Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3413865
Sebastien Fregonese;Thomas Zimmer
This work focuses on a novel methodology to establish on-wafer calibration standards for the 16-Term Error Calibration Technique. It combines TRL-calibrated data with EM simulation to precisely generate S-parameters of standards. Applied to the advanced BiCMOS 55 nm technology, with a layout maintaining consistent coupling between standards, the 16 error-terms calibration results in significant improvements from 40 GHz onward compared to standard calibration (SOLT or TRL) techniques. Notably, it corrects probe couplings, eliminates discontinuities between frequency bands, and ensures the accuracy of S-parameter measurements. Unlike traditional SOLT and TRL methods, this new approach attributes measured quantities solely to intrinsic transistor behavior.
这项工作的重点是为 16 期误差校准技术建立晶圆上校准标准的新方法。它将 TRL 校准数据与电磁模拟相结合，精确生成标准的 S 参数。与标准校准（SOLT 或 TRL）技术相比，16 误差项校准应用于先进的 BiCMOS 55 nm 技术，其布局保持了标准之间的一致耦合。特别是，它校正了探头耦合，消除了频带之间的不连续性，并确保了 S 参数测量的准确性。与传统的 SOLT 和 TRL 方法不同，这一新方法将测量量完全归因于晶体管的内在行为。
{"title":"Establishing On-Wafer Calibration Standards for the 16-Term Error Model: Application to Silicon High-Frequency Transistor Characterization","authors":"Sebastien Fregonese;Thomas Zimmer","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3413865","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3413865","url":null,"abstract":"This work focuses on a novel methodology to establish on-wafer calibration standards for the 16-Term Error Calibration Technique. It combines TRL-calibrated data with EM simulation to precisely generate S-parameters of standards. Applied to the advanced BiCMOS 55 nm technology, with a layout maintaining consistent coupling between standards, the 16 error-terms calibration results in significant improvements from 40 GHz onward compared to standard calibration (SOLT or TRL) techniques. Notably, it corrects probe couplings, eliminates discontinuities between frequency bands, and ensures the accuracy of S-parameter measurements. Unlike traditional SOLT and TRL methods, this new approach attributes measured quantities solely to intrinsic transistor behavior.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"381-388"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599379","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630955","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3405348
Matthew J. Mondich;Frank Bucholtz;Joseph M. Singley;Keith J. Williams
We derive a general expression for the m th-order intercept point ( IPm ) of an analog RF receive beamforming system comprising multiple inputs, an array of nonlinear elements, and a single output. Given parallel inputs, the general IPm expression includes the gain and nonlinearity of each element in the array as well as both intrinsic and extrinsic loss factors and phase shifts. We then impose constraints on the calculation of IPm by making certain assumptions about the statistical relationship between the phases of the distortion signals at the output to obtain the coherent and incoherent m th-order output intercept points ( OIPm ), which determine lower and upper bounds, respectively, on an actual measured output intercept point. Finally, we present the results of a series of experiments and show that the OIP2 and OIP3 obtained from 36 independent measurements all fall between the theoretical calculated bounds. These results will be of utility in the design, analysis, and testing of analog phased-arrays, multi-channel receivers, and receive-mode beamformers.
{"title":"Arbitrary-Order Output Intercept Points of an Analog Receive Beamforming System","authors":"Matthew J. Mondich;Frank Bucholtz;Joseph M. Singley;Keith J. Williams","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3405348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3405348","url":null,"abstract":"We derive a general expression for the \u0000<italic>m</i>\u0000th-order intercept point (\u0000<italic>IPm</i>\u0000) of an analog RF receive beamforming system comprising multiple inputs, an array of nonlinear elements, and a single output. Given parallel inputs, the general \u0000<italic>IPm</i>\u0000 expression includes the gain and nonlinearity of each element in the array as well as both intrinsic and extrinsic loss factors and phase shifts. We then impose constraints on the calculation of \u0000<italic>IPm</i>\u0000 by making certain assumptions about the statistical relationship between the phases of the distortion signals at the output to obtain the coherent and incoherent \u0000<italic>m</i>\u0000th-order output intercept points (\u0000<italic>OIPm</i>\u0000), which determine lower and upper bounds, respectively, on an actual measured output intercept point. Finally, we present the results of a series of experiments and show that the \u0000<italic>OIP2</i>\u0000 and \u0000<italic>OIP3</i>\u0000 obtained from 36 independent measurements all fall between the theoretical calculated bounds. These results will be of utility in the design, analysis, and testing of analog phased-arrays, multi-channel receivers, and receive-mode beamformers.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"521-536"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599375","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630986","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3420475
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Table of Contents","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3420475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3420475","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599380","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3420473
{"title":"IEEE Journal of Microwaves Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3420473","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3420473","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599378","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141624142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-15DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3420477
{"title":"IEEE Microwave Theory and Technology Society Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3420477","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3420477","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"C2-C2"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10599377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141631001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A key aspect of the imaging capability of radar systems is the angular resolution, which is determined by the aperture size of the antenna array. Therefore technologies such as MIMO and especially radar networks consisting of multiple independent MIMO radar sensors seek to maximize the virtual aperture size. Depending on the range and velocity resolution of the MIMO radar network, multistatic aspects must be accounted for. So far, those multistatic effects were seen as errors, which must be compensated for in order to restore the classical DoA properties of the virtual aperture, described by the narrowband beam pattern. This paper shows that new virtual aperture designs with larger antenna spacings are possible while still preserving the angular ambiguity range of smaller antenna spacings, as long as the multistatic effects of distributed radar networks, namely radar networks whose virtual aperture is large in comparison to the range resolution, are correctly accounted for. The larger antenna element spacing enables larger aperture sizes leading to higher angular resolution. This paper illustrates that the well-known, Fourier Tranformation-based signal processing is unable to exploit this potential of distributed radar networks, and an computationally efficient approximated matched filter is proposed. This article presents a signal model for distributed radar networks, suitable signal processing, and a comparison to the well-known Fourier Transformation-based signal processing for compact radar networks. Both the signal model and the proposed signal processing are verified by measurements with a radar sensor network composed of 2 MIMO radar sensors operating in the automotive frequency range of $76 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz},mathrm{to}, 81 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$ providing 64 virtual channels with a range resolution of $0.03 ,mathrm{m}$ . The virtual aperture size of the radar network is ${sim }0.5 ,mathrm{m}$ with virtual antenna spacing of twice the wavelength, but the proposed signal processing still allows unambiguous DoA estimation within the full $180 ,mathrm{^{circ }}$ range.
雷达系统成像能力的一个关键方面是角度分辨率，它由天线阵列的孔径大小决定。因此，MIMO 等技术，特别是由多个独立 MIMO 雷达传感器组成的雷达网络，都在寻求最大化虚拟孔径尺寸。根据 MIMO 雷达网络的测距和速度分辨率，必须考虑多静态因素。迄今为止，这些多静态效应被视为误差，必须对其进行补偿，以恢复窄带波束模式所描述的虚拟孔径的经典 DoA 特性。本文表明，只要正确考虑到分布式雷达网（即虚拟孔径与测距分辨率相比较大的雷达网）的多静态效应，就有可能采用较大天线间距的新虚拟孔径设计，同时仍能保持较小天线间距的角模糊范围。天线元件间距越大，孔径也就越大，角度分辨率也就越高。本文说明了众所周知的基于傅立叶变换的信号处理无法利用分布式雷达网络的这一潜力，并提出了一种计算效率高的近似匹配滤波器。本文介绍了分布式雷达网络的信号模型、合适的信号处理方法，并与著名的基于傅里叶变换的紧凑型雷达网络信号处理方法进行了比较。该信号模型和所提出的信号处理方法都通过一个雷达传感器网络的测量得到了验证，该雷达传感器网络由2个MIMO雷达传感器组成，工作在汽车频率范围为76 mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz} mathrm{to}, 81 mathrm{G} mathrm{Hz}$ ，提供64个虚拟信道，量程分辨率为0.03 mathrm{m}$ 。雷达网络的虚拟孔径大小为${sim }0.5 mathrm{m}$ ，虚拟天线间距为波长的两倍，但拟议的信号处理仍可在 180 mathrm{^{circ }}$ 的完整范围内进行明确的 DoA 估计。
{"title":"On Distributed Radar Networks: Signal Model, Analysis, and Signal Processing","authors":"Vinzenz Janoudi;Pirmin Schoeder;Timo Grebner;Nils Appenrodt;Juergen Dickmann;Christian Waldschmidt","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3414471","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3414471","url":null,"abstract":"A key aspect of the imaging capability of radar systems is the angular resolution, which is determined by the aperture size of the antenna array. Therefore technologies such as MIMO and especially radar networks consisting of multiple independent MIMO radar sensors seek to maximize the virtual aperture size. Depending on the range and velocity resolution of the MIMO radar network, multistatic aspects must be accounted for. So far, those multistatic effects were seen as errors, which must be compensated for in order to restore the classical DoA properties of the virtual aperture, described by the narrowband beam pattern. This paper shows that new virtual aperture designs with larger antenna spacings are possible while still preserving the angular ambiguity range of smaller antenna spacings, as long as the multistatic effects of distributed radar networks, namely radar networks whose virtual aperture is large in comparison to the range resolution, are correctly accounted for. The larger antenna element spacing enables larger aperture sizes leading to higher angular resolution. This paper illustrates that the well-known, Fourier Tranformation-based signal processing is unable to exploit this potential of distributed radar networks, and an computationally efficient approximated matched filter is proposed. This article presents a signal model for distributed radar networks, suitable signal processing, and a comparison to the well-known Fourier Transformation-based signal processing for compact radar networks. Both the signal model and the proposed signal processing are verified by measurements with a radar sensor network composed of 2 MIMO radar sensors operating in the automotive frequency range of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$76 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz},mathrm{to}, 81 ,mathrm{G}mathrm{Hz}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 providing 64 virtual channels with a range resolution of \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$0.03 ,mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. The virtual aperture size of the radar network is \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>${sim }0.5 ,mathrm{m}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 with virtual antenna spacing of twice the wavelength, but the proposed signal processing still allows unambiguous DoA estimation within the full \u0000<inline-formula><tex-math>$180 ,mathrm{^{circ }}$</tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 range.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"329-347"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10587002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141631082","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3413791
Chatchai Chokchai;Yoshiki Sugimoto;Kunio Sakakibara;Makoto Yamazaki;Henry Abu Diawuo;Nobuyoshi Kikuma
This paper proposes a broadband single-ended line-to-waveguide transition that covers the 240–300 GHz band. The transition comprises a tapered grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) feed line, inserted from the narrow wall of the waveguide exciting a modified V-shaped patch located at the center of the waveguide. Broadband operation is achieved via multiple resonances of the modified V-shaped patch, a double-stacked rectangular patch, and cavity within the multi-layer substrates. The transition geometries are optimized via electromagnetic simulations using the finite element method. The transition design is successful within fabrication limitations in the terahertz frequency band. Subsequent evaluations of transition performance are conducted through measurements and simulations. Experimental results show a bandwidth below −10 dB for S 11 spanning 71.5 GHz. Furthermore, the measured insertion loss remains consistent at 2.5 dB at the center frequency of 275 GHz.
本文提出了一种覆盖 240-300 GHz 波段的宽带单端线路到波导过渡装置。该过渡装置包括一条锥形接地共面波导（GCPW）馈电线，从波导窄壁插入，刺激位于波导中心的改进型 V 形贴片。通过改进型 V 形贴片、双层矩形贴片和多层基底内空腔的多重共振，实现宽带运行。通过使用有限元法进行电磁模拟，对过渡几何形状进行了优化。过渡设计在太赫兹频段的制造限制范围内取得了成功。随后通过测量和模拟对过渡性能进行了评估。实验结果表明，S11 的带宽低于 -10 dB，频率跨度为 71.5 GHz。此外，在 275 GHz 的中心频率上，测量到的插入损耗始终保持在 2.5 dB。
{"title":"Broadband GCPW-to-Waveguide Transition in Multi-Layer Dielectric Substrates With Modified V-Shaped and Double Patch in 270 GHz Band","authors":"Chatchai Chokchai;Yoshiki Sugimoto;Kunio Sakakibara;Makoto Yamazaki;Henry Abu Diawuo;Nobuyoshi Kikuma","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3413791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3413791","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a broadband single-ended line-to-waveguide transition that covers the 240–300 GHz band. The transition comprises a tapered grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) feed line, inserted from the narrow wall of the waveguide exciting a modified V-shaped patch located at the center of the waveguide. Broadband operation is achieved via multiple resonances of the modified V-shaped patch, a double-stacked rectangular patch, and cavity within the multi-layer substrates. The transition geometries are optimized via electromagnetic simulations using the finite element method. The transition design is successful within fabrication limitations in the terahertz frequency band. Subsequent evaluations of transition performance are conducted through measurements and simulations. Experimental results show a bandwidth below −10 dB for \u0000<italic>S</i>\u0000<sub>11</sub>\u0000 spanning 71.5 GHz. Furthermore, the measured insertion loss remains consistent at 2.5 dB at the center frequency of 275 GHz.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"537-547"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10584085","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-03DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3414130
Kunchen Zhao;Christian Elmiger;Dimitra Psychogiou
A new class of highly-miniaturized “dome”-shaped 3D bandpass filters (BPFs) are presented. Size reduction is achieved by using: i) capacitively-loaded hemispherical resonators that are significantly smaller than a conventional spherical resonator, ii) stereolithography apparatus (SLA)-based 3D printing facilitating monolithic integration, and by iii) vertically-stacked resonators. A comprehensive design methodology is provided and applied to the realization of high order BPFs. An RF excitation scheme allowing for wideband out-of-band suppression is also proposed. For proof-of-concept validation purposes, a second- and a third-order BPF prototypes operating at 5.8 GHz, and a compact vertically-stacked second-order BPF were designed, manufactured, and tested. The measurement results exhibit the following characteristics: second-order BPF: center frequency f c = 5.8 GHz, fractional bandwidth (FBW) = 5.5%, effective quality factor ( Q eff ) = 890, 20 dB upper stopband suppression up to 10.14 GHz (1.7.3 f c ); third-order BPF: f c = 5.8 GHz, FBW = 6.5%, Q eff = 1,230, and 20 dB upper stopband suppression up to 10.1 GHz (1.74 f c ); vertically-stacked second-order BPF: f c = 5.9 GHz, FBW = 10.0%, Q eff = 720, and 20 dB upper stopband suppression up to 8.9 GHz (1.5 f c )
{"title":"Monolithically-Integrated 3D Printed Bandpass Filters Using Highly-Miniaturized Dome-Shaped Resonators","authors":"Kunchen Zhao;Christian Elmiger;Dimitra Psychogiou","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3414130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3414130","url":null,"abstract":"A new class of highly-miniaturized “dome”-shaped 3D bandpass filters (BPFs) are presented. Size reduction is achieved by using: i) capacitively-loaded hemispherical resonators that are significantly smaller than a conventional spherical resonator, ii) stereolithography apparatus (SLA)-based 3D printing facilitating monolithic integration, and by iii) vertically-stacked resonators. A comprehensive design methodology is provided and applied to the realization of high order BPFs. An RF excitation scheme allowing for wideband out-of-band suppression is also proposed. For proof-of-concept validation purposes, a second- and a third-order BPF prototypes operating at 5.8 GHz, and a compact vertically-stacked second-order BPF were designed, manufactured, and tested. The measurement results exhibit the following characteristics: second-order BPF: center frequency \u0000<italic>f</i>\u0000<sub>c</sub>\u0000 = 5.8 GHz, fractional bandwidth (FBW) = 5.5%, effective quality factor (\u0000<italic>Q</i>\u0000<sub>eff</sub>\u0000) = 890, 20 dB upper stopband suppression up to 10.14 GHz (1.7.3\u0000<italic>f</i>\u0000<sub>c</sub>\u0000); third-order BPF: \u0000<italic>f</i>\u0000<sub>c</sub>\u0000 = 5.8 GHz, FBW = 6.5%, \u0000<italic>Q</i>\u0000<sub>eff</sub>\u0000 = 1,230, and 20 dB upper stopband suppression up to 10.1 GHz (1.74\u0000<italic>f</i>\u0000<sub>c</sub>\u0000); vertically-stacked second-order BPF: \u0000<italic>f</i>\u0000<sub>c</sub>\u0000 = 5.9 GHz, FBW = 10.0%, \u0000<italic>Q</i>\u0000<sub>eff</sub>\u0000 = 720, and 20 dB upper stopband suppression up to 8.9 GHz (1.5\u0000<italic>f</i>\u0000<sub>c</sub>\u0000)","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"548-557"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10584097","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-01DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3412415
Tobias T. Braun;Jan Schöpfel;Christian Bredendiek;Juan Jose Forero B.;Nils Pohl
Harmonic radar systems are highly effective at distinguishing specific targets from surrounding clutter. Therefore, the reception of a tag response, conventionally at the second harmonic, is utilized. Thus, necessitating two bands with that specific spacing allocated to the same application. Among others, this is not the case for automotive, where tag-based detection of vulnerable road users in city traffic has shown promising results. Therefore, we introduce the novel nonlinear radar category of inharmonic radar. It is based on fractional multiplication, to enable a wider range of possible factors. Specifically, the automotive band at 76–81 GHz is connected with the 134–141 GHz frequency range by a factor of 1.75. The realized system achieves a clutter rejection of 60 dB, which is investigated in detail regarding influences of the inharmonic approach. Detection of the corresponding tag is successfully achieved up to a distance of 28 m with compliance for automotive radar, while no significant spectral purity degradation is caused by the unique frequency conversion.
{"title":"Introducing Inharmonic Radar: Tag Detection in the Automotive Bands of Present and Future at 76–81/134–141 GHz via Fractional Multiplication","authors":"Tobias T. Braun;Jan Schöpfel;Christian Bredendiek;Juan Jose Forero B.;Nils Pohl","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2024.3412415","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2024.3412415","url":null,"abstract":"Harmonic radar systems are highly effective at distinguishing specific targets from surrounding clutter. Therefore, the reception of a tag response, conventionally at the second harmonic, is utilized. Thus, necessitating two bands with that specific spacing allocated to the same application. Among others, this is not the case for automotive, where tag-based detection of vulnerable road users in city traffic has shown promising results. Therefore, we introduce the novel nonlinear radar category of inharmonic radar. It is based on fractional multiplication, to enable a wider range of possible factors. Specifically, the automotive band at 76–81 GHz is connected with the 134–141 GHz frequency range by a factor of 1.75. The realized system achieves a clutter rejection of 60 dB, which is investigated in detail regarding influences of the inharmonic approach. Detection of the corresponding tag is successfully achieved up to a distance of 28 m with compliance for automotive radar, while no significant spectral purity degradation is caused by the unique frequency conversion.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"4 3","pages":"473-485"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2024-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10579935","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141630914","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2024.3407712
Giulia Sacco;Maxim Zhadobov
With the massive deployment of 5G worldwide the entire population is expected to be exposed to millimeter waves (mmWs), representing new frequencies recently introduced into our environmental electromagnetic (EM) background. From this perspective, the interactions between mmWs and human tissues have been actively investigated during the past few years at various levels. This article reviews recent publications in this field, from macro- to micro-scale. The role of different parameters is considered, including the characteristics of the impinging field (angle of incidence, polarization, and source type), age, presence of clothing, curvature of the body surface, and inter-individual differences. Finally, findings on recent micro-dosimetry studies at mmWs are summarized highlighting the impact of micro-scale heterogeneity related to the presence of skin sub-structures and organelles inside the cells on the local power distribution and heating.
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