Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000144
Erin O’Donnell
In settler colonial states, the doctrine of discovery that dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of their lands also took their waters. The original water theft of colonization was underpinned by the erroneous assumption of ‘aqua nullius’ and remains almost entirely unacknowledged and largely unaddressed. Scholarly literature has focused on the injustice of this water theft and the human rights of Indigenous Peoples (under UNDRIP as well as their human right to water). This review shows that aqua nullius also renders settler state water law not fit for purpose in two important ways. Firstly, the legitimacy of settler state water laws is contested, presenting a foundational challenge to water governance, and failing to acknowledge the plurality of water laws in settler colonial states. Secondly, settler water law is experiencing a more widespread failure to deliver ecologically sustainable water management. In responding to the injustice of aqua nullius, foundational reform of settler state water laws can enable the settler state to learn from Indigenous laws that have supported thriving communities and genuinely sustainable water management for millennia. Drawing on examples from Aotearoa New Zealand, the USA, Canada, and Australia, this review shows how acknowledging, and challenging, the false assumption of aqua nullius creates novel pathways for reform, enabling pluralist water laws and water governance models that improve both legitimacy and sustainability of settler state water governance.
{"title":"Water sovereignty for Indigenous Peoples: Pathways to pluralist, legitimate and sustainable water laws in settler colonial states","authors":"Erin O’Donnell","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000144","url":null,"abstract":"In settler colonial states, the doctrine of discovery that dispossessed Indigenous Peoples of their lands also took their waters. The original water theft of colonization was underpinned by the erroneous assumption of ‘aqua nullius’ and remains almost entirely unacknowledged and largely unaddressed. Scholarly literature has focused on the injustice of this water theft and the human rights of Indigenous Peoples (under UNDRIP as well as their human right to water). This review shows that aqua nullius also renders settler state water law not fit for purpose in two important ways. Firstly, the legitimacy of settler state water laws is contested, presenting a foundational challenge to water governance, and failing to acknowledge the plurality of water laws in settler colonial states. Secondly, settler water law is experiencing a more widespread failure to deliver ecologically sustainable water management. In responding to the injustice of aqua nullius, foundational reform of settler state water laws can enable the settler state to learn from Indigenous laws that have supported thriving communities and genuinely sustainable water management for millennia. Drawing on examples from Aotearoa New Zealand, the USA, Canada, and Australia, this review shows how acknowledging, and challenging, the false assumption of aqua nullius creates novel pathways for reform, enabling pluralist water laws and water governance models that improve both legitimacy and sustainability of settler state water governance.","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139251512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-20DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000155
Jonathan J. Halama, R. McKane, Bradley Barnhart, Paul P. Pettus, Allen Brookes, K. Djang, Vivian Phan, Sonali Chokshi, James Graham
Modeling large-scale hydrological impacts brought about by site-level green and gray stormwater remediation actions is difficult because urbanized areas are extremely complex dynamic landscapes that include engineered features that, by design, expedite urban runoff to streams, creeks, and other water bodies to reduce urban flooding during storm events. Many urban communities use heavily engineered gray infrastructure to achieve that goal, along with more recent additions of green infrastructure such as rain gardens, bioswales, and riparian corridors. Therefore, successfully characterizing those design details and associated management practices, interactions, and impacts requires a detailed understanding of how fine and course-scale hydrologic processes and routing are altered and managed in urban watersheds. To enhance hydrologic modeling capabilities of urban watersheds, we implemented a number of improvements to an existing ecohydrology model called VELMA—Visualizing Ecosystem Land Management Assessments—including the addition of spatially explicit engineered features that impact urban hydrology (e.g., impervious surfaces, curbed roadways, stormwater routing) and refinement to the computational representations of evapotranspiration by adding impervious surface evaporation. We demonstrate improved capabilities for modeling within complex urbanized watersheds by simulating stream runoff within the Longfellow Creek watershed, City of Seattle, Washington (WA), United States (US) with and without these added urban watershed characteristics. The results demonstrate that the newly improved VELMA model allows for more accurate modeling of hydrology within urban watersheds. Being a fate and transport ecohydrology model, the improved hydrologic flow enhances VELMA’s current capacity for modeling nutrient, contaminant, and thermal loadings.
由于城市化地区是极其复杂的动态景观，其中包括工程特征，根据设计，这些特征可加速城市径流流向溪流、小河和其他水体，以减少暴雨事件中的城市洪涝灾害，因此很难对场地级绿色和灰色雨水修复行动所带来的大规模水文影响进行建模。许多城市社区使用大量工程化的灰色基础设施来实现这一目标，最近还增加了雨水花园、生物渠和河岸走廊等绿色基础设施。因此，要成功描述这些设计细节和相关的管理方法、相互作用和影响，就必须详细了解城市流域中精细和河道尺度的水文过程和路由是如何改变和管理的。为了提高城市流域的水文建模能力，我们对现有的生态水文模型 VELMA（可视化生态系统土地管理评估）进行了一系列改进，包括增加影响城市水文的空间显式工程特征（如不透水表面、有路缘石的道路、雨水路由），以及通过增加不透水表面蒸发来完善蒸散的计算表述。我们通过模拟美国华盛顿州西雅图市 Longfellow Creek 流域内的溪流径流，展示了在复杂的城市化流域内建模能力的提高，包括添加和不添加这些城市流域特征。结果表明，新改进的 VELMA 模型能够更准确地模拟城市流域内的水文情况。作为一种归宿和迁移生态水文学模型，改进后的水文流增强了 VELMA 目前对营养物、污染物和热负荷进行建模的能力。
{"title":"Improved urban runoff prediction using high-resolution land-use, imperviousness, and stormwater infrastructure data applied to a process-based ecohydrological model","authors":"Jonathan J. Halama, R. McKane, Bradley Barnhart, Paul P. Pettus, Allen Brookes, K. Djang, Vivian Phan, Sonali Chokshi, James Graham","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000155","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000155","url":null,"abstract":"Modeling large-scale hydrological impacts brought about by site-level green and gray stormwater remediation actions is difficult because urbanized areas are extremely complex dynamic landscapes that include engineered features that, by design, expedite urban runoff to streams, creeks, and other water bodies to reduce urban flooding during storm events. Many urban communities use heavily engineered gray infrastructure to achieve that goal, along with more recent additions of green infrastructure such as rain gardens, bioswales, and riparian corridors. Therefore, successfully characterizing those design details and associated management practices, interactions, and impacts requires a detailed understanding of how fine and course-scale hydrologic processes and routing are altered and managed in urban watersheds. To enhance hydrologic modeling capabilities of urban watersheds, we implemented a number of improvements to an existing ecohydrology model called VELMA—Visualizing Ecosystem Land Management Assessments—including the addition of spatially explicit engineered features that impact urban hydrology (e.g., impervious surfaces, curbed roadways, stormwater routing) and refinement to the computational representations of evapotranspiration by adding impervious surface evaporation. We demonstrate improved capabilities for modeling within complex urbanized watersheds by simulating stream runoff within the Longfellow Creek watershed, City of Seattle, Washington (WA), United States (US) with and without these added urban watershed characteristics. The results demonstrate that the newly improved VELMA model allows for more accurate modeling of hydrology within urban watersheds. Being a fate and transport ecohydrology model, the improved hydrologic flow enhances VELMA’s current capacity for modeling nutrient, contaminant, and thermal loadings.","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"153 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139259699","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000183
Madison Ferrebee, Erika Osborne, Emily Garner
Various spatiotemporal, hydraulic, and water quality parameters can affect the microbial community composition of water within drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). Although some relationships between various paravmeters and microbial growth are known, the effects of spatial and temporal trends on particle-associated microbial communities in chlorinated DWDSs remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to characterize the microbial community composition of both particle-associated bacteria (PAB) and total bacteria (TB) within a full-scale chlorinated DWDS, and assess relationships between microbiavvl community and various spatiotemporal, hydraulic, and water quality parameters. Bulk water samples were collected from the treatment plant, a storage tank, and 12 other sites in a rural chlorinated DWDS at varying distances from the treatment plant on four sampling dates spanning six months. Amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene was performed to characterize the microbial community. Gammaproteobacteria dominated the DWDS, and hydraulic parameters were well-correlated with differences in microbial communities between sites. Results indicate that hydraulic changes may have led to the detachment of biofilms and loose deposits, subsequently affecting the microbial community composition at each site. Spatial variations in microbial community were stronger than temporal variations, differing from similar studies and indicating that the highly varied hydraulic conditions within this system may intensify spatial variations. Genera containing pathogenic species were detected, with Legionella and Pseudomonas detected at every site at least once and Mycobacterium detected at most sites. However, only one sample had quantifiable Pseudomonas aeruginosa through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and no samples had quantifiable Legionella pneumophila or Mycobacterium avium, indicating a low human health risk. This study establishes spatial variations in PAB associated with varied hydraulic conditions as an important factor driving microbial community within a chlorinated DWDS.
{"title":"Spatiotemporal trends in particle-associated microbial communities in a chlorinated drinking water distribution system","authors":"Madison Ferrebee, Erika Osborne, Emily Garner","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000183","url":null,"abstract":"Various spatiotemporal, hydraulic, and water quality parameters can affect the microbial community composition of water within drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs). Although some relationships between various paravmeters and microbial growth are known, the effects of spatial and temporal trends on particle-associated microbial communities in chlorinated DWDSs remain poorly understood. The objectives of this study were to characterize the microbial community composition of both particle-associated bacteria (PAB) and total bacteria (TB) within a full-scale chlorinated DWDS, and assess relationships between microbiavvl community and various spatiotemporal, hydraulic, and water quality parameters. Bulk water samples were collected from the treatment plant, a storage tank, and 12 other sites in a rural chlorinated DWDS at varying distances from the treatment plant on four sampling dates spanning six months. Amplicon sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene was performed to characterize the microbial community. Gammaproteobacteria dominated the DWDS, and hydraulic parameters were well-correlated with differences in microbial communities between sites. Results indicate that hydraulic changes may have led to the detachment of biofilms and loose deposits, subsequently affecting the microbial community composition at each site. Spatial variations in microbial community were stronger than temporal variations, differing from similar studies and indicating that the highly varied hydraulic conditions within this system may intensify spatial variations. Genera containing pathogenic species were detected, with Legionella and Pseudomonas detected at every site at least once and Mycobacterium detected at most sites. However, only one sample had quantifiable Pseudomonas aeruginosa through quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and no samples had quantifiable Legionella pneumophila or Mycobacterium avium, indicating a low human health risk. This study establishes spatial variations in PAB associated with varied hydraulic conditions as an important factor driving microbial community within a chlorinated DWDS.","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"16 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139273138","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000204
Jamiat Nanteza, Brian Thomas, Jesse Kisembe, Rhoda Nakabugo, Paul Isolo Mukwaya, Matthew Rodell
{"title":"Correction: A Google Earth-GIS based approach to examine the potential of the current rainwater harvesting practices to meet water demands in Mityana district, Uganda.","authors":"Jamiat Nanteza, Brian Thomas, Jesse Kisembe, Rhoda Nakabugo, Paul Isolo Mukwaya, Matthew Rodell","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000204","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"15 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000197
Devin F. Smith, W. Berry Lyons, Tiernan Henry, Raymond Flynn, Anne E. Carey
Intense weather events are projected to increase as a consequence of climate change. The summer 2018 drought in Europe impacted human health, ecosystems, and economic prosperity. Even locations with an abundance of fresh water, like Ireland, faced water restrictions due to depleted supplies. To characterize the effect of the 2018 drought on Irish rivers, we collected surface water samples from rivers across the island at the drought onset and termination. We analyzed samples for stable water isotopes δ 18 O and δ 2 H and calculated the fraction of evaporation from river groundwater and precipitation inflow (E/I) of rivers. We extended river δ 18 O and δ 2 H analysis to 2020 for rivers in two catchments, Corrib and Shannon, to investigate how Irish river systems respond to high precipitation events, and the role of loughs (lakes) in the system. River δ 18 O and δ 2 H values showed progressive depletion from west to east in response to precipitation depletion from airmasses arriving off the Atlantic Ocean. From onset to termination of the 2018 drought, river δ 18 O and δ 2 H values were enriched and the calculated E/I value increased for most rivers. D-excess were negatively correlated with E/I value, providing support for E/I calculations. Extended analysis of loughs along the Corrib and Shannon river systems showed that lough Corrib consistently induced isotopic enrichment, while loughs in the Shannon catchment inconsistently caused isotopic enrichment. Both systems exert control over river isotopic composition in hydrologic extremes. Findings promote additional research in hydrologic patterns in response to increasing frequency of floods and droughts.
{"title":"Irish surface water response to the 2018 drought","authors":"Devin F. Smith, W. Berry Lyons, Tiernan Henry, Raymond Flynn, Anne E. Carey","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000197","url":null,"abstract":"Intense weather events are projected to increase as a consequence of climate change. The summer 2018 drought in Europe impacted human health, ecosystems, and economic prosperity. Even locations with an abundance of fresh water, like Ireland, faced water restrictions due to depleted supplies. To characterize the effect of the 2018 drought on Irish rivers, we collected surface water samples from rivers across the island at the drought onset and termination. We analyzed samples for stable water isotopes δ 18 O and δ 2 H and calculated the fraction of evaporation from river groundwater and precipitation inflow (E/I) of rivers. We extended river δ 18 O and δ 2 H analysis to 2020 for rivers in two catchments, Corrib and Shannon, to investigate how Irish river systems respond to high precipitation events, and the role of loughs (lakes) in the system. River δ 18 O and δ 2 H values showed progressive depletion from west to east in response to precipitation depletion from airmasses arriving off the Atlantic Ocean. From onset to termination of the 2018 drought, river δ 18 O and δ 2 H values were enriched and the calculated E/I value increased for most rivers. D-excess were negatively correlated with E/I value, providing support for E/I calculations. Extended analysis of loughs along the Corrib and Shannon river systems showed that lough Corrib consistently induced isotopic enrichment, while loughs in the Shannon catchment inconsistently caused isotopic enrichment. Both systems exert control over river isotopic composition in hydrologic extremes. Findings promote additional research in hydrologic patterns in response to increasing frequency of floods and droughts.","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"14 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-14DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000201
Judith Glienke, Michael Stelter, Patrick Braeutigam
As the demand of freshwater increases with simultaneously aggravated climatic challenges, the development of efficient and effective water purification methods is of high importance. Qualitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) can support this process by calculating a correlation between the molecular structure and the degradability of water pollutants in a defined removal procedure, expressed by the kinetic constant of their removal. This can help to receive more mechanistical interpretation of the underlying process, but also to reduce experimental costs and time. As most QSPR models in wastewater treatment research are based on experimental data using ultrapure water as reaction solutions, it is still unknown to which extent QSPR models for different water matrices differ from each other with regard to selected descriptors and performance. Therefore, in this study the sonolytic degradation of 32 phenol derivates was investigated for three different water matrices (NaCl, Glucose, NaCl+Glucose) and compared to a previous study in ultrapure water. With only very few exceptions, the addition of water additives reduced the degradability of the target analytes. Based on these four datasets, QSPR modelling, respecting all five OECD principles for reliable QSPR models, were performed using numerous internal and external validations as well as statistical quality assurances to ensure good regression abilities as well as stability and predictivity. As the final four models were compared, it was observed that the descriptor selection and model calculation were highly impacted by the water additives. This was also confirmed when the descriptor pools of the best 10 models for each water composition were compared, as the descriptor pools were also highly dissimilar, indicating a shift in structural importance when changing the water composition. It could be shown that water matrices significantly influence the results of QSPR modelling even at very low concentrations of the matrix components.
{"title":"How do water matrices influence QSPR models in wastewater treatment?–A case study on the sonolytic elimination of phenol derivates","authors":"Judith Glienke, Michael Stelter, Patrick Braeutigam","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000201","url":null,"abstract":"As the demand of freshwater increases with simultaneously aggravated climatic challenges, the development of efficient and effective water purification methods is of high importance. Qualitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) can support this process by calculating a correlation between the molecular structure and the degradability of water pollutants in a defined removal procedure, expressed by the kinetic constant of their removal. This can help to receive more mechanistical interpretation of the underlying process, but also to reduce experimental costs and time. As most QSPR models in wastewater treatment research are based on experimental data using ultrapure water as reaction solutions, it is still unknown to which extent QSPR models for different water matrices differ from each other with regard to selected descriptors and performance. Therefore, in this study the sonolytic degradation of 32 phenol derivates was investigated for three different water matrices (NaCl, Glucose, NaCl+Glucose) and compared to a previous study in ultrapure water. With only very few exceptions, the addition of water additives reduced the degradability of the target analytes. Based on these four datasets, QSPR modelling, respecting all five OECD principles for reliable QSPR models, were performed using numerous internal and external validations as well as statistical quality assurances to ensure good regression abilities as well as stability and predictivity. As the final four models were compared, it was observed that the descriptor selection and model calculation were highly impacted by the water additives. This was also confirmed when the descriptor pools of the best 10 models for each water composition were compared, as the descriptor pools were also highly dissimilar, indicating a shift in structural importance when changing the water composition. It could be shown that water matrices significantly influence the results of QSPR modelling even at very low concentrations of the matrix components.","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"16 2","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134991619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-06DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000129
Fabiana Almerinda G. Palma, Jonatas Fernandes Araújo Sodré, Nivison Nery, Luciana Joaquim Oliveira, Joe Brown, Anu Bourgeois, Claire A. Spears, Cassandra White, Federico Costa, Christine E. Stauber
Problems of access and quality of sanitary sewage disproportionately impact the health of populations in urban peripheries of low-and middle-income countries. The condominial sewer system is a practical, low-cost, effective, and simplified engineering approach compared to conventional sewer systems. In support of meeting the sanitation needs in highly populated urban settings, there is a need to understand the residents’ perceptions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of this sanitation model compared to conventional sewer systems. We conducted a cross-sectional study from September to December 2021 in two urban communities of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, where condominial and conventional sewer systems had been implemented in the last five years. Of the 203 residents we interviewed, 50.7% lived in a site served by a condominial sewer system. Residents in the condominial sewer site reported not connecting to public sewage network (23.7% vs. 11.2%; p = 0.022) more often than in the conventional site. They reported more collective action to solve urban sanitation problems (69.9% vs. 54.0%; p = 0.020), such as manhole cleaning and unclogging efforts to fix plumbing. Despite these challenges, these residents expressed that the current service quality is better than it was in the previous two years. Our results suggest that even within urban periphery communities of a large Brazilian city, disparities exist in access to and quality of sanitation services that may be linked to sewage system implementation. Implementing simplified sewer systems is important to meet the growing sanitation demands of urban areas. However, these systems should also play a role in reducing sanitation disparities and the adoption of participatory approaches to meet the needs of populations in the most disadvantaged conditions. Despite challenging conditions, there is the potential for community engagement and active participation in sanitation-related matters, which could enhance the implementation and long-term sustainability of these systems.
卫生污水的获取和质量问题对低收入和中等收入国家城市边缘地区人口的健康产生了不成比例的影响。与传统的下水道系统相比，共用下水道系统是一种实用、低成本、有效和简化的工程方法。为了支持满足人口密集的城市环境中的卫生需求，需要了解居民对这种卫生模式与传统下水道系统相比的优缺点的看法。我们于2021年9月至12月在巴西巴伊亚州萨尔瓦多的两个城市社区进行了一项横断面研究，这些社区在过去五年中实施了共有和传统的下水道系统。在我们采访的203名居民中，50.7%的人居住在共用下水道系统的地方。合用下水道工地的居民报告没有连接到公共污水管网(23.7%对11.2%;P = 0.022)。他们报告了更多的集体行动来解决城市卫生问题(69.9% vs. 54.0%;P = 0.020)，例如检修孔的清洁和疏通管道的努力。尽管面临这些挑战，但这些居民表示，目前的服务质量比前两年要好。我们的研究结果表明，即使在巴西大城市的城市外围社区，卫生服务的获取和质量也存在差异，这可能与污水处理系统的实施有关。实施简化的下水道系统对于满足城市地区日益增长的卫生需求非常重要。但是，这些系统也应在减少卫生差距和采取参与性办法以满足处境最不利的人口的需要方面发挥作用。尽管条件具有挑战性，但社区参与和积极参与与卫生有关的事项是有潜力的，这可以加强这些系统的实施和长期可持续性。
{"title":"A tale of two communities: Comparing user perceptions of condominial and conventional sewer systems in Salvador, Brazil","authors":"Fabiana Almerinda G. Palma, Jonatas Fernandes Araújo Sodré, Nivison Nery, Luciana Joaquim Oliveira, Joe Brown, Anu Bourgeois, Claire A. Spears, Cassandra White, Federico Costa, Christine E. Stauber","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000129","url":null,"abstract":"Problems of access and quality of sanitary sewage disproportionately impact the health of populations in urban peripheries of low-and middle-income countries. The condominial sewer system is a practical, low-cost, effective, and simplified engineering approach compared to conventional sewer systems. In support of meeting the sanitation needs in highly populated urban settings, there is a need to understand the residents’ perceptions regarding the advantages and disadvantages of this sanitation model compared to conventional sewer systems. We conducted a cross-sectional study from September to December 2021 in two urban communities of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, where condominial and conventional sewer systems had been implemented in the last five years. Of the 203 residents we interviewed, 50.7% lived in a site served by a condominial sewer system. Residents in the condominial sewer site reported not connecting to public sewage network (23.7% vs. 11.2%; p = 0.022) more often than in the conventional site. They reported more collective action to solve urban sanitation problems (69.9% vs. 54.0%; p = 0.020), such as manhole cleaning and unclogging efforts to fix plumbing. Despite these challenges, these residents expressed that the current service quality is better than it was in the previous two years. Our results suggest that even within urban periphery communities of a large Brazilian city, disparities exist in access to and quality of sanitation services that may be linked to sewage system implementation. Implementing simplified sewer systems is important to meet the growing sanitation demands of urban areas. However, these systems should also play a role in reducing sanitation disparities and the adoption of participatory approaches to meet the needs of populations in the most disadvantaged conditions. Despite challenging conditions, there is the potential for community engagement and active participation in sanitation-related matters, which could enhance the implementation and long-term sustainability of these systems.","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"8 5","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135589494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-03DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000186
Naomi Francis, Becky Batagol, Allison P. Salinger, Litea Meo-Sewabu, Audra C. Bass, Sudirman Nasir, Daša Moschonas, Ruzka R. Taruc, Syaidah Syamsul, Hamdan Habsji, Autiko Tela, Isoa Vakarewa, Michaela F. Prescott, Isabel Charles, Idha Riu, Alexander Wilson, Mere Jane Sawailau, Losalini Malumu, Sheela S. Sinharoy
Globally, more than one billion people live in urban informal settlements and experience suboptimal access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Participatory approaches are increasingly being promoted in WASH interventions, but the key elements of these approaches are not well-defined. The Revitalising Informal Settlements and their Environments (RISE) program launched in 2017 uses a participatory approach to co-design water-sensitive infrastructure with residents of 24 urban informal settlements in Makassar, Indonesia and Suva, Fiji. Our objective was to identify key mechanisms of a gender and socially inclusive participatory approach for engaging diverse people in RISE. We conducted and analysed semi-structured in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 49 RISE program staff; IDIs with 29 residents from RISE settlements in Indonesia and Fiji; and 6 focus group discussions (FGDs) with RISE residents in Fiji in 2020–2021, after participatory design activities were complete. Resident participants were purposively selected for representation of women and men; high and low participation in RISE; and different levels of disability/impairment. The question guides were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), which defines 39 constructs (grouped into five domains) that describe an intervention. The IDI and FGD transcripts were analysed thematically with deductive codes based on the CFIR. For each of the five CFIR domains, the construct that was most relevant to mechanisms for the engagement of diverse people was used for the final analysis. The findings identified several key mechanisms for engaging diverse residents in programs like RISE. Four of these are recommended for future implementation and scale-ups of RISE and similar programs: engaging with residents at the household level (and potentially the individual level); incorporating flexibility and adaptability throughout the program; having a diverse team; and maintaining regular contact and positive rapport between the staff and participants.
{"title":"Key mechanisms of a gender and socially inclusive community engagement and participatory design approach in the RISE program in Makassar, Indonesia and Suva, Fiji","authors":"Naomi Francis, Becky Batagol, Allison P. Salinger, Litea Meo-Sewabu, Audra C. Bass, Sudirman Nasir, Daša Moschonas, Ruzka R. Taruc, Syaidah Syamsul, Hamdan Habsji, Autiko Tela, Isoa Vakarewa, Michaela F. Prescott, Isabel Charles, Idha Riu, Alexander Wilson, Mere Jane Sawailau, Losalini Malumu, Sheela S. Sinharoy","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000186","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000186","url":null,"abstract":"Globally, more than one billion people live in urban informal settlements and experience suboptimal access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Participatory approaches are increasingly being promoted in WASH interventions, but the key elements of these approaches are not well-defined. The Revitalising Informal Settlements and their Environments (RISE) program launched in 2017 uses a participatory approach to co-design water-sensitive infrastructure with residents of 24 urban informal settlements in Makassar, Indonesia and Suva, Fiji. Our objective was to identify key mechanisms of a gender and socially inclusive participatory approach for engaging diverse people in RISE. We conducted and analysed semi-structured in-depth interviews (IDIs) with 49 RISE program staff; IDIs with 29 residents from RISE settlements in Indonesia and Fiji; and 6 focus group discussions (FGDs) with RISE residents in Fiji in 2020–2021, after participatory design activities were complete. Resident participants were purposively selected for representation of women and men; high and low participation in RISE; and different levels of disability/impairment. The question guides were informed by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR), which defines 39 constructs (grouped into five domains) that describe an intervention. The IDI and FGD transcripts were analysed thematically with deductive codes based on the CFIR. For each of the five CFIR domains, the construct that was most relevant to mechanisms for the engagement of diverse people was used for the final analysis. The findings identified several key mechanisms for engaging diverse residents in programs like RISE. Four of these are recommended for future implementation and scale-ups of RISE and similar programs: engaging with residents at the household level (and potentially the individual level); incorporating flexibility and adaptability throughout the program; having a diverse team; and maintaining regular contact and positive rapport between the staff and participants.","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"13 29","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135818621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000116
Pénélope Brueder, Alexandra Schleyer-Lindenmann, Corinne Curt, Franck Taillandier
In the context of intensification of flood risks, Nature Based Solutions constitute an interesting approach to conciliate population’s protection and biodiversity. While this recently emerging concept has been the subject of studies in social sciences, there is no work yet with a social representation approach. In this work, we propose to study Nature Based Solutions for flood risk management through the prism of social representations and how they frame the implementation of Nature Based Solutions projects in the field (obstacles and levers). We interviewed 19 flood experts who can be divided into two groups regarding Nature Based Solutions: theorists and practitioners. We studied their discourses using two types of analyses: a lexicometric analysis of the similarities and a thematic analysis. The results showed that Nature Based Solution is a social representation object in its complexity, the polarisation it creates and its technicality. The two groups of participants have different representations. The practitioners may consider the Nature Based Solutions as "greenwashing" since they are presented as new and innovative, while the theorists contrast their Nature Based Solutions’ vision with a "grey" vision influenced by French civil engineering culture and a need to control ecosystems. Both groups agree that Nature Based Solutions thinking is about "leaving more room for nature", which echoes Dunlap’s New Environmental Paradigm. Moreover, the results suggest that the expression “Nature Based Solutions” is not well suited to all actors. We encourage using the expression “vegetal engineering” which may provide an opportunity to reconnect with the techniques applied in the field. It also enhances the value of ancestral knowledge, which allows the general public to better connect with the concept.
{"title":"Nature based solutions for flood risks: What insights do the social representations of experts provide?","authors":"Pénélope Brueder, Alexandra Schleyer-Lindenmann, Corinne Curt, Franck Taillandier","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000116","url":null,"abstract":"In the context of intensification of flood risks, Nature Based Solutions constitute an interesting approach to conciliate population’s protection and biodiversity. While this recently emerging concept has been the subject of studies in social sciences, there is no work yet with a social representation approach. In this work, we propose to study Nature Based Solutions for flood risk management through the prism of social representations and how they frame the implementation of Nature Based Solutions projects in the field (obstacles and levers). We interviewed 19 flood experts who can be divided into two groups regarding Nature Based Solutions: theorists and practitioners. We studied their discourses using two types of analyses: a lexicometric analysis of the similarities and a thematic analysis. The results showed that Nature Based Solution is a social representation object in its complexity, the polarisation it creates and its technicality. The two groups of participants have different representations. The practitioners may consider the Nature Based Solutions as \"greenwashing\" since they are presented as new and innovative, while the theorists contrast their Nature Based Solutions’ vision with a \"grey\" vision influenced by French civil engineering culture and a need to control ecosystems. Both groups agree that Nature Based Solutions thinking is about \"leaving more room for nature\", which echoes Dunlap’s New Environmental Paradigm. Moreover, the results suggest that the expression “Nature Based Solutions” is not well suited to all actors. We encourage using the expression “vegetal engineering” which may provide an opportunity to reconnect with the techniques applied in the field. It also enhances the value of ancestral knowledge, which allows the general public to better connect with the concept.","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"4 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135271644","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-30DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000202
Abishek Sankara Narayan, Jennifer Davis
{"title":"Safe and sustainable water in cities","authors":"Abishek Sankara Narayan, Jennifer Davis","doi":"10.1371/journal.pwat.0000202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pwat.0000202","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":93672,"journal":{"name":"PLOS water","volume":"225 ","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136102786","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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