{"title":"Miasma: Malaria’s Breeding Grounds and Effects on Ancient Rome","authors":"Jazz Demetrioff","doi":"10.21971/PI29367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/PI29367","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":"806 1","pages":"3-32"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78460385","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Analysis of the Socio-Economic Viewpoints within the Writings of Patriarchs Athanasios I and Philotheos Kokkinos","authors":"Cahit Mete Oguz","doi":"10.21971/pi29368","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29368","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":"25 1","pages":"33-48"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87076517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article is an examination of African American high school student activism during the black freedom struggle by youth from Lawnside, New Jersey; one of ten self-governing African American communities in the United States. A critical factor in Lawnside’s historical narrative is that its young people both historically and today attend segregated elementary school and then integrated high school in the historically all white community of Haddon Heights. From 1965-1971, many African American young people from Lawnside were inspired to address decades of inequality and African American educational and cultural concerns by engaging in acts of collective violence and non-violent direct action. These protest efforts included a boycott, two sit-ins, a protest march, and a formal list of demands. African American high school students from Lawnside expressed similar grievances to African American youth in other locations, they demonstrated considerable activist autonomy from parents and outside organizations, and female students often held positions of influence and leadership.
{"title":"By Pen, Sword, and Struggle","authors":"J. Romisher","doi":"10.21971/pi29356","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29356","url":null,"abstract":"This article is an examination of African American high school student activism during the black freedom struggle by youth from Lawnside, New Jersey; one of ten self-governing African American communities in the United States. A critical factor in Lawnside’s historical narrative is that its young people both historically and today attend segregated elementary school and then integrated high school in the historically all white community of Haddon Heights. From 1965-1971, many African American young people from Lawnside were inspired to address decades of inequality and African American educational and cultural concerns by engaging in acts of collective violence and non-violent direct action. These protest efforts included a boycott, two sit-ins, a protest march, and a formal list of demands. African American high school students from Lawnside expressed similar grievances to African American youth in other locations, they demonstrated considerable activist autonomy from parents and outside organizations, and female students often held positions of influence and leadership.","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":"34 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72392838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, I offer to look at Narcisus et Dané and the Roman de Silence, two pieces of Old French poetry which have in common the refusal of the physical love of a noblewoman by the main character, leading to the unveiling of the “male nature” of Narcisus and the hidden female nature behind the manly appearance of Silence. I propose to read these passages as failures of a sexual initiation expected from young noblemen, and thus as a missed step toward an accomplished manhood. From this disruption into courtly narratives emerges the issue of unconventional desire and gender deviance, because the failure is not just a negative act, but also the creation of something unexpected, a different narrative and a new space. Following Judith Halberstam, I interrogate the possibility of a transgender or transversal look into these two stories, especially with the play between gendered expectations and agencies, the blurring of male and female points of identification for the reader and the gaze of Merlin, the wild man who sees the truth of nature under social surfaces. The purpose is to open up toward a more global understanding of what it is to become a man in the Middle Ages, what sexual behavior is expected from young people and how the poetry manages both gendered expectations and their questioning.
在这篇文章中，我将对《Narcisus et dan》和《Roman de Silence》这两首古法国诗歌进行分析，这两首诗的共同点是主人公拒绝了一位贵妇的肉体爱情，从而揭示了Narcisus的“男性本性”和《Silence》的男性外表背后隐藏的女性本性。我建议把这些段落解读为年轻贵族期望的性启蒙的失败，从而作为迈向成熟男子的一步。从这种对宫廷叙事的破坏中出现了非常规欲望和性别偏差的问题，因为失败不仅仅是一种消极的行为，而且还创造了意想不到的东西，一种不同的叙事和一个新的空间。跟随朱迪思·哈伯斯坦(Judith Halberstam)，我对这两个故事进行了跨性别或横向观察的可能性进行了质疑，尤其是性别期望和代理之间的游戏，对读者来说，男性和女性身份点的模糊，以及梅林的凝视，一个在社会表面下看到自然真相的野蛮人。这样做的目的是为了让人们更全面地了解在中世纪成为一个男人是什么样子的，人们对年轻人的性行为有什么期望，以及诗歌是如何处理性别期望和对性别期望的质疑的。
{"title":"Looking at Failed Masculinity","authors":"Anthony Revelle","doi":"10.21971/pi29354","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29354","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, I offer to look at Narcisus et Dané and the Roman de Silence, two pieces of Old French poetry which have in common the refusal of the physical love of a noblewoman by the main character, leading to the unveiling of the “male nature” of Narcisus and the hidden female nature behind the manly appearance of Silence. I propose to read these passages as failures of a sexual initiation expected from young noblemen, and thus as a missed step toward an accomplished manhood. From this disruption into courtly narratives emerges the issue of unconventional desire and gender deviance, because the failure is not just a negative act, but also the creation of something unexpected, a different narrative and a new space. Following Judith Halberstam, I interrogate the possibility of a transgender or transversal look into these two stories, especially with the play between gendered expectations and agencies, the blurring of male and female points of identification for the reader and the gaze of Merlin, the wild man who sees the truth of nature under social surfaces. The purpose is to open up toward a more global understanding of what it is to become a man in the Middle Ages, what sexual behavior is expected from young people and how the poetry manages both gendered expectations and their questioning.","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78706158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
On 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union conducted its first successful detonation of a nuclear weapon, ending the American monopoly on atomic technology and introducing the threat of imminent nuclear annihilation to the American homeland. This essay explores the effect of Cold War atomic culture on the school lives of elementary-aged American children during the early 1950s. In examining this cohort schoolchildren, this study emphasizes the potency of the nuclear beliefs, fears, and concerns that led legislators, educators, and activists to forcefully push for even the youngest of children to meaningfully learn about the atomic threat. I focus on curricular guidelines produced by the Federal Civil Defense Administration and the states of North Carolina and Michigan, as well as the landmark film Duck and Cover. These teaching resources shared four major themes: they attempted to conventionalize the new atomic threat; urged children to obey authority figures; emphasized the importance of self-reliance for survival; and characterized nuclear attack as unavoidable. Ultimately, this research demonstrates that what was taught to schoolchildren about nuclear weapons in this period was indicative of the nuclear attitudes and beliefs of their educators, parents, and communities. Thus, in seeking to understand school curricula it is necessary to understand the broader historical context from which the curricula emerged; similarly, school curricula can reveal the major issues and concerns of society that were deemed so important as to permeate the lives of the youngest of children.
{"title":"“We Must Be Ready”","authors":"Emily Y. Tran","doi":"10.21971/pi29355","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29355","url":null,"abstract":"On 29 August 1949, the Soviet Union conducted its first successful detonation of a nuclear weapon, ending the American monopoly on atomic technology and introducing the threat of imminent nuclear annihilation to the American homeland. This essay explores the effect of Cold War atomic culture on the school lives of elementary-aged American children during the early 1950s. In examining this cohort schoolchildren, this study emphasizes the potency of the nuclear beliefs, fears, and concerns that led legislators, educators, and activists to forcefully push for even the youngest of children to meaningfully learn about the atomic threat. I focus on curricular guidelines produced by the Federal Civil Defense Administration and the states of North Carolina and Michigan, as well as the landmark film Duck and Cover. These teaching resources shared four major themes: they attempted to conventionalize the new atomic threat; urged children to obey authority figures; emphasized the importance of self-reliance for survival; and characterized nuclear attack as unavoidable. Ultimately, this research demonstrates that what was taught to schoolchildren about nuclear weapons in this period was indicative of the nuclear attitudes and beliefs of their educators, parents, and communities. Thus, in seeking to understand school curricula it is necessary to understand the broader historical context from which the curricula emerged; similarly, school curricula can reveal the major issues and concerns of society that were deemed so important as to permeate the lives of the youngest of children.","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75129825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates possible evidence of seasonal movement of animals – transhumance – in the Greek archaeological record. By engaging with the so-called Agropastoral Debate in Thessaly this analysis argues that regionalism and rising urbanization forced a marked reliance on wool-based economy. The increased demand for wool created herd sizes larger than what local subsistence agriculture could support. Shepherds were required to move with their herds and utilize either short- or long-distance transhumance within Thessaly. This multidisciplinary approach examines transhumant domestication through ethnographic, ethnohistoric and literary sources integrated with palaeobotanical, material, cultural, and zooarchaeological evidence at Classical-Hellenistic sites in the regions of Thessalian Phthiotis (Pharsalos) and Achaia Phthiotis (New Halos, and Kastro Kallithea) in southeast Thessaly. Preliminary data supports mobile pastoralism in antiquity and argues for transhumant domestication in Thessaly by at least the Hellenistic period. This study is part of a larger research project interested in animal management practices and domesticated sheep and goat herd movements in ancient Thessaly.
{"title":"The Interwoven Effects of Regionalism in Southeast Thessaly","authors":"K. Bishop","doi":"10.21971/pi29353","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29353","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates possible evidence of seasonal movement of animals – transhumance – in the Greek archaeological record. By engaging with the so-called Agropastoral Debate in Thessaly this analysis argues that regionalism and rising urbanization forced a marked reliance on wool-based economy. The increased demand for wool created herd sizes larger than what local subsistence agriculture could support. Shepherds were required to move with their herds and utilize either short- or long-distance transhumance within Thessaly. This multidisciplinary approach examines transhumant domestication through ethnographic, ethnohistoric and literary sources integrated with palaeobotanical, material, cultural, and zooarchaeological evidence at Classical-Hellenistic sites in the regions of Thessalian Phthiotis (Pharsalos) and Achaia Phthiotis (New Halos, and Kastro Kallithea) in southeast Thessaly. Preliminary data supports mobile pastoralism in antiquity and argues for transhumant domestication in Thessaly by at least the Hellenistic period. This study is part of a larger research project interested in animal management practices and domesticated sheep and goat herd movements in ancient Thessaly.","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83171431","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the mid-thirteenth until the early sixteenth century, the Teutonic Order existed as one of the most unusual political entities in Europe. Founded in late twelfth century Palestine as a German crusading order with close ties to the Holy Roman Emperor, the Order’s focus would not remain long in Palestine as it began a long series of wars to conquer, convert, and settle the regions bordering the eastern portions of the Baltic Sea.1 Uniquely among crusading orders, the Teutonic Knights would become increasingly important territorial rulers in that region over the course of the thirteenth, fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, before a gradual decline began in the fifteenth century. Military attacks led to losses in territory, even as rhetorical ones threatened the Order’s legitimacy, pushing it into a precarious position by the early sixteenth century. In 1525, the Order’s leading figures secularized the Prussian Ordensstaat by their official conversion to Lutheranism, thereby creating the first territorial Lutheran state in Europe.2 At the same time, the former Grandmaster, now Duke of Prussia, accepted Polish sovereignty and became a subject of the Polish Crown, securing the stability of the new state.3
{"title":"Armoured in Righteousness","authors":"A. Christ","doi":"10.21971/pi29345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29345","url":null,"abstract":"From the mid-thirteenth until the early sixteenth century, the Teutonic Order existed as one of the most unusual political entities in Europe. Founded in late twelfth century Palestine as a German crusading order with close ties to the Holy Roman Emperor, the Order’s focus would not remain long in Palestine as it began a long series of wars to conquer, convert, and settle the regions bordering the eastern portions of the Baltic Sea.1 Uniquely among crusading orders, the Teutonic Knights would become increasingly important territorial rulers in that region over the course of the thirteenth, fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, before a gradual decline began in the fifteenth century. Military attacks led to losses in territory, even as rhetorical ones threatened the Order’s legitimacy, pushing it into a precarious position by the early sixteenth century. In 1525, the Order’s leading figures secularized the Prussian Ordensstaat by their official conversion to Lutheranism, thereby creating the first territorial Lutheran state in Europe.2 At the same time, the former Grandmaster, now Duke of Prussia, accepted Polish sovereignty and became a subject of the Polish Crown, securing the stability of the new state.3","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":"36 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85888683","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
She represented the virtues so desired by the new order: the transcendence of localism, superstition, and particularity in the name of a more disciplined and universalistic worship. She belonged to no group, to no particular place. She was the antithesis of those “ridiculous usages, gothic formulas, absurd and puerile etiquette, and the right usurped by the clergy,” which radicals had already denounced in 1790.
{"title":"Gender, the Secular, and the Image of the Marianne in the French Revolution","authors":"Kristina Molin Cherneski","doi":"10.21971/pi29348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29348","url":null,"abstract":"She represented the virtues so desired by the new order: the transcendence of localism, superstition, and particularity in the name of a more disciplined and universalistic worship. She belonged to no group, to no particular place. She was the antithesis of those “ridiculous usages, gothic formulas, absurd and puerile etiquette, and the right usurped by the clergy,” which radicals had already denounced in 1790.","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":"318 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90595990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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