Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique最新文献

Leishmaniasis is among the most important emerging vector-borne protozoal disease in terms of disability adjusted life year (DALY'S). The main objectives of this study are, firstly to evaluate the epidemiological situation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) from 2000 to 2015 in Moulay Yacoub Province and Fez Prefecture and secondly to analyze the impact of several factors (geographical and socio-economic factors) on the distribution of CL in these provinces. In addition, this study aims to identify the circulating species of Leishmania in order to justify the cause of the case maintenance and to prevent possible epidemics. The spatio-temporal evolution of CL from 2000 to 2015 in the study area revealed the endemic and epidemic character of the disease with a variation in the number of cases according to provinces, and districts. The sharp decrease of cases observed in the study area could be explained by the several control measures that concern the different actors of leishmaniasis. According to the statistical study, the presence of leishmaniasis is mainly related to population movement and environmental conditions. The results of the clinical identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis in the study area showed a diversity of clinical features with the presence of symptoms miming for L. tropica or L. infantum. This result was confirmed by the molecular study PCR-ITS1-RFLP.

In North Africa, the parasite Echinococcus granulosus is transmitted in a synanthropic cycle evolving mainly between dogs (DH) and sheep (IH), but other animals like cattle are most often found to be more infested with hydatid cysts but their potential role in human contamination via dogs is unknown. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence and fertility rates of hydatid cysts in ruminants (cattle and sheep) in two slaughterhouses in central and eastern Algeria. Determining the frequency and fertility of cysts in cattle will assess the degree of involvement of this species, alongside sheep, in the epidemiological cycle of E. granulosus in Algeria. In the present study, prevalence rates were estimated at 4.9% and 10% in slaughtered ruminants, all species combined at the slaughterhouses of El Harrach and Souk Ahras, respectively. The distribution of the prevalence by species indicates higher infestation rates in cattle compared to sheep: 6% vs 3.9% and 37% vs 4.7% in the slaughterhouses of El Harrach and Souk Ahras, respectively. The survey results showed relatively low cyst fertility rates in cattle compared to sheep: 13.8% vs 43.7% and 33.3% vs 71.4% in the two slaughterhouses, El Harrach and Souk Ahras, respectively. The low fertility rate of cysts in cattle can be explained by a poor adaptation of the species, E. granulosus sensu stricto, previously identified by molecular analysis in all samples of hydatid cysts collected from cattle in Algeria. In conclusion, cattle infested with E. granulosus sensu stricto, with low fertility rates, play a minor role in the epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis in Algeria. It is rather an indicator of the persistence of cystic echinococcosis infection in endemic regions.

Mosquito control in Cameroon relies largely on the proper use of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs). It is necessary to monitor their effectiveness in order to propose corrective measures to improve the strategy. The aim of this work was to determine the physical integrity and effectiveness of LLINs (Interceptor brand) on Anopheles gambiae s.l. populations in two urban and rural areas of the Ayos health district. The level of LLIN coverage and use was assessed through a population survey. The physical integrity of LLINs was assessed by measuring the holes according to the WHO method. Bio-efficacy testing of ITNs was carried out according to the cone test protocol using 2-5-day-old, non-blood fed Anopheles gambiae s.l. females from the natural field strain and the reference susceptible strain. Household LLIN coverage rates in urban and rural areas were 55.50% and 66.94%, respectively. On the other hand, the rates of use were 78.01% and 75.22% in urban and rural areas respectively. The proportion of nets that had lost their physical integrity after 36 months of use was 47.00% and 59.63% in urban and rural areas respectively. The size of holes ranged from 0.5 to 25 cm. Alphacypermethrin was found to be ineffective against both strains of Anopheles gambiae s.l. tested. Knockdown rates ranged from 8.5% to 73% for the reference susceptible strain and less than 2.5% for the natural field strain. Mortality rates for the natural strain of Anopheles gambiae s.l. ranged from 0% to 2.5% while they were between 29% and 70% for the susceptible strain. The results show a decrease in the effectiveness of LLINs against the mosquitoes tested. This may be due to the lower than expected WHO possession and use rates of LLINs, their relatively high degree of wear and tear, and the resistance of the vectors to alphacypermethrin.

During dry season of 2014, some ticks were collected on cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus) and grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus) in sugar complex areas of Savanna District of Côte-d'Ivoire. Two localities were concerned; SUCAF 1 in Ferkessédougou and SUCAF 2 in Komborodougou. The main objective was to inventory tick species that parasite cattle and grasscutters in this region, then, to identify the shared species between these two groups of animals. To this end, ticks were collected from 70 cattle (35 females and 35 males) and 50 grasscutters (30 females and 20 males). Four tick species were found on cattle: Amblyomma variegatum, Hyalomma truncatum, Rhipicephalus annulatus and Rhipicephalus microplus. On grasscutters, three species of ticks were found: A. variegatum, Ixodes aulacodi and Rhipicephalus simpsoni. The species A. variegatum dominated cattle infestation and was the only tick present in the two groups of animals. But, only immature forms were found on grasscutters. This later specie was mainly infested by adults R. simpsoni.

This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and tolerance of two ACTs widely used for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum in Niger. The study was conducted from September to November 2017, at the Integrated Health Centers of Dogondoutchi and Birni N'Gaouré, in patients aged from 6 months to 15 years, with uncomplicated malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. They were treated with either Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) or Artesunate-Amodiaquine (ASAQ). The primary endpoint was the appropriate clinical and parasitological response (RCPA) to D28, after PCR correction. The secondary criteria were the clearing time of fever, parasites, and gametocytes and then the occurrence of adverse events. A total of 459 patients were examined, of whom 312 patients met the inclusion criteria for therapeutic efficacy evaluation. We have followed 299 patients up to J28 including 146 in the AL arm and 153 in the ASAQ arm. After PCR correction at J28, RCPA were 95.8% and 96% (P = 0.7185) for arms AL and ASAQ, respectively, compared to 93.1% and 94.1% respectively before PCR correction (P = 0.7892). The number of patients on AL and ASAQ treatment who developed an adverse reaction were 6 (7.6%) and 23 (28%) respectively. AL and ASAQ associations are effective and well tolerated. No serious adverse event was noted. However, their monitoring must continue to detect possible resistance.

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are an HIV key population in Haiti. However, little data exists on that population and on factors associated with this infection. Our study carried out the factors associated with HIV-positive screening among MSM in a community-based rapid testing program in Haiti between 2015 and 2018. Among the 1416 MSM screened, a third reported that it was their very first HIV test and 7.0% had an HIV-positive test. With a median age of 25 years old [21-29], over half of them were living in urban areas (60.7%) and were in financial precarious conditions (68.6%). Multivariate analysis showed that two factors were significantly associated with an HIVpositive result: having had an STI in the last 12 months, strengthened by psychoactive drug use; transactional sex practice in the last 12 months, strengthened by the age between 18 and 20 years old. These results should be taken into account when developing and implementing targeted and comprehensive HIV prevention programs and services for young MSM in Haiti.

One of the major obstacles to improve the performance of immunization programs is the lack of competent health personnel. To increase the availability of qualified health personnel, the Agence de Médecine Préventive (Agency of Preventive Medicine) has set up a technical assistance focused on supportive supervision. The objective of this study is to analyze the cost of this supportive supervision in 10 health districts of Côte-d'Ivoire. The data extracted from the financial and technical reports of the supportive supervisions included personnel costs (salary, per diem), transportation, communication, office supplies, vehicle maintenance and depreciation. The analysis consisted of estimating the total cost of the supportive supervision, the total cost per item and the average cost of a supervisory visit. The conduct of 40 supportive supervision visits amounted to 44,675.12 USD. Of this amount, recurring costs were 40,112.12 USD (89.79%) and non-recurring costs were 4,563 USD (10.21%). The unit cost per supervisory visit was 1,116.88 USD. The cost of personnel was the largest cost. The total cost of the formative supervision would be reduced by 58.68% through the resort to local facilities' staff for the supervision, and the review of the useful life of the vehicles. The costs for implementing supportive supervision were acceptable in comparison to the benefits. Mastering personnel costs, optimizing the scheduling of supervision tours and frequency of visits focused on districts with the lowest EPI indicators could lead to cost savings.