Bulletin de la Societe de pathologie exotique最新文献

Leishmaniasis is a zoonotic disease of importance in Argentina. It is important to be acquainted with its possible natural hosts and reservoirs. Bats have several reservoir attributes, which means they could fulfill these roles. The aim of this work was to investigate the presence of Leishmania sp. in bats that inhabit the city of Corrientes. Bats were captured and identified. From the captured specimens, spleen samples were taken and Leishmania sp. detection techniques were applied, including both optical microscopy and PCR. It was possible to capture 95 bat specimens belonging to 10 species. Using cytological preparations, a prevalence of 1.29% was detected and using PCR a prevalence of 32% was found. Our results confirm the presence of natural infection by Leishmania sp. in bats of the city of Corrientes which reveals the possibility of these animal species fulfilling a reservoir role for this disease.

The number of papers regarding envenoming is increasing but they often miss information and presentation to assess the needs for proper management. The author suggests some criteria to make data more informative and makes recommendations to improve the presentation of the method and results used for the study, and build argued discussion.

A retrospective study was conducted at the Sfax hospitals between 2013 and 2014 to study the susceptibility to antibiotics of Haemophilus influenzae after the introduction of Hib vaccination in Tunisia. Capsular typing was done by PCR. MICs for β-lactams were determined by E-test^®. The bla_TEM, bla_ROB and ftsI genes were searched using PCR. Among the 259 strains of H. influenzae isolated, 248 (95.7%) were non-invasive. Five strains were encapsulated (3 type b and 2 type c). Resistance rates were 33.4% for ampicillin, 10.4% for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 2.3% for cefixime, 1.1% for cefotaxime and 1.9% for fluoroquinolones. Among the strains resistant to β-lactams, 67 produced β-lactamase type TEM and 40 had a modification of PLP3. This study shows the change in the epidemiology of H. influenzae induced by vaccination with a dramatic decrease of invasive infections. Replacement with other capsular types or with non-typable strains that may be resistant to antibiotics requires continuous surveillance for H. influenzae infections.

Transgender people are a population vulnerable to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) due to frequent adoption of risky sexual behaviours. To reorient prevention interventions in this population, this study aims to identify factors associated with high-risk sexual behaviours. It's a cross-sectional study. The subjects were recruited by driven respondents sampling throughout the country in December 2017. They included subjects who identified themselves as Male to Female transgender and who adopted such an image. The data were collected by questionnaire. The variables were multi-partnership and condom use during sex. Proportion comparisons were made with Pearson's Chi2 test and multiple logistic modeling was performed. The prevalence of multipartnership was 83.85% and the prevalence of condom use during last intercourse was 92.41%. Sexual risk behaviours were associated with age (P = 0.004), occupation (P = 0.000), education level (P = 0.025), family and friends' attitudes towards transgender status (P = 0.044) and HIV prevention knowledge level (P < 0.05). The factors identified should be integrated into transgender interventions in Benin with a focus on improving knowledge in HIV prevention.

Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti are two potential vectors of arboviruses in Douala. Knowing their breeding behaviour and insecticide resistance status would allow for better design of control activities. Mosquito larvae and nymphs were captured from breeding sites from July to September 2017, in Ndogbong, PK21 and Yassa, three neighbourhoods of the city of Douala, with ecological peculiarities. They were reared to adults and then identified to species. Female mosquitoes aged 3 to 5 days, not fed on blood, were tested for pyrethroid sensibility. Overall, 144 breeding artificial and natural sites were identified in the 3 neighbourhoods. A. albopictus was the single species found in most of the breeding sites (64.6%), whereas A. aegypti was found only in 4 sites (2.8%). Both species lived sympatrically in 47 sites (32.6%). Morphological identification of 8,160 adults revealed a significantly higher abundance of A. albopictus compared with A. aegypti (88.8% versus 11.2%). Insecticide resistance test with deltamethrin and permethrin revealed resistance in female A. aegypti and A. albopictus from Ndogbong and Yassa (mortality rates ‹ 92%). A. albopictus shows better adaptation to artificial breeding sites in Douala and their resistance to recommended insecticides calls for new insecticidal molecules.

To study relationship between migraine and epilepsy in adolescents and adults in northern Benin in 2018, a cross-sectional study with control group was conducted at Parakou in Benin. Cases were people with epilepsy (PWE) according to ILAE (International League Against Epilepsy) definition and followed at the Neurology Department of the Teaching Hospital of Borgou. Each case was matched to three controls (population-based controls) on age, sex and living area. Migraine was defined according to the ICHD-3 beta criteria of 2013. Conditional logistic regression models were used for associations. Thirty cases and ninety controls were included. The mean age was 32 ± 15 years for the cases and 32 ± 15 years for the controls with a sex-ratio (M/W) of 1.45. Migraine frequency in PWE was 63.33% and 17.78% in controls. After adjustment there were 8 times more migraine headaches in PWE than in controls (OR = 8.53; CI 95%: 2.6-28.0; P < 0.001).Epilepsy is associated with an increased frequency of migraine headaches.

Envenomation by snakebite can lead to hematological, circulatory, digestive, renal, and neurological complications. Brain abscess after snakebite envenomation is exceptional and very rarely reported in the literature. In this article, we describe the clinical case of a 45-year-old woman with no particular history, admitted to our department for vigilance disturbances linked to a motor deficit on the right side and fever after viper bite on the left thumb. The clinical examination showed a marked biological inflammatory syndrome. The brain scan with iodine injection suggested a left fronto-parietal brain abscess. Tri-antibiotic therapy, combined with the administration of corticosteroids, resulted in favorable outcome.

The issue of catching up vaccines among children and adult migrants is of concern in France. Migrants do not represent a homogeneous population, but a majority of them are insufficiently vaccinated on the basis of the French vaccination schedule that includes more vaccine than those of their countries of origin. Among migrants, people in precarious situations or belonging to certain social groups have poorer immunization coverage, are exposed to a delay in the implementation of their catch-up and are at higher risk of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases. Epidemic situations of vaccine-preventable diseases have been observed in France, accelerating the awareness of the need to implement catch-up vaccination programs and highlighting the difficulties to implement this catch-up in people who have, for the most, already received vaccinations in their countries of origin but have no vaccine proof. Different catch-up strategies are possible with or without pre- or post-vaccination serologies and were the subject of recommendations co-developed by the French High Authority in Health (HAS) and the French Infectious Disease Society (SPILF).

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) has been described in West Africa (WA) since the beginning of the 20th century. The incidence of cases has markedly increased during the last decades in several countries of the region. Despite that, data remain scarce and fragmentary. The current incidence and geographic distribution of the disease as well as the involved vectors and reservoirs remain poorly documented. The objective of this review was to collect and analyze available data about CL in WA in order to improve the management of cases and the control of the disease transmission. A systematic literature review was performed using the Pubmed, Google Scholar and Hinari databases. Publications focusing on epidemiological aspects of CL, involved parasite species, sand flies and potential reservoir hosts were searched without any restrictions. Unpublished studies were extracted from Google. Manuscripts without full text or summary available were excluded as well as those whose summaries did not contain any usable data. One hundred and fifteen studies were recorded. Among them, 93 filled selection criteria. CL has been reported in 10 West African countries with outbreaks described in five countries. Burkina Faso, where the average incidence of the disease is around 928 cases per year, and Ghana seem to be the most affected. Cases have been confirmed in the majority of studies by microscopy sometimes associated with culture or histology. The exposure rate to Leishmania infection based on leishmanin skin test was relatively high with an overall average of 30.2%. Leishmania major was the only species identified with a predominance of MON-74 (62%) and MON-26 (30.6%) zymodemes. Phlebotomus duboscqi is retained as the vector whereas Sergentomyia darlingi and Sergentomyia ingrami were found naturally infected. Rodents including Arvicanthis niloticus, Gerbilliscus gambiana and Mastomys spp. are reported as the main reservoir hosts. Additional studies are needed to better characterize CL in WA in order to optimize the management of cases and to organize the control of the disease transmission.