monanu","doi":"10.21472/BJBS.061227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/BJBS.061227","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils can instigate risk to human health via oral ingestion, particle inhalation, and dermal contact. The study evaluates the concentrations, distribution, and human health risk of various heavy metals in soil samples from crude oil polluted agricultural soil of Ogoniland, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc, arsenic and mercury using AAS (SensAA). Measured concentrations of these heavy metals were employed to calculate the health risk for children and adults using Hazard Index (HI). For the children and adult population, the HI value for oral ingestion to lead in the polluted site was greater than one (HI > 1), and hence non-carcinogenic effects is considered as significant for human health. It is therefore of the essence to consider taking risk management measures in order to reduce the risk of human health from lead.\u0000","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75331123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Most attempts towards forest management are directed towards management of forest resources which does not embrace other players. Key players in forest ecosystem are bacteria and fungi. Relationships between forests stand density and diversity with soil microbial population is an area of research that could aid in forest ecosystem management, this study was undertaken to provide the needed information. Three locations A, B, C of plot size 100 m x 100 m were purposefully selected. Site A and B were selected based on species richness and heterogeneity, while C was based on dominance and homogeneity. These were further divided into 25 m x 25 m subplots, and finally divided into 2 m x 2 m sample plots for investigation. Three of these were randomly selected from each site for identification and listing. Soil samples were collected across sites, inoculated, cultured and analyzed in the laboratory to estimate microbial population and identify microbial genera's. Species diversity were calculated using Shannon (H'), Simpson (D) and Sorensen's Coefficient (CC) indices. Bacteria and their colony forming units were calculated for sites. Results shows mean values of plant species diversity and mean values of bacteria counts were significantly (p < 0.05) different across the locations. Location A has a mean value 4.781 +/- 0.00 for Simpson Index, with mean bacteria load of 2.11 +/- 0.012 and 1.5115 +/- 0.00 for Shannon Index with very high level of diversity. Location B has moderate level of diversity with mean index of 3.675 +/- 0.00 for Simpson, and 1.375 +/- 0.00 for Shannon Indices, with mean bacteria load 2.40 +/- 0.21. Similarity content for locations A and B was 0.444. Plants diversity and bacteria load were positively significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with r2 of 76%. Increasing plants diversity will increase soil bacteria load. This would aid decisions making in forest conservation and ecosystem management.
{"title":"Effects of plants diversity on soil bacteria load in a tropical moist forest of Otuoke, Nigeria","authors":"Okpo Esio Unanonwi, Michael Adeoye Odebunmi","doi":"10.21472/BJBS.061210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/BJBS.061210","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Most attempts towards forest management are directed towards management of forest resources which does not embrace other players. Key players in forest ecosystem are bacteria and fungi. Relationships between forests stand density and diversity with soil microbial population is an area of research that could aid in forest ecosystem management, this study was undertaken to provide the needed information. Three locations A, B, C of plot size 100 m x 100 m were purposefully selected. Site A and B were selected based on species richness and heterogeneity, while C was based on dominance and homogeneity. These were further divided into 25 m x 25 m subplots, and finally divided into 2 m x 2 m sample plots for investigation. Three of these were randomly selected from each site for identification and listing. Soil samples were collected across sites, inoculated, cultured and analyzed in the laboratory to estimate microbial population and identify microbial genera's. Species diversity were calculated using Shannon (H'), Simpson (D) and Sorensen's Coefficient (CC) indices. Bacteria and their colony forming units were calculated for sites. Results shows mean values of plant species diversity and mean values of bacteria counts were significantly (p < 0.05) different across the locations. Location A has a mean value 4.781 +/- 0.00 for Simpson Index, with mean bacteria load of 2.11 +/- 0.012 and 1.5115 +/- 0.00 for Shannon Index with very high level of diversity. Location B has moderate level of diversity with mean index of 3.675 +/- 0.00 for Simpson, and 1.375 +/- 0.00 for Shannon Indices, with mean bacteria load 2.40 +/- 0.21. Similarity content for locations A and B was 0.444. Plants diversity and bacteria load were positively significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with r2 of 76%. Increasing plants diversity will increase soil bacteria load. This would aid decisions making in forest conservation and ecosystem management.\u0000","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84660308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ghazouani Hiba, B. Douh, Basma Latrech, M. Amel, G. Issam, A. Boujelben
Despite numerous researches investigated on subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), local information about the response of eggplant growth and water dynamics on SDI still very limited in Tunisia. Results showed that lower values of soil water contents were obtained under traditional drip irrigation (DI) treatment, as a consequence of higher evaporative demand. Leaf area, the number of fruits per plant, as well as the crop yield obtained on SDI treatment, resulted significantly higher (P = 0.05) than the corresponding measured on DI treatment. The better performance associated to SDI compared to DI, was due to the minor evaporation losses from the soil surface and consequently higher irrigation water use efficiency. When the drip laterals were buried, the wet bulbs in the soil induced the concentration of roots around the points where water is applied. Moreover, the occurrence of capillary rise could contribute to a redistribution of water stock around zones of active roots.
{"title":"Effect of dripline depth on the agronomic parameter of eggplant Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae)","authors":"Ghazouani Hiba, B. Douh, Basma Latrech, M. Amel, G. Issam, A. Boujelben","doi":"10.21472/BJBS.061222","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/BJBS.061222","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Despite numerous researches investigated on subsurface drip irrigation (SDI), local information about the response of eggplant growth and water dynamics on SDI still very limited in Tunisia. Results showed that lower values of soil water contents were obtained under traditional drip irrigation (DI) treatment, as a consequence of higher evaporative demand. Leaf area, the number of fruits per plant, as well as the crop yield obtained on SDI treatment, resulted significantly higher (P = 0.05) than the corresponding measured on DI treatment. The better performance associated to SDI compared to DI, was due to the minor evaporation losses from the soil surface and consequently higher irrigation water use efficiency. When the drip laterals were buried, the wet bulbs in the soil induced the concentration of roots around the points where water is applied. Moreover, the occurrence of capillary rise could contribute to a redistribution of water stock around zones of active roots.\u0000","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"50 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85697062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial: Five years of the Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","authors":"R. J. Paz","doi":"10.21472/bjbs.061200","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.061200","url":null,"abstract":"Editorial","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"14 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78161805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
M. Guevara, Sofía Ana Lorenzo Acquaro, M. Giai, P. Gargiulo
The pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is an animal used as an experimental model in surgical procedures. This makes the use of anaesthesia necessary. The present study constitutes a comparison between two different ketamine/xylazine concentration protocols. One protocol used ketamine 10% + xylazine 10% (high concentration), and the other ketamine 5% + xylazine 2% (low concentration). Concentrations were chosen since these are the most common presentations in the veterinary market. In the present experiments, twenty male and female pigs (Sus scrofa domestica; 20 kg each), were assigned into two different groups. The first one was integrated by pigs treated with high concentration protocol (n = 10), and the second one, composed by pigs that received low concentration protocol (n = 10). Parameters measured were the time in which the animals were placed in sternal decubitus, and the heart rate. The effects of these drugs were considered not only specifically in its sedative effects, but also in the respiratory system. Based on these results, we conclude that the first protocol showed better results than the second one. The time in which the animals were placed in sternal decubitus was lower in the first one (p < 0.001). Differences between the effects on the respiratory system (p = 0.37) and sedative effects (p = 0.87) were not significant, even when focusing on the last measurement, higher concentration protocol was twenty percent (20%) more effective than lower.
{"title":"Comparison of two ketamine/xylazine anesthesic protocols in pigs (Sus scrofa domestica)","authors":"M. Guevara, Sofía Ana Lorenzo Acquaro, M. Giai, P. Gargiulo","doi":"10.21472/bjbs.051114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051114","url":null,"abstract":"The pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is an animal used as an experimental model in surgical procedures. This makes the use of anaesthesia necessary. The present study constitutes a comparison between two different ketamine/xylazine concentration protocols. One protocol used ketamine 10% + xylazine 10% (high concentration), and the other ketamine 5% + xylazine 2% (low concentration). Concentrations were chosen since these are the most common presentations in the veterinary market. In the present experiments, twenty male and female pigs (Sus scrofa domestica; 20 kg each), were assigned into two different groups. The first one was integrated by pigs treated with high concentration protocol (n = 10), and the second one, composed by pigs that received low concentration protocol (n = 10). Parameters measured were the time in which the animals were placed in sternal decubitus, and the heart rate. The effects of these drugs were considered not only specifically in its sedative effects, but also in the respiratory system. Based on these results, we conclude that the first protocol showed better results than the second one. The time in which the animals were placed in sternal decubitus was lower in the first one (p < 0.001). Differences between the effects on the respiratory system (p = 0.37) and sedative effects (p = 0.87) were not significant, even when focusing on the last measurement, higher concentration protocol was twenty percent (20%) more effective than lower.","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"83 1","pages":"765-772"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76294886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study was carried out to investigate the comparative toxicity of seeds of Piper guineense Schum & Thonn, Capsicum annum L., diatomaceous earth, pirimiphos-methyl dust, rice husk (powder and ash) against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored cowpea seeds. Toxicity test was carried out by exposing five pairs each of freshly emerged beetles to the substrate materials at the rates of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/20 g of grains. The experiment conducted at ambient temperature of 28 °C ± 2 °C and 75% ± 5% relative humidity was replicated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design. Adult mortality was observed for four days. The following phytochemicals were observed in the materials: alkaloids, saponins, tannin, flavonoid and glycosides. Results of the toxicity assay revealed that rice husk ash was the most toxic to adult C. maculatus with 100% mortality (p ≤ 0.05) within 72 h of exposure at a concentration of 0.1 g/20 g grains. Pirimiphos methyl gave a significantly high mortality of 76.67% at a concentration of 0.2 g/20 g of grains in cowpea after 72 h of application. The least efficacy was observed with rice husk powder evoking 3.33% at a dosage of 0.3 g/20 g in cowpea. The treated grains significantly reduced the oviposition and adult emergence of C. maculatus and were significantly different from the control in all the different dosages. Oviposition and adult emergence were lowest in rice husk ash with 8 eggs and 24.62% adult emergence in C. maculatus, at 0.5 g/20 g dosage. The percentage adult emergence in the untreated grains was significantly different (higher) (p ˃ 0.05) from the emergence in the treated cowpea grains across the dosages. At all levels of dosages, the powders and ash significantly reduced weight loss, damage and weevil perforation index caused by the beetle. Rice husk ash at 0.5 g dosage recorded the lowest weight loss, grain damage and weevil perforation index of 0.40%, 1.95% and 5.80%, respectively. The findings from this research showed that rice husk ash was most potent/toxic to C. maculatus and its use could be encouraged especially in small scale storage. Received
{"title":"Comparative toxicity of botanical powders, diatomaceous earth, pirimiphos methyl, rice husk (powder and ash) against Callosobruchus maculatus (Fab.)","authors":"M. O. Ashamo, A. Babalola, O. C. Ogungbite","doi":"10.21472/BJBS.051109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/BJBS.051109","url":null,"abstract":"This study was carried out to investigate the comparative toxicity of seeds of Piper guineense Schum & Thonn, Capsicum annum L., diatomaceous earth, pirimiphos-methyl dust, rice husk (powder and ash) against Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) in stored cowpea seeds. Toxicity test was carried out by exposing five pairs each of freshly emerged beetles to the substrate materials at the rates of 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.5 g/20 g of grains. The experiment conducted at ambient temperature of 28 °C ± 2 °C and 75% ± 5% relative humidity was replicated three times and arranged in a completely randomized design. Adult mortality was observed for four days. The following phytochemicals were observed in the materials: alkaloids, saponins, tannin, flavonoid and glycosides. Results of the toxicity assay revealed that rice husk ash was the most toxic to adult C. maculatus with 100% mortality (p ≤ 0.05) within 72 h of exposure at a concentration of 0.1 g/20 g grains. Pirimiphos methyl gave a significantly high mortality of 76.67% at a concentration of 0.2 g/20 g of grains in cowpea after 72 h of application. The least efficacy was observed with rice husk powder evoking 3.33% at a dosage of 0.3 g/20 g in cowpea. The treated grains significantly reduced the oviposition and adult emergence of C. maculatus and were significantly different from the control in all the different dosages. Oviposition and adult emergence were lowest in rice husk ash with 8 eggs and 24.62% adult emergence in C. maculatus, at 0.5 g/20 g dosage. The percentage adult emergence in the untreated grains was significantly different (higher) (p ˃ 0.05) from the emergence in the treated cowpea grains across the dosages. At all levels of dosages, the powders and ash significantly reduced weight loss, damage and weevil perforation index caused by the beetle. Rice husk ash at 0.5 g dosage recorded the lowest weight loss, grain damage and weevil perforation index of 0.40%, 1.95% and 5.80%, respectively. The findings from this research showed that rice husk ash was most potent/toxic to C. maculatus and its use could be encouraged especially in small scale storage. Received","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"27 1","pages":"709-724"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86833935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Costa, T. Corrêa, J. A. Teixeira, E. F. Araújo, M. V. Queiroz
Currently, endophytic microorganisms have become a good source of different enzymes and others metabolites of industrial interest. Among a huge spectral of molecules, enzymes as phytases have been emphasized by the ability to hydrolyze the phytic acid that represents the largest storage form of inorganic phosphorus in cereals, which are the staple diet of monogastric animals such as swine and poultry. Moreover, phytic acid acts as an antinutrient by chelating divalent metal ions, and it is interesting provide phytase as an animal feed supplement for those monogastric animals. In the current study, 158 endophytic bacteria isolated from the leaves of three cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris were assessed for the ability to produce phytase. Among them, four isolates belonging to the Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Microbacterium and Rhodococcus genera were highlighted, due their phytase production. The phytase produced by Microbacterium foliorum BAC1157 exhibited activity at 70 °C and stability in the presence of divalent cations, indicating that this phytase has a promising use in the animal feed industry. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on phytase production by bacteria of the Microbacterium genera.
{"title":"Endophytic bacteria isolated from Phaseolus vulgaris produce phytases with potential for biotechnology application","authors":"L. Costa, T. Corrêa, J. A. Teixeira, E. F. Araújo, M. V. Queiroz","doi":"10.21472/BJBS.051105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/BJBS.051105","url":null,"abstract":"Currently, endophytic microorganisms have become a good source of different enzymes and others metabolites of industrial interest. Among a huge spectral of molecules, enzymes as phytases have been emphasized by the ability to hydrolyze the phytic acid that represents the largest storage form of inorganic phosphorus in cereals, which are the staple diet of monogastric animals such as swine and poultry. Moreover, phytic acid acts as an antinutrient by chelating divalent metal ions, and it is interesting provide phytase as an animal feed supplement for those monogastric animals. In the current study, 158 endophytic bacteria isolated from the leaves of three cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris were assessed for the ability to produce phytase. Among them, four isolates belonging to the Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomonas, Microbacterium and Rhodococcus genera were highlighted, due their phytase production. The phytase produced by Microbacterium foliorum BAC1157 exhibited activity at 70 °C and stability in the presence of divalent cations, indicating that this phytase has a promising use in the animal feed industry. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report on phytase production by bacteria of the Microbacterium genera.","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"657-671"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76827741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Malaria is a tropical disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium (Aconoidasida: Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae). The Brazilian Amazon is the area with the highest risk of malaria transmission in the country. The aim of this study was to trace the epidemiological profile of malaria patients between 2010 and 2015, in the Municipality of Marabá, State of Pará, North Brazil. Secondary data were used, of Sivepmalaria of the Municipal Health Department of the municipality. The variables analyzed were the incidence autochthonous or imported cases, genus, species of the causative parasite infection during pregnancy and parasitic annual index. Data analysis used the Chi-Square Test, in the Biostat 5.0. The annual parasitic index (IPA) of malaria cases in Marabá in 2010 was 3.7, followed by the year of 2011 with 2.7, from the year 2012 the IPA drops sharply to 0.68, followed by the years 2013 , 2014 and 2015, which presented an IPA of 0.1, 0.07 and 0.01 respectively. Data on the contamination site revealed that 51% of the cases in the period studied were of imported origin and 49% were autochthonous, and there was no significant statistical difference between the years. Males were the most affected by the disease (67%). The most common parasitic species was Plasmodium vivax. Malaria cases have been reduced over the years, and this is due to several factors, such as better access to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, to the control of the vectors, and to the constant work of epidemiological surveillance, although underreporting is still a great problem in the measurement of the actual numbers of cases.
{"title":"The epidemiological profile of malaria in a municipality in the Brazilian Amazon","authors":"Raquel A. Fernandes, D. Leite","doi":"10.21472/bjbs.051033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051033","url":null,"abstract":"Malaria is a tropical disease caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium (Aconoidasida: Haemosporida: Plasmodiidae). The Brazilian Amazon is the area with the highest risk of malaria transmission in the country. The aim of this study was to trace the epidemiological profile of malaria patients between 2010 and 2015, in the Municipality of Marabá, State of Pará, North Brazil. Secondary data were used, of Sivepmalaria of the Municipal Health Department of the municipality. The variables analyzed were the incidence autochthonous or imported cases, genus, species of the causative parasite infection during pregnancy and parasitic annual index. Data analysis used the Chi-Square Test, in the Biostat 5.0. The annual parasitic index (IPA) of malaria cases in Marabá in 2010 was 3.7, followed by the year of 2011 with 2.7, from the year 2012 the IPA drops sharply to 0.68, followed by the years 2013 , 2014 and 2015, which presented an IPA of 0.1, 0.07 and 0.01 respectively. Data on the contamination site revealed that 51% of the cases in the period studied were of imported origin and 49% were autochthonous, and there was no significant statistical difference between the years. Males were the most affected by the disease (67%). The most common parasitic species was Plasmodium vivax. Malaria cases have been reduced over the years, and this is due to several factors, such as better access to the diagnosis and treatment of the disease, to the control of the vectors, and to the constant work of epidemiological surveillance, although underreporting is still a great problem in the measurement of the actual numbers of cases.","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"33 1","pages":"599-608"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75940095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1832) mosquitoes are the main vectors of human malaria and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. This study aims to analyze the larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts against An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28 °C ± 2 °C and 75% ± 5% relative humidity. The results showed that M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts significantly affect all stages of An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus tested. The mosquitocidal toxicity of the two plant extracts is dosage dependent. Antilarval activity of M. myristica at rate 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L caused 100% mortality of An. gambiae larvae while it evoked 80% and 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The same trend of results were also obtained on the anti-pupal and adulticidal toxicity of M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts. As larvicides, pupicides and adulticides, the LC50s and LC90s, after 24 h varied across plant extracts and mosquito species. C. sumatrensis attained LC50 and LC90 at higher concentration than M. myristica. On An. gambiae larvae, the LC50s after 24 h, varied from 86.95 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). Similarly, the LC90s after 24 h on An. gambiae larvae, varied from 278.39 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). For Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, the LC50s after 24 h , varied from 391.41 mg/L (M. myristica) to 898.20 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). The seed extract of M. myristica exerted the best pupicidal activity among the two tested extracts with LC50 and LC90 values of 140.61 mg/L and 520.35 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 157.59 mg/L and 781.86 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus pupae. On adulticidal activity, seed of M. myristica exerted LC50 and LC90 values of 122.79 mg/L and 502.99 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and Received August 11, 2018 Accepted August 30, 2018 Released August 31, 2018
{"title":"Entomocidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts: Studies on two dipterous insect pests Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1823)","authors":"K. Ileke","doi":"10.21472/bjbs.051014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/bjbs.051014","url":null,"abstract":"Anopheles gambiae (Giles, 1902) and Culex quinquefasciatus (Say, 1832) mosquitoes are the main vectors of human malaria and lymphatic filariasis, respectively. This study aims to analyze the larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal properties of Monodora myristica (Dunal, 1831) and Conyza sumatrensis (Retzius, 1742-1821) extracts against An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus. The experiment was conducted in the laboratory at ambient temperature of 28 °C ± 2 °C and 75% ± 5% relative humidity. The results showed that M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts significantly affect all stages of An. gambiae and Cx. quinquefasciatus tested. The mosquitocidal toxicity of the two plant extracts is dosage dependent. Antilarval activity of M. myristica at rate 500 mg/L and 1,000 mg/L caused 100% mortality of An. gambiae larvae while it evoked 80% and 100% mortality of Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The same trend of results were also obtained on the anti-pupal and adulticidal toxicity of M. myristica and C. sumatrensis extracts. As larvicides, pupicides and adulticides, the LC50s and LC90s, after 24 h varied across plant extracts and mosquito species. C. sumatrensis attained LC50 and LC90 at higher concentration than M. myristica. On An. gambiae larvae, the LC50s after 24 h, varied from 86.95 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). Similarly, the LC90s after 24 h on An. gambiae larvae, varied from 278.39 mg/L (M. myristica) to 131.73 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). For Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, the LC50s after 24 h , varied from 391.41 mg/L (M. myristica) to 898.20 mg/L (C. sumatrensis). The seed extract of M. myristica exerted the best pupicidal activity among the two tested extracts with LC50 and LC90 values of 140.61 mg/L and 520.35 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and LC90 values of 157.59 mg/L and 781.86 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively. More concentrations were require to achieve 50% and 90% death of Cx. quinquefasciatus pupae. On adulticidal activity, seed of M. myristica exerted LC50 and LC90 values of 122.79 mg/L and 502.99 mg/L on An. gambiae, respectively, followed by leaf of C. sumatrensis with LC50 and Received August 11, 2018 Accepted August 30, 2018 Released August 31, 2018","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"349-358"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72927824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ihinmikaiye Samuel Olatokunbo, S. Arowosegbe, J. Kayode, A. Oyedeji
Plant species used as spices in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, were assessed in this study. A total of twenty four spicy plants were identified. This included a fungal species and twenty three plant species. These species were of diverse life forms (25% trees; 8% shrubs, 58% herbs and 4% grasses). The study also revealed that the spicy plants identified were heterogeneously distributed across the three senatorial zones of the State. Fruits/seeds were the most utilized parts of the indigenous spicy plants identified. 63% of the identified spicy plants were sourced from the wild and 38% were cultivated in the State. Parts of the plants utilized for spices were fruits, seeds, leaves, shoots, bulbs, rhizomes and in some cases the entire-part. Fruits and seeds dominated the parts used (46%), while rhizome and the entire-parts were the least utilized parts (4%) for spices in the study area. Most of the methods employed in harvesting the spicy plants were annihilative and inhibitory. Also environmental pollution among other factors threatens the existence of the spicy plants growing in the wild in the study area. In conclusion conservational strategies that will ensure sustainable use of the identified spicy plant species were proposed.
{"title":"Ethnobotanical survey of plant species utilised as spices among the indigenous people of Bayelsa State, Nigeria","authors":"Ihinmikaiye Samuel Olatokunbo, S. Arowosegbe, J. Kayode, A. Oyedeji","doi":"10.21472/BJBS.051022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21472/BJBS.051022","url":null,"abstract":"Plant species used as spices in Bayelsa State, Nigeria, were assessed in this study. A total of twenty four spicy plants were identified. This included a fungal species and twenty three plant species. These species were of diverse life forms (25% trees; 8% shrubs, 58% herbs and 4% grasses). The study also revealed that the spicy plants identified were heterogeneously distributed across the three senatorial zones of the State. Fruits/seeds were the most utilized parts of the indigenous spicy plants identified. 63% of the identified spicy plants were sourced from the wild and 38% were cultivated in the State. Parts of the plants utilized for spices were fruits, seeds, leaves, shoots, bulbs, rhizomes and in some cases the entire-part. Fruits and seeds dominated the parts used (46%), while rhizome and the entire-parts were the least utilized parts (4%) for spices in the study area. Most of the methods employed in harvesting the spicy plants were annihilative and inhibitory. Also environmental pollution among other factors threatens the existence of the spicy plants growing in the wild in the study area. In conclusion conservational strategies that will ensure sustainable use of the identified spicy plant species were proposed.","PeriodicalId":9319,"journal":{"name":"Brazilian Journal of Biological Sciences","volume":"48 1","pages":"461-469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83250482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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