Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3828/liverpool/9781800348400.003.0001
Pierre-Philippe Fraiture
This prelude focuses on the role played by international organizations such as the United Nations and UNESCO to manage political decolonization in the immediate post-World War II era and envisage the basis for cultural emancipation in the ‘non-self-governing’ and ‘trust’ territories controlled by European empires. In France, this period coincided with attempts to explore African cultures and understand their development in the context of late colonialism. In 1948, Madeleine Rousseau and Cheikh Anta Diop edited a special issue of Le Musée vivant entitled ‘1848 Abolition de l’esclavage - 1948 Evidence de la culture nègre’. This publication, which included contributions by Michel Leiris and Jacques Howlett but also by lesser known figures such as Olivier Le Corneur and the Belgian literary critic Auguste Verbeken, examined the factors behind a possible ‘African renaissance’ (C.A Diop) in literature and the arts. The views defended here capture the mood of a period torn between an allegiance to existentialism and the ontological tenets of the Bantu philosophy as expounded by Placide Tempels.
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This conclusion provides a critical commentary of the main findings of this study by focussing on the specific contributions of its principal authors and the political and intellectual context in which they rose to prominence in the 1945-1960 period. More specifically, it also returns to the anti-colonial agenda of Georges Balandier and Cheikh Anta Diop and concludes that, despite the novelty of their claims, they remained dependent on the ‘colonial library’. This conclusion also identifies the main epistemological obstacles faced by post-war anti-colonial scholars and some of their successors up to the twenty-first century (Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, Duncan Campbell and Felwine Sarr). It is argued here that more than sixty years after the political decolonization of sub-Saharan African the north-south axis that had presided over the colonial management of the world is still a major global force.
本结论通过关注主要作者的具体贡献以及他们在1945-1960年期间崭露头角的政治和知识背景，对本研究的主要发现进行了批判性评论。更具体地说，它还回到了Georges Balandier和Cheikh Anta Diop的反殖民议程，并得出结论，尽管他们的主张很新颖，但他们仍然依赖于“殖民图书馆”。这一结论还指出了战后反殖民学者及其一些继任者在21世纪所面临的主要认识论障碍(Ngũgĩ wa Thiong 'o, Duncan Campbell和Felwine Sarr)。本文认为，在撒哈拉以南非洲的政治非殖民化60多年后，曾经主持殖民管理世界的南北轴心仍然是一股主要的全球力量。
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Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3828/liverpool/9781800348400.003.0003
Pierre-Philippe Fraiture
What is historical time and how was its traditional – evolutionist - perception maintained during the colonial period but also contested in the years that led to the decolonization of Africa? These two questions inform this chapter. The first one is meta-critical and aims to explore, via thinkers operating at the intersection of history, memory studies, and philosophy (e.g. Dipesh Chakrabarty, Peter Fritzsche, François Hartog, VY Mudimbe, and Stefan Tanaka), the epistemological factors presiding over the development of history but also anthropology and museology during the colonial period; the second question relies more substantially on texts disseminated during the 1945-1960 era by French and African intellectuals like Balandier (‘La Situation coloniale’), Lévi-Strauss (Race et histoire), Ki-Zerbo (‘Histoire et conscience nègre’), and Sartre (‘Orphée noir’). The notion of progress, in its Christian/missionary and secular meanings, is examined through the prism of the two temporal notions – ‘space of experience’ and ‘horizon of expectation’ – theorized by Koselleck in Futures Past. It will be shown that post-war Africanist scholarship, albeit still reliant on developmentalist grids, was able to emancipate itself from the racist tropes that had hitherto been used to define Africa and African cultures.
什么是历史时间?它的传统的——进化论的——观念在殖民时期是如何维持的，但在导致非洲非殖民化的岁月里又是如何受到质疑的?这两个问题构成了本章的内容。第一个是元批判，旨在通过在历史、记忆研究和哲学的交叉点上工作的思想家(如Dipesh Chakrabarty、Peter Fritzsche、franois Hartog、VY Mudimbe和Stefan Tanaka)，探索在殖民时期主导历史、人类学和博物馆学发展的认识论因素;第二个问题更多地依赖于1945年至1960年期间法国和非洲知识分子传播的文本，如Balandier(《La Situation coloniale》)、lsami - strauss(《Race et histoire》)、Ki-Zerbo(《histoire et conscience n》)和Sartre(《orphsamade noir》)。进步的概念，在其基督教/传教士和世俗意义上，是通过两个时间概念的棱镜来检验的——“经验空间”和“期望的地平线”——由科塞莱克在《未来的过去》中理论化。它将表明，战后非洲主义学术，尽管仍然依赖于发展主义的网格，能够从迄今为止用来定义非洲和非洲文化的种族主义比喻中解放出来。
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Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.5040/9781472563590.ch-005
Pierre-Philippe Fraiture
This chapter examines the significance of Afrique ambiguë and ascertains how this autobiographical narrative resonates with Balandier’s other scientific outputs (e.g. Sociologie actuelle de l’Afrique noire). This book provides a wealth of information to understand how the decolonization of sub-Saharan Africa unfolded in the 1950s. The many ambiguities recorded by Balandier are played out on the cultural, political, and religious planes. However, it is also a book testifying to Balandier’s efforts to account for the chronological complexity of decolonization, a historical process in which tradition and modernity, progress and development, but also past, present, and future are approached from a non-developmentalist angle. The first part focuses on Balandier’s exploration of the environmental devastation brought about by colonialism in British-ruled Nigeria and in French Congo. The second part examines the issue of cultural dispossession but also, via a focus on female circumcision, the strategies adopted by locals to transform traditional customs. The third part is devoted to Kongo messianism and analyses how some prophets used biblical messages to develop an anti-colonial agenda and reform the Kongo cosmogony.
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Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3828/liverpool/9781800348400.003.0004
Pierre-Philippe Fraiture
This chapter focuses on the 1953 film Les Statues meurent aussi by Chris Marker and Alain Resnais. The film was commissioned by Présence Africaine, the publisher and academic journal, which would radically transform France’s post-war intellectual landscape and pave the way for a wholesale reassessment of the relationship between Africa and the West in the arts, literature, the human sciences and philosophy. Les Statues, which is analysed here to ascertain how, in a given present, the temporal dimensions of past and future are related, resonates with the main concerns of this period: it embraces its ethno-philosophical mood, bemoans the commodification of African art in European museums, calls for the establishment of a new humanism but also militates for a more equitable and post-racial world order. The documentary, and the mournful discussion that it conducts on the imminent death of African art, is appraised against a set of viewpoints by Placide Tempels (La Philosophie bantoue) Cheikh Anta Diop (L’Unité culturelle de l’Afrique noire), Georges Balandier (‘Arts perdus’), and VY Mudimbe (‘Reprendre’). The chapter also examines the long-term legacy of Les Statues and considers the response to it by the Irish video artist Duncan Campbell in It for Others.
这一章的重点是1953年由克里斯·马克和阿兰·雷奈拍摄的电影《当代澳大利亚的雕像》。这部电影是由出版商兼学术期刊《pramesence Africaine》委托拍摄的，它将彻底改变法国战后的知识界格局，并为全面重新评估非洲与西方在艺术、文学、人文科学和哲学方面的关系铺平道路。《雕像》在这里被分析，以确定在给定的当下，过去和未来的时间维度是如何联系在一起的，它与这一时期的主要问题产生共鸣:它拥抱了种族哲学的情绪，哀叹非洲艺术在欧洲博物馆的商品化，呼吁建立一种新的人文主义，但也促进了一个更公平和后种族的世界秩序。这部纪录片，以及它对非洲艺术即将死亡的哀伤讨论，是根据普莱赛德·坦普尔(La Philosophie bantoue)、谢赫·安塔·迪奥普(L ' ununiteculturelle de L ' afrique noire)、乔治·巴兰迪尔(Georges Balandier)和维·穆迪贝(VY Mudimbe)的一系列观点进行评价的。本章还考察了Les Statues的长期遗产，并考虑了爱尔兰视频艺术家邓肯·坎贝尔(Duncan Campbell)在《为了他人》(it for Others)中对此的回应。
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Pub Date : 2021-06-01DOI: 10.3828/liverpool/9781800348400.003.0005
Pierre-Philippe Fraiture
When they set out to colonize Africa, Europeans were faced with the pressing issue of mastering the African multilingual landscape. This chapter explores the role of languages and language policies in francophone sub-Saharan Africa (AOF and Belgian Congo) and pays attention to the biopolitical arsenal deployed by imperial administrations to manage linguistic issues. By focussing on the works of some Third Republic figures like Louis Faidherbe, Onésime Reclus, and Maurice Delafosse, it is shown that strict evolutionist taxonomies were used to foster the predominance of French and assign a vehicular role to African languages such as Swahili, Fula and Wolof. The cultural assimilation engendered by colonialism bore witness to the emergence of Francophonized African scholars such as Cheikh Anta Diop and Amadou Hampâté Bâ who, after WW2, promoted African languages to fulfil their anti-colonial and pan-Africanist agenda. This project of linguistic decolonization is explored via a close examination of Nations nègres et culture by C.A. Diop. His promotion of Wolof, a programme set in motion against Senghorian francophonie, is still ongoing now as demonstrated by the Céytu translation project initiated by Boubacar Boris Diop in 2016.
当欧洲人开始殖民非洲时，他们面临着掌握非洲多语言景观的紧迫问题。本章探讨了语言和语言政策在撒哈拉以南非洲法语国家(AOF和比属刚果)的作用，并关注了帝国政府为管理语言问题而部署的生物政治武器库。通过关注一些第三共和国人物的作品，如路易斯·费得尔贝、onsamme Reclus和莫里斯·德拉福塞，我们发现严格的进化分类法被用来促进法语的主导地位，并赋予非洲语言如斯瓦希里语、富拉语和沃洛夫语一个媒介角色。殖民主义造成的文化同化见证了法语非洲学者的出现，如Cheikh Anta Diop和Amadou hampt b，他们在二战后推广非洲语言，以实现他们的反殖民主义和泛非主义议程。这个语言非殖民化的项目是通过C.A.迪奥普对国家文化的仔细研究来探索的。鲍里斯·迪奥普(Boubacar Boris Diop)于2016年发起的csamytu翻译项目证明了他对Wolof的推广，这是一项针对桑戈里法语国家的运动，目前仍在进行中。
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{"title":"Almost Home: Maroons Between Slavery and Freedom in Jamaica, Nova Scotia, and Sierra Leon, by Ruma Chopra, Yale University Press, 2018.","authors":"Richard Yeomans","doi":"10.21971/pi29371","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29371","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82179249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Economic and Transactional Language in the Confessions","authors":"D. McCarthy","doi":"10.21971/pi29369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21971/pi29369","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93671,"journal":{"name":"Past imperfect (Edmonton, Alta.)","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-11-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80659578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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