Pub Date : 2025-06-19DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3576358
Keisuke Kawahara;Toshihiko Baba
The increasing demand for high-speed optical interconnects requires the integration of photonics and electronics, with electro-optic (EO) co-simulation being crucial. However, fragmented electronic/photonic simulators and incomplete models, which do not include the radio-frequency characteristics and noise, are still prevalent, and thus, an EO co-simulation environment for high-speed transceiver design has not yet been established. Here, we present a unified and experimentally validated EO co-simulation library that enables accurate transmission performance predictions at symbol rates exceeding 50 Gbaud. Specifically, we model passive photonic components, such as waveguides and couplers, as well as two types of Si Mach–Zehnder modulators, incorporating frequency-dependent lossy traveling-wave electrodes and slow-light enhancement. We also show models for test equipment with validated noise characteristics, including an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), a tunable filter, and a photodetector module, to construct a full optical link testbench. The S-parameter simulations agreed well with measurements up to 40 GHz, and the signal transmission simulations matched measurements up to 64 Gbps. All models and sample testbenches are available on GitHub.
{"title":"Electro-Optic Co-Simulation in High-Speed Silicon Photonics Transceiver Design Using Standard Electronic Circuit Simulator","authors":"Keisuke Kawahara;Toshihiko Baba","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3576358","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3576358","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing demand for high-speed optical interconnects requires the integration of photonics and electronics, with electro-optic (EO) co-simulation being crucial. However, fragmented electronic/photonic simulators and incomplete models, which do not include the radio-frequency characteristics and noise, are still prevalent, and thus, an EO co-simulation environment for high-speed transceiver design has not yet been established. Here, we present a unified and experimentally validated EO co-simulation library that enables accurate transmission performance predictions at symbol rates exceeding 50 Gbaud. Specifically, we model passive photonic components, such as waveguides and couplers, as well as two types of Si Mach–Zehnder modulators, incorporating frequency-dependent lossy traveling-wave electrodes and slow-light enhancement. We also show models for test equipment with validated noise characteristics, including an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA), a tunable filter, and a photodetector module, to construct a full optical link testbench. The S-parameter simulations agreed well with measurements up to 40 GHz, and the signal transmission simulations matched measurements up to 64 Gbps. All models and sample testbenches are available on GitHub.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"983-995"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11043156","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-16DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3575844
Jan Barowski;Nils Pohl;Ilona Rolfes
This paper presents a novel sensor fusion approach to enhance radar measurement bandwidth and range resolution by integrating data from non-adjacent frequency bands. While ultrawideband (UWB) radar systems offer high resolution, they are often constrained by regulatory limitations and hardware bandwidth restrictions. To overcome these challenges, we investigate on merging intermediate frequency signals from multiple frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in separate bands. Though this effectively broadens the usable bandwidth, challenges arise from uncovered spectral regions in between the sensor bands. A frequency domain model is employed to address these systematic challenges in multi-band fusion and to quantify side-lobe-levels and pulse-widths. Furthermore, we discuss the establishment of a common phase reference by means of calibration. The investigations are validated through simulations and experimental measurements using W-band (68–93 GHz), D-band (122–170 GHz), and J-band (205–248 GHz) FMCW sensors. Finally, it is shown that model-based interpolation between the bands significantly removes undesired distortions. Results demonstrate a significant enhancement in range resolution, particularly benefiting applications such as non-destructive testing and high-precision material characterization. In these applications, the approach provides a viable alternative to photonic and optical measurement techniques, leveraging the advantages of compact, MMIC-based radar sensors while overcoming inherent bandwidth limitations.
{"title":"Considerations on Sensor Fusion of Multiple Ultrawideband Radar Sensors Operating in Non-Adjacent Frequency Bands","authors":"Jan Barowski;Nils Pohl;Ilona Rolfes","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3575844","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3575844","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel sensor fusion approach to enhance radar measurement bandwidth and range resolution by integrating data from non-adjacent frequency bands. While ultrawideband (UWB) radar systems offer high resolution, they are often constrained by regulatory limitations and hardware bandwidth restrictions. To overcome these challenges, we investigate on merging intermediate frequency signals from multiple frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar sensors operating in separate bands. Though this effectively broadens the usable bandwidth, challenges arise from uncovered spectral regions in between the sensor bands. A frequency domain model is employed to address these systematic challenges in multi-band fusion and to quantify side-lobe-levels and pulse-widths. Furthermore, we discuss the establishment of a common phase reference by means of calibration. The investigations are validated through simulations and experimental measurements using W-band (68–93 GHz), D-band (122–170 GHz), and J-band (205–248 GHz) FMCW sensors. Finally, it is shown that model-based interpolation between the bands significantly removes undesired distortions. Results demonstrate a significant enhancement in range resolution, particularly benefiting applications such as non-destructive testing and high-precision material characterization. In these applications, the approach provides a viable alternative to photonic and optical measurement techniques, leveraging the advantages of compact, MMIC-based radar sensors while overcoming inherent bandwidth limitations.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"907-917"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11037636","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597846","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-16DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3575342
Fábio Silva;Pedro Pinho;Nuno Borges Carvalho
The rise in popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the need to power devices wirelessly, a process called Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), to avoid the usage of batteries, which present limited lifespans. In particular, Microwave Power Transfer (MPT), both Near-field (NF) and Far-field (FF), use Electromagnetic (EM) waves to transfer power between two points. However, these systems still present some downsides, mainly efficiency-wise. This paper explores the usage of Multibeam Antennas (MBAs), specifically Beamforming Network (BFN)-based ones, to improve the capabilities of traditional MPT and Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting (RFEH) systems. The paper starts by introducing the usage of MPT in IoT applications and how MBAs could help solve some of them or at least mitigate them. Afterward, a general explanation of the typical MBAs architectures, including Passive Multibeam Antennas (PMBAs), Multibeam Phased-Array Antennas (MBPAAs), and Digital Multibeam Antennas (DMBAs) is presented, along with their advantages, drawbacks, and some emerging trends. After introducing the typical architectures of MBAs, a comprehensive literature survey is done around rectennas and MPT Transmitters (TXs). This approach allows us to understand better why some architectures are more present than others in both applications, highlighting the exclusive usage of PMBAs in rectennas due to them not using energy. To finalize the paper, using the literature survey done, some challenges associated with integrating MBAs in MPT and RFEH are presented, along with some works presenting ways to mitigate them.
{"title":"Multibeam Beamforming Technology in Microwave Power Transfer and Harvesting","authors":"Fábio Silva;Pedro Pinho;Nuno Borges Carvalho","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3575342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3575342","url":null,"abstract":"The rise in popularity of the Internet of Things (IoT) has increased the need to power devices wirelessly, a process called Wireless Power Transfer (WPT), to avoid the usage of batteries, which present limited lifespans. In particular, Microwave Power Transfer (MPT), both Near-field (NF) and Far-field (FF), use Electromagnetic (EM) waves to transfer power between two points. However, these systems still present some downsides, mainly efficiency-wise. This paper explores the usage of Multibeam Antennas (MBAs), specifically Beamforming Network (BFN)-based ones, to improve the capabilities of traditional MPT and Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting (RFEH) systems. The paper starts by introducing the usage of MPT in IoT applications and how MBAs could help solve some of them or at least mitigate them. Afterward, a general explanation of the typical MBAs architectures, including Passive Multibeam Antennas (PMBAs), Multibeam Phased-Array Antennas (MBPAAs), and Digital Multibeam Antennas (DMBAs) is presented, along with their advantages, drawbacks, and some emerging trends. After introducing the typical architectures of MBAs, a comprehensive literature survey is done around rectennas and MPT Transmitters (TXs). This approach allows us to understand better why some architectures are more present than others in both applications, highlighting the exclusive usage of PMBAs in rectennas due to them not using energy. To finalize the paper, using the literature survey done, some challenges associated with integrating MBAs in MPT and RFEH are presented, along with some works presenting ways to mitigate them.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"918-938"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11037249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-16DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3575157
Alexander Grathwohl;Julian Kanz;Christina Bonfert;Christian Waldschmidt
Synthetic aperture radars (SARs) based on uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) are advantageous in comparison to existing airborne systems. Apart from cost, their main advantage is the flexibility of their flight path. It can be optimized specifically for every application, which is not possible to this extent with other airborne systems. Both the distance between radar and targets as well as the viewing angle of the radar change significantly during flight. A common imaging algorithm for close-range and nonlinear flightpaths is therefore backprojection (BP), since it respects the nonlinear flightpath. The remaining effects, e.g. caused by changes in elevation or squint angle, are then commonly compensated for with the goal of consistent image brightness as well as low sidelobes. In this work, a weighted BP for UAV-based imaging of objects is proposed. The presented method assumes a horizontal ground surface with approximately constant properties over the imaging area. A full system model is introduced, including system effects as well as geometric effects and properties of the ground surface. Based on this model, the expected signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) of any point target in a single measurement can be predicted. This allows weighting of the contributions with the goal of maximizing target contrast in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. Using UAV-based SAR measurements, it is shown that significant improvements in imaging quality can be achieved by employing the proposed method.
{"title":"UAV-Based SAR-Imaging of Objects From Arbitrary Trajectories Using Weighted Backprojection","authors":"Alexander Grathwohl;Julian Kanz;Christina Bonfert;Christian Waldschmidt","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3575157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3575157","url":null,"abstract":"Synthetic aperture radars (SARs) based on uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs) are advantageous in comparison to existing airborne systems. Apart from cost, their main advantage is the flexibility of their flight path. It can be optimized specifically for every application, which is not possible to this extent with other airborne systems. Both the distance between radar and targets as well as the viewing angle of the radar change significantly during flight. A common imaging algorithm for close-range and nonlinear flightpaths is therefore backprojection (BP), since it respects the nonlinear flightpath. The remaining effects, e.g. caused by changes in elevation or squint angle, are then commonly compensated for with the goal of consistent image brightness as well as low sidelobes. In this work, a weighted BP for UAV-based imaging of objects is proposed. The presented method assumes a horizontal ground surface with approximately constant properties over the imaging area. A full system model is introduced, including system effects as well as geometric effects and properties of the ground surface. Based on this model, the expected signal-to-clutter ratio (SCR) of any point target in a single measurement can be predicted. This allows weighting of the contributions with the goal of maximizing target contrast in the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image. Using UAV-based SAR measurements, it is shown that significant improvements in imaging quality can be achieved by employing the proposed method.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"856-867"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11037639","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-11DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3570615
Kobi Aflalo;Zeev Zalevsky
This study investigate the remote detection and reconstruction of audio signals using Radio Frequency (RF) emissions, focusing on the implications for eavesdropping detection and prevention. Utilizing the widely used 2.4 GHz continuous wave microwave radiation directed at a speaker membrane, we successfully reassembled human speech and music signals, demonstrating the feasibility of audio reconstruction in real-world scenarios. A series of denoising techniques, including Robust locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS), Moving Median, and Wavelet Denoising, were evaluated for their effectiveness in enhancing signal quality, with performance metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE) and signal-to-noise ratio SNR employed for comparison. Our findings reveal that Wavelet denoising outperforms other methods in preserving the integrity of speech signals, while also highlighting the challenges posed by background noise and interference. Additionally, we present mathematical models to estimate the maximum detectable distance based on SNR, providing a framework for understanding the limitations and capabilities of the reconstruction process. This research contributes to the field of audio signal processing and has significant implications for security applications, emphasizing the need for tailored denoising strategies in varying environments or barriers.
{"title":"Penetrating Barriers: Microwave-Based Remote Sensing and Reconstruction of Audio Signals Through Walls","authors":"Kobi Aflalo;Zeev Zalevsky","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3570615","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3570615","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigate the remote detection and reconstruction of audio signals using Radio Frequency (RF) emissions, focusing on the implications for eavesdropping detection and prevention. Utilizing the widely used 2.4 GHz continuous wave microwave radiation directed at a speaker membrane, we successfully reassembled human speech and music signals, demonstrating the feasibility of audio reconstruction in real-world scenarios. A series of denoising techniques, including Robust locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (LOWESS), Moving Median, and Wavelet Denoising, were evaluated for their effectiveness in enhancing signal quality, with performance metrics such as root mean square error (RMSE) and signal-to-noise ratio SNR employed for comparison. Our findings reveal that Wavelet denoising outperforms other methods in preserving the integrity of speech signals, while also highlighting the challenges posed by background noise and interference. Additionally, we present mathematical models to estimate the maximum detectable distance based on SNR, providing a framework for understanding the limitations and capabilities of the reconstruction process. This research contributes to the field of audio signal processing and has significant implications for security applications, emphasizing the need for tailored denoising strategies in varying environments or barriers.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"804-828"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11030840","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-04DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3569103
Michael Braunwarth;Johanna Geiss;Erik Sippel;Martin Vossiek
Radar calibration has always been essential for compensating unavoidable manufacturing inaccuracies, component variations, or aging effects in multichannel radar systems. The demand for high-resolution radars, particularly in automotive applications, necessitates increasing carrier frequencies, bandwidths, synthetic apertures, and channel counts, imposing exceptionally high calibration requirements. Conventional calibration methods often rely on expensive positioning systems and large-scale anechoic chambers, yet offer only limited calibration accuracy. This publication presents a novel calibration method that achieves exceptionally high accuracy for single-input multiple-output (SIMO) radars with uniform linear arrays (ULAs) by estimating amplitude and phase deviations as well as mutual coupling between the channels. The proposed method leverages the established theory of accumulating channel imbalances in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing, enabling the isolation of error power from the desired signal and noise within the image. The applied optimization minimizes only at deterministic artifact locations, which enhances the optimization sensitivity and improves calibration precision, while reducing the computational complexity. The proposed approach demonstrates high performance by calibrating an antenna array with eight elements in a 77 GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave SIMO radar. The resulting calibration quality is validated in a test scene, demonstrating significantly reduced artifacts within the generated image compared to the uncalibrated array.
{"title":"An Advanced Method for Precise ULA SIMO Radar Calibration Utilizing Synthetic Aperture Radar Imaging Artifacts","authors":"Michael Braunwarth;Johanna Geiss;Erik Sippel;Martin Vossiek","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3569103","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3569103","url":null,"abstract":"Radar calibration has always been essential for compensating unavoidable manufacturing inaccuracies, component variations, or aging effects in multichannel radar systems. The demand for high-resolution radars, particularly in automotive applications, necessitates increasing carrier frequencies, bandwidths, synthetic apertures, and channel counts, imposing exceptionally high calibration requirements. Conventional calibration methods often rely on expensive positioning systems and large-scale anechoic chambers, yet offer only limited calibration accuracy. This publication presents a novel calibration method that achieves exceptionally high accuracy for single-input multiple-output (SIMO) radars with uniform linear arrays (ULAs) by estimating amplitude and phase deviations as well as mutual coupling between the channels. The proposed method leverages the established theory of accumulating channel imbalances in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) processing, enabling the isolation of error power from the desired signal and noise within the image. The applied optimization minimizes only at deterministic artifact locations, which enhances the optimization sensitivity and improves calibration precision, while reducing the computational complexity. The proposed approach demonstrates high performance by calibrating an antenna array with eight elements in a 77 GHz frequency-modulated continuous wave SIMO radar. The resulting calibration quality is validated in a test scene, demonstrating significantly reduced artifacts within the generated image compared to the uncalibrated array.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"892-906"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11023546","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144598075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-06-03DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3568779
Kiran A. Shila
We present a method for the design of an LNA input matching network using automatic differentiation (AD), a technique made popular by machine learning. The input matching network consists of a non-uniform suspended stripline transformer, directly optimized with AD-provided gradients. Compared to the standard approach of finite-differences, AD provides orders of magnitude faster optimization time for gradient-based solvers. This dramatic speedup reduces the iteration time during design and enables the exploration of more complex geometries. The LNA designed with this approach improves over a previous two-section uniform-line design, achieving an average noise temperature of (11.53 $pm$ 0.42) K over the frequency range of 0.7 GHz to 2 GHz at room temperature. We optimized the geometry in under 5 s, $40$x faster than optimizing with finite-differences.
{"title":"Computationally Efficient Design of an LNA Input Matching Network Using Automatic Differentiation","authors":"Kiran A. Shila","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3568779","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3568779","url":null,"abstract":"We present a method for the design of an LNA input matching network using automatic differentiation (AD), a technique made popular by machine learning. The input matching network consists of a non-uniform suspended stripline transformer, directly optimized with AD-provided gradients. Compared to the standard approach of finite-differences, AD provides orders of magnitude faster optimization time for gradient-based solvers. This dramatic speedup reduces the iteration time during design and enables the exploration of more complex geometries. The LNA designed with this approach improves over a previous two-section uniform-line design, achieving an average noise temperature of (11.53 <inline-formula><tex-math>$pm$</tex-math></inline-formula> 0.42) K over the frequency range of 0.7 GHz to 2 GHz at room temperature. We optimized the geometry in under 5 s, <inline-formula><tex-math>$40$</tex-math></inline-formula>x faster than optimizing with finite-differences.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 4","pages":"972-982"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11021605","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144597880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3559499
Alden Fisher;Thomas R. Jones;Dimitrios Peroulis
The design, optimization, and characterization of an ultra-wideband solid-state plasma shunt switch with state-of-the-art performance is presented, achieving up to 5× reduction in dc power consumption, 4× faster switching speeds, and 2× smaller footprint compared to prior work. The switch is realized by patterning a coplanar waveguide transmission line on a high-resistivity silicon substrate and illuminating the gaps with up to three fibers, creating a highly efficient shunt switch. For efficient power consumption, multiple bias fibers are incorporated to distribute the light avoiding photoconductive saturation. Furthermore, to enhance agility, silicon micromachining is employed, achieving single-digit microsecond switching times under 2.75 µs, the fastest ever recorded for this technology. The result is an ultra-wideband dc-110+ GHz shunt switch with less than 0.81 dB insertion loss and up to 71 dB isolation. This is accomplished with a straightforward manufacturing process in a compact footprint of less than 0.057 mm$^{2}$, paving the way for seamless technology integration. Lastly, highly accurate wideband co-simulations for solid-state plasma modeling are discussed and validated against measurements, underscoring the superior performance and reliability of this disruptive technology.
{"title":"Ultra-Wideband Silicon Plasma Switches","authors":"Alden Fisher;Thomas R. Jones;Dimitrios Peroulis","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3559499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3559499","url":null,"abstract":"The design, optimization, and characterization of an ultra-wideband solid-state plasma shunt switch with state-of-the-art performance is presented, achieving up to 5× reduction in dc power consumption, 4× faster switching speeds, and 2× smaller footprint compared to prior work. The switch is realized by patterning a coplanar waveguide transmission line on a high-resistivity silicon substrate and illuminating the gaps with up to three fibers, creating a highly efficient shunt switch. For efficient power consumption, multiple bias fibers are incorporated to distribute the light avoiding photoconductive saturation. Furthermore, to enhance agility, silicon micromachining is employed, achieving single-digit microsecond switching times under 2.75 µs, the fastest ever recorded for this technology. The result is an ultra-wideband dc-110+ GHz shunt switch with less than 0.81 dB insertion loss and up to 71 dB isolation. This is accomplished with a straightforward manufacturing process in a compact footprint of less than 0.057 mm<inline-formula><tex-math>$^{2}$</tex-math></inline-formula>, paving the way for seamless technology integration. Lastly, highly accurate wideband co-simulations for solid-state plasma modeling are discussed and validated against measurements, underscoring the superior performance and reliability of this disruptive technology.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"677-686"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10979296","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3560226
Itamar Melamed;Avraham Sayag;Emanuel Cohen
This paper presents a 28 GHz integrated phased-array transmitter, utilizing an over-the-air (OTA) combining technique for power efficiency boosting and a local oscillator (LO) phase shifting. Efficiency boosting is achieved by decomposing the baseband signal into two streams, one with a reduced peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and the other consisting of the low-occurrence peak residuals. Compared to uniformly excited linear phased array (UELA), the efficiency improvement is by 40$%$. The two streams are up-converted and transmitted through the radio-frequency (RF) chains, each optimized for the corresponding output power, and recombined OTA to reconstruct the original signal. Each chain contains a power-optimized sub-sampling phase-locked loop (SSPLL) that accounts for the phase shift and achieves a better than 1$^circ$ phase resolution. We implemented the four TX chains on a standard 65 nm bulk-CMOS process, achieving a system efficiency of 7.6$%$ at 21 dBm equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP), with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of −31 dB.
{"title":"A 28 GHz Phased-Array Transmitter Based on Doherty Spatial Combining Technique With a Local Sub-Sampling PLL","authors":"Itamar Melamed;Avraham Sayag;Emanuel Cohen","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3560226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3560226","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a 28 GHz integrated phased-array transmitter, utilizing an over-the-air (OTA) combining technique for power efficiency boosting and a local oscillator (LO) phase shifting. Efficiency boosting is achieved by decomposing the baseband signal into two streams, one with a reduced peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) and the other consisting of the low-occurrence peak residuals. Compared to uniformly excited linear phased array (UELA), the efficiency improvement is by 40<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula>. The two streams are up-converted and transmitted through the radio-frequency (RF) chains, each optimized for the corresponding output power, and recombined OTA to reconstruct the original signal. Each chain contains a power-optimized sub-sampling phase-locked loop (SSPLL) that accounts for the phase shift and achieves a better than 1<inline-formula><tex-math>$^circ$</tex-math></inline-formula> phase resolution. We implemented the four TX chains on a standard 65 nm bulk-CMOS process, achieving a system efficiency of 7.6<inline-formula><tex-math>$%$</tex-math></inline-formula> at 21 dBm equivalent isotropic radiated power (EIRP), with an error vector magnitude (EVM) of −31 dB.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"687-701"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10979290","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-04-28DOI: 10.1109/JMW.2025.3557566
Jianghong Xie;Zhengbo Jiang;Jingxin Liu;Jiacheng Yu;Siheng Luo;Chong Guo;Zhang-Cheng Hao;Wei Hong
Channel emulator plays an essential role in 5G and 6G communication by enabling the reconstruction of wireless channels in a controlled laboratory environment. A novel massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel emulator is presented in this paper for future communication. The proposed channel emulator operates at 0.4–6 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, consisting of an 80-channel transceiver, a local oscillator (LO) unit with forty independent and one common LO, a reference unit, a digital baseband unit, and a master control unit. The emulator demonstrates excellent RF performance, achieving a phase coherence of ±2° and an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 0.65% when utilizing the common LO configuration. The path loss, modeled as a large-scale channel model, is tested at the RF level and showed strong agreement with simulation results, validating the accuracy of the channel emulation. Additionally, the end-to-end system throughput rate performance is evaluated, further confirming the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed 80-channel MIMO channel emulator for future wireless communication applications.
{"title":"Design and Verification of a Massive MIMO Channel Emulator for 5G/6G System Performance Testing","authors":"Jianghong Xie;Zhengbo Jiang;Jingxin Liu;Jiacheng Yu;Siheng Luo;Chong Guo;Zhang-Cheng Hao;Wei Hong","doi":"10.1109/JMW.2025.3557566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JMW.2025.3557566","url":null,"abstract":"Channel emulator plays an essential role in 5G and 6G communication by enabling the reconstruction of wireless channels in a controlled laboratory environment. A novel massive multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel emulator is presented in this paper for future communication. The proposed channel emulator operates at 0.4–6 GHz with 200 MHz bandwidth, consisting of an 80-channel transceiver, a local oscillator (LO) unit with forty independent and one common LO, a reference unit, a digital baseband unit, and a master control unit. The emulator demonstrates excellent RF performance, achieving a phase coherence of ±2° and an error vector magnitude (EVM) of 0.65% when utilizing the common LO configuration. The path loss, modeled as a large-scale channel model, is tested at the RF level and showed strong agreement with simulation results, validating the accuracy of the channel emulation. Additionally, the end-to-end system throughput rate performance is evaluated, further confirming the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed 80-channel MIMO channel emulator for future wireless communication applications.","PeriodicalId":93296,"journal":{"name":"IEEE journal of microwaves","volume":"5 3","pages":"640-653"},"PeriodicalIF":6.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10979297","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143925225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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