Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3379757
Peter H. Siegel
Welcome to the spring 2024 issue of IEEE Journal of Microwaves! This month we bring you ten new papers plus the results of our recent author and reader surveys. We also discuss several important upcoming events for JMW and reiterate our call for papers to be included in our special issue on “Microwaves in Climate Change.” We conclude with a few items from our Editor's Soapbox.
{"title":"Introduction to the Spring 2024 Issue","authors":"Peter H. Siegel","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3379757","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3379757","url":null,"abstract":"Welcome to the spring 2024 issue of \u0000<sc>IEEE</small>\u0000 \u0000<sc>Journal of Microwaves!</small>\u0000 This month we bring you ten new papers plus the results of our recent author and reader surveys. We also discuss several important upcoming events for JMW and reiterate our call for papers to be included in our special issue on “Microwaves in Climate Change.” We conclude with a few items from our Editor's Soapbox.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"169-181"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10490211","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3371611
{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3371611","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3371611","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10490291","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3371619
{"title":"Call for Papers—IEEE Journal of Microwaves Special Issue on Microwaves in Climate Change","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3371619","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3371619","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"303-303"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10490293","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-03DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3372855
Yinyi Zhao;Udara De Silva;Satheesh B. Venkatakrishnan;Dimitra Psychogiou;Grover Larkins;Arjuna Madanayake
In-band full duplex (IBFD) communication systems have attracted much interest due to their ability to double the spectrum efficiency by simultaneously transmitting and receiving (STAR) over the same bandwidth. Modern communication technologies have to adapt to be able to meet the ongoing high demand capacity over existing radio channels. This paper proposes a system-level approach based on physical symmetry to improve the electromagnetic performance of a 3-port circulator. A system-level design consisting of two matched circulators connected in a differential configuration is proposed to cancel out residual RF scattering and leakage that causes self-interference in a STAR front-end. The method is validated using a custom designed microwave circulator based on microstrip technology, which forms a building block that operates in the 3–8 GHz band with 20 dB isolation. The proposed RF front-end operates within an extended band of 3–8 GHz while simultaneously exhibiting improvement in isolation by about 10 dB (isolation $30pm 4$ dB) between the transmitter and the receiver ports of the STAR system.
带内全双工（IBFD）通信系统通过在同一带宽上同时进行发射和接收（STAR），能够将频谱效率提高一倍，因此备受关注。现代通信技术必须进行调整，以满足对现有无线电信道容量的持续高需求。本文提出了一种基于物理对称性的系统级方法，以改善 3 端口环行器的电磁性能。本文提出了一种由两个以差分配置连接的匹配环行器组成的系统级设计，以消除在 STAR 前端造成自干扰的残余射频散射和泄漏。使用基于微带技术定制设计的微波环行器对该方法进行了验证，该环行器构成了一个在 3-8 GHz 频段工作、隔离度为 20 dB 的构件。拟议的射频前端可在 3-8 GHz 的扩展频带内工作，同时 STAR 系统的发射器和接收器端口之间的隔离度提高了约 10 dB（隔离度为 $30pm 4$ dB）。
{"title":"STAR Front-End Using Two Circulators in a Differential Connection","authors":"Yinyi Zhao;Udara De Silva;Satheesh B. Venkatakrishnan;Dimitra Psychogiou;Grover Larkins;Arjuna Madanayake","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3372855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3372855","url":null,"abstract":"In-band full duplex (IBFD) communication systems have attracted much interest due to their ability to double the spectrum efficiency by simultaneously transmitting and receiving (STAR) over the same bandwidth. Modern communication technologies have to adapt to be able to meet the ongoing high demand capacity over existing radio channels. This paper proposes a system-level approach based on physical symmetry to improve the electromagnetic performance of a 3-port circulator. A system-level design consisting of two matched circulators connected in a differential configuration is proposed to cancel out residual RF scattering and leakage that causes self-interference in a STAR front-end. The method is validated using a custom designed microwave circulator based on microstrip technology, which forms a building block that operates in the 3–8 GHz band with 20 dB isolation. The proposed RF front-end operates within an extended band of 3–8 GHz while simultaneously exhibiting improvement in isolation by about 10 dB (isolation \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$30pm 4$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 dB) between the transmitter and the receiver ports of the STAR system.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"253-263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10490292","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-31DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3401246
Adam T Der;Taylor Wallis Barton
This paper presents a novel design method for a dual-band power amplifier (PA) with widely-spaced frequency bands, suitable for concurrent sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave 5G band operation. The approach de-couples the design of the high- and low-frequency impedance matching networks, so that the high-frequency matching network can be fully designed before the low-frequency path is added. The circuit architecture includes a built-in bias structure for the high-frequency band so that a separate broadband or multiband bias network is avoided. This design process is first described theoretically, and a detailed design example of a C/Ka concurrent dual-band MMIC using quarter-wavelength lines implemented in a 150 nm GaN process is described. The MMIC is measured in CW with 32.5 dBm and 33% peak power and PAE in C band and 31 dBm and 24% peak power and PAE in Ka-band. Measurements with 100-MHz LTE-like modulated signals are also shown, including both individual and concurrent operation of the two bands.
{"title":"C/Ka Concurrent Dual-Band GaN MMIC Based on Shorted Quarter-Wavelength Line Topology","authors":"Adam T Der;Taylor Wallis Barton","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3401246","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3401246","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel design method for a dual-band power amplifier (PA) with widely-spaced frequency bands, suitable for concurrent sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave 5G band operation. The approach de-couples the design of the high- and low-frequency impedance matching networks, so that the high-frequency matching network can be fully designed before the low-frequency path is added. The circuit architecture includes a built-in bias structure for the high-frequency band so that a separate broadband or multiband bias network is avoided. This design process is first described theoretically, and a detailed design example of a C/Ka concurrent dual-band MMIC using quarter-wavelength lines implemented in a 150 nm GaN process is described. The MMIC is measured in CW with 32.5 dBm and 33% peak power and PAE in C band and 31 dBm and 24% peak power and PAE in Ka-band. Measurements with 100-MHz LTE-like modulated signals are also shown, including both individual and concurrent operation of the two bands.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"372-380"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10545343","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630957","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As the use of integrated radar sensors is becoming more common not only in traditional military and automotive but also in medical and industrial applications, the requirements for a radar sensor diversify. For some applications, bandwidth is critical, primarily defining the capability to distinguish targets. Mostly, varying the frequency of an oscillator in the mmWave and THz range is realized by tuning a dc voltage to a variable capacitance. While this is typical for integrated transceivers in silicon-germanium (SiGe) technology, the tunability of a single voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) limits the bandwidth. This work presents an approach to overcome this limitation by using two simultaneously tuned VCOs combined with a mixer. The oscillators are tuned simultaneously in opposing directions, resulting in an ultra-wideband signal at the mixer's output. The resulting tuning range is the addition of both of the VCOs' respective tuning ranges. The transceiver is realized using the B11HFC SiGe technology, featuring VCOs at center frequencies of 52 GHz and 108 GHz, respectively. The transceivers' output with a center frequency of 111 GHz is continuously tunable over a range of 73.6 GHz (66%). Furthermore, the phase noise contributions from both VCOs along a receiver test are presented.
{"title":"Ultra-Wideband Transceiver MMIC Tuneable From 74.1 GHz to 147.8 GHz in SiGe Technology","authors":"Florian Vogelsang;Jonathan Bott;David Starke;Christian Bredendiek;Klaus Aufinger;Nils Pohl","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3401479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3401479","url":null,"abstract":"As the use of integrated radar sensors is becoming more common not only in traditional military and automotive but also in medical and industrial applications, the requirements for a radar sensor diversify. For some applications, bandwidth is critical, primarily defining the capability to distinguish targets. Mostly, varying the frequency of an oscillator in the mmWave and THz range is realized by tuning a dc voltage to a variable capacitance. While this is typical for integrated transceivers in silicon-germanium (SiGe) technology, the tunability of a single voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) limits the bandwidth. This work presents an approach to overcome this limitation by using two simultaneously tuned VCOs combined with a mixer. The oscillators are tuned simultaneously in opposing directions, resulting in an ultra-wideband signal at the mixer's output. The resulting tuning range is the addition of both of the VCOs' respective tuning ranges. The transceiver is realized using the B11HFC SiGe technology, featuring VCOs at center frequencies of 52 GHz and 108 GHz, respectively. The transceivers' output with a center frequency of 111 GHz is continuously tunable over a range of 73.6 GHz (66%). Furthermore, the phase noise contributions from both VCOs along a receiver test are presented.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"360-371"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10540599","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-26DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3370585
Zain Shafiq;Dimitris E. Anagnostou;Symon K. Podilchak
A circuit-based calibration system is presented for active phased arrays. In particular, to achieve the desired (and corrected) consecutive phase differences and relative magnitudes between RF channels, a computer controlled circuit system was developed for dynamic adjustment. The proof-of-concept demonstrator uses a phase sensor, phase shifters (PSs), and variable gain amplifiers, along with other active hardware, to realize a self-calibrating circuit system which achieves the required magnitude and phase for each array element. In addition, measured magnitude and phase imbalances are less than 0.10 dB and 3 $^circ$ , respectively. The computer-controlled feed network is then used to demonstrate that the system can automatically calibrate an active antenna array for various beam steering examples. Also, the S-band feed system can self-calibrate due to any monitored magnitude and phase drifts due to temperature changes and practical component ageing, or, other general channel offsets. This can be considered advantageous and simpler when compared to more established approaches which characterize the coupling between elements or the response of the entire array in the near- or far-field for example.
本文介绍了一种基于电路的有源相控阵校准系统。特别是，为了实现所需的（和校正的）连续相位差和射频通道之间的相对幅度，开发了一个用于动态调整的计算机控制电路系统。概念验证演示器使用相位传感器、移相器（PS）、可变增益放大器以及其他有源硬件来实现自校准电路系统，从而达到每个阵列元件所需的幅度和相位。此外，测量到的幅度和相位不平衡分别小于 0.10 dB 和 3$^circ$。计算机控制的馈电网络随后被用于演示该系统可以自动校准有源天线阵列，用于各种波束转向示例。此外，S 波段馈电系统还能因温度变化、实际元件老化或其他一般信道偏移导致的任何监测到的幅度和相位漂移而进行自我校准。与更成熟的方法（例如，表征元件之间的耦合或整个阵列在近场或远场中的响应）相比，这可以说是一种优势，也更简单。
{"title":"A Computer Controlled Phase and Magnitude Self-Calibration Methodology for Phased Array Antennas","authors":"Zain Shafiq;Dimitris E. Anagnostou;Symon K. Podilchak","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3370585","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3370585","url":null,"abstract":"A circuit-based calibration system is presented for active phased arrays. In particular, to achieve the desired (and corrected) consecutive phase differences and relative magnitudes between RF channels, a computer controlled circuit system was developed for dynamic adjustment. The proof-of-concept demonstrator uses a phase sensor, phase shifters (PSs), and variable gain amplifiers, along with other active hardware, to realize a self-calibrating circuit system which achieves the required magnitude and phase for each array element. In addition, measured magnitude and phase imbalances are less than 0.10 dB and 3\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000, respectively. The computer-controlled feed network is then used to demonstrate that the system can automatically calibrate an active antenna array for various beam steering examples. Also, the S-band feed system can self-calibrate due to any monitored magnitude and phase drifts due to temperature changes and practical component ageing, or, other general channel offsets. This can be considered advantageous and simpler when compared to more established approaches which characterize the coupling between elements or the response of the entire array in the near- or far-field for example.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"213-232"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10479161","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-24DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3399096
Nikhil Poole;Amin Arbabian
In the modern domain of edge sensing and physically compact smart devices, mmWave radar has emerged as a prominent modality, simultaneously offering high-resolution perception capacity and accommodatingly small form factor. The inevitable presence of device motion, however, corrupts the received radar data, reducing target sensing capability and requiring active correction to address the resultant spectral “blurring”. Existing motion compensation techniques utilize computationally intensive post-processing algorithms and/or auxiliary hardware, aspects ill-suited for resource-limited edge devices requiring minimal system latency and complexity. Early works also often consider motion dynamics such as pure single-mode vibration, neglecting additional modes as well as non-harmonic motion content. We resolve both of these limitations by presenting a real-time-compatible, generalized complex motion compensation algorithm capable of correcting multicomponent platform trajectories involving both non-harmonic transients and multimode harmonic vibration. The proposed anchor-based approach achieves average SNR gains of 24.9 dB and 19.7 dB across transient duration and target velocity, respectively, and average multimode harmonic suppressions of 38.9 dB and 29.4 dB across vibration parameters and target velocity, respectively. These results, combined with minimal latency ( $leq ! 240$ ms), low algorithmic complexity, and the elimination of any additional auxiliary sensors, render the proposed method suitable for deployment in typical edge sensing applications.
在边缘传感和物理紧凑型智能设备的现代领域，毫米波雷达已成为一种突出的模式，它同时具有高分辨率感知能力和小巧的外形尺寸。然而，不可避免的设备运动会破坏接收到的雷达数据，降低目标感知能力，并需要主动校正以解决由此产生的频谱 "模糊 "问题。现有的运动补偿技术利用计算密集型后处理算法和/或辅助硬件，不适合资源有限、要求系统延迟和复杂度最小的边缘设备。早期的研究还经常考虑运动动态，如纯单模振动，而忽略了附加模式和非谐波运动内容。我们提出了一种实时兼容的通用复杂运动补偿算法，能够纠正涉及非谐波瞬态和多模谐波振动的多分量平台轨迹，从而解决了这两个局限性。所提出的基于锚的方法在瞬态持续时间和目标速度方面分别实现了 24.9 dB 和 19.7 dB 的平均信噪比增益，在振动参数和目标速度方面分别实现了 38.9 dB 和 29.4 dB 的平均多模谐波抑制。这些结果，加上最小的延迟（240 毫秒）、低算法复杂性以及无需任何额外的辅助传感器，使得所提出的方法适合部署在典型的边缘传感应用中。
{"title":"Anchor-Based, Real-Time Motion Compensation for High-Resolution mmWave Radar","authors":"Nikhil Poole;Amin Arbabian","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3399096","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3399096","url":null,"abstract":"In the modern domain of edge sensing and physically compact smart devices, mmWave radar has emerged as a prominent modality, simultaneously offering high-resolution perception capacity and accommodatingly small form factor. The inevitable presence of device motion, however, corrupts the received radar data, reducing target sensing capability and requiring active correction to address the resultant spectral “blurring”. Existing motion compensation techniques utilize computationally intensive post-processing algorithms and/or auxiliary hardware, aspects ill-suited for resource-limited edge devices requiring minimal system latency and complexity. Early works also often consider motion dynamics such as pure single-mode vibration, neglecting additional modes as well as non-harmonic motion content. We resolve both of these limitations by presenting a real-time-compatible, generalized complex motion compensation algorithm capable of correcting multicomponent platform trajectories involving both non-harmonic transients and multimode harmonic vibration. The proposed anchor-based approach achieves average SNR gains of 24.9 dB and 19.7 dB across transient duration and target velocity, respectively, and average multimode harmonic suppressions of 38.9 dB and 29.4 dB across vibration parameters and target velocity, respectively. These results, combined with minimal latency (\u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$leq ! 240$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 ms), low algorithmic complexity, and the elimination of any additional auxiliary sensors, render the proposed method suitable for deployment in typical edge sensing applications.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"440-458"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10538357","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3396353
Farzad Yazdani;Mansour R. Raafat
This article presents a novel methodology for designing Dual-band Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Networks (Db-RIMNs) using a cascade network of tunable filters and phase shifters. The proposed design can be used to match frequency dependent and impedance variable dual-band loads. The theory of operation, the design considerations, and the design procedure are provided. Moreover, a prototype circuit is designed for a dual-band variable load at sub-6 GHz bands. The performance of the proposed design is not restricted by the range of realizable characteristic impedances. Moreover, the achievable impedance coverage and frequency ratio of the two bands are not restricted by the circuit fabrication limitations. Finally, the performance in terms of matched bandwidth and losses are investigated. The simulation and measurement results for a fabricated prototype are in close agreement. The proposed design has a wide range of anticipated applications in design of concurrent dual band power amplifiers, multiband antennas, phased arrays, to name a few. The cascade architecture of tunable filters and phase shifters is the sole published design for Db-RIMNs in the literature.
{"title":"Dual-Band Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Networks","authors":"Farzad Yazdani;Mansour R. Raafat","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3396353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3396353","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a novel methodology for designing Dual-band Reconfigurable Impedance Matching Networks (Db-RIMNs) using a cascade network of tunable filters and phase shifters. The proposed design can be used to match frequency dependent and impedance variable dual-band loads. The theory of operation, the design considerations, and the design procedure are provided. Moreover, a prototype circuit is designed for a dual-band variable load at sub-6 GHz bands. The performance of the proposed design is not restricted by the range of realizable characteristic impedances. Moreover, the achievable impedance coverage and frequency ratio of the two bands are not restricted by the circuit fabrication limitations. Finally, the performance in terms of matched bandwidth and losses are investigated. The simulation and measurement results for a fabricated prototype are in close agreement. The proposed design has a wide range of anticipated applications in design of concurrent dual band power amplifiers, multiband antennas, phased arrays, to name a few. The cascade architecture of tunable filters and phase shifters is the sole published design for Db-RIMNs in the literature.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"501-511"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10534875","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141631000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-13DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3369599
Jeevan Persad;Sean Rocke
3D printing can potentially transform traditional electronics manufacturing by allowing for the accurate direct digital manufacture of complex electronic structures with a much smaller process footprint. However, there are challenges which restrict the use of 3D printing for electronic manufacturing. One significant challenge is the characterization of the electromagnetic properties of the 3D printed materials such as their resultant dielectric permittivity. This work reports on the investigation of existing mixture models to establish their suitability for predicting the dielectric permittivity of 3D printed binary materials for the test frequency range of 1 GHz to 10 GHz. The identified models included volume fraction mixture models which considered the material volume concentration of the binary material and shape factor mixture models which consider the geometry and distribution of the mixture constituents. The fused filament fabrication 3D printing process was used for this work. 3D printed samples were produced with varying percentage volume compositions and varying infill patterns. The dielectric permittivity of the samples was investigated using the two-layer stripline measurement method and the measured data compared to the mixture model estimates. The shape factor mixture models were found to not be in good agreement with the measured values of dielectric permittivity. This result was attributed to the relatively small size of the discontinuities within the 3D printed substrate being insufficient to present anisotropy relative to the wavelength of the applied test signals. The volume fraction models were found to be in close agreement for samples with select infill patterns.
三维打印技术能够以更小的工艺足迹，精确地直接以数字方式制造复杂的电子结构，从而有可能改变传统的电子制造工艺。然而，3D 打印在电子制造领域的应用也面临着一些挑战。其中一个重大挑战是 3D 打印材料的电磁特性表征，例如其介电常数。这项工作报告了对现有混合物模型的调查，以确定这些模型是否适合预测 1 GHz 至 10 GHz 测试频率范围内 3D 打印二元材料的介电常数。确定的模型包括考虑二元材料体积浓度的体积分数混合物模型和考虑混合物成分几何形状和分布的形状因子混合物模型。这项工作采用了熔丝制造三维打印工艺。三维打印的样品具有不同的体积百分比组成和不同的填充模式。使用双层带状线测量方法研究了样品的介电常数，并将测量数据与混合物模型估计值进行了比较。结果发现，形状因子混合物模型与介电常数的测量值不太一致。造成这一结果的原因是三维打印基底内的不连续性相对较小，不足以呈现相对于应用测试信号波长的各向异性。对于具有特定填充图案的样品，体积分数模型的结果非常接近。
{"title":"Impact of 3D Printing Infill Patterns on the Effective Permittivity of 3D Printed Substrates","authors":"Jeevan Persad;Sean Rocke","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3369599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3369599","url":null,"abstract":"3D printing can potentially transform traditional electronics manufacturing by allowing for the accurate direct digital manufacture of complex electronic structures with a much smaller process footprint. However, there are challenges which restrict the use of 3D printing for electronic manufacturing. One significant challenge is the characterization of the electromagnetic properties of the 3D printed materials such as their resultant dielectric permittivity. This work reports on the investigation of existing mixture models to establish their suitability for predicting the dielectric permittivity of 3D printed binary materials for the test frequency range of 1 GHz to 10 GHz. The identified models included volume fraction mixture models which considered the material volume concentration of the binary material and shape factor mixture models which consider the geometry and distribution of the mixture constituents. The fused filament fabrication 3D printing process was used for this work. 3D printed samples were produced with varying percentage volume compositions and varying infill patterns. The dielectric permittivity of the samples was investigated using the two-layer stripline measurement method and the measured data compared to the mixture model estimates. The shape factor mixture models were found to not be in good agreement with the measured values of dielectric permittivity. This result was attributed to the relatively small size of the discontinuities within the 3D printed substrate being insufficient to present anisotropy relative to the wavelength of the applied test signals. The volume fraction models were found to be in close agreement for samples with select infill patterns.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 2","pages":"277-292"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10471527","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140345475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：