PLOS water最新文献_第6页

Precipitation impacts the physicochemical water quality and abundance of microbial source tracking markers in urban Texas watersheds 降水对德克萨斯州城市流域水质理化和微生物源追踪标记丰度的影响

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000209

K. K. Vadde, Sina V. Moghadam, A. Jafarzadeh, A. Matta, Duc C. Phan, Drew Johnson, V. Kapoor

This study investigated the sources of fecal pollution in surface and groundwaters collected from three urban watersheds in Texas during dry and wet weather and identified the impact of precipitation on water quality. Water samples (n = 316 and 107 for dry and wet events, respectively) were collected biweekly from eight sampling sites (6 sites from creeks and ponds, and 2 well sites) during two-year monitoring and analyzed for six physico-chemical parameters and ten qPCR-based assays targeting general (E. coli, Enterococcus, and universal Bacteroidales), human (BacHum and HF183), animal (Rum2Bac, BacCow, BacCan), and avian (Chicken/Duck-Bac and GFD) fecal markers. Elevated concentrations of NO3-N and NO2-N were observed in ponds and creeks sites during wet weather. Fecal markers analysis indicated higher concentrations of Rum2Bac, BacCow, and BacCan markers in most of pond and creek sites under wet weather, suggesting stormwater runoff contributed to non-point sources of fecal contamination by animal sources. Furthermore, sporadically higher concentrations of these markers were detected at groundwater sampling sites, demonstrating the significant human health risk. Multivariate statistical analysis such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed to identify relationship between sampling sites; while CA majorly classified ponds, creeks, and well sites separately, PCoA identified similarities in water quality characteristics between waters of wells with ponds and creeks. Overall, results indicate ruminant and dog fecal contamination is a major concern during storm events, consequently impacting surface and groundwater quality of the study.

本研究调查了从得克萨斯州三个城市流域收集的地表水和地下水在干旱和潮湿天气中的粪便污染源，并确定了降水对水质的影响。在为期两年的监测期间，每两周从八个采样点（6 个采样点来自溪流和池塘，2 个采样点来自水井）采集水样（旱季和雨季分别为 316 份和 107 份），并分析六种物理化学参数和十种基于 qPCR 的检测方法，这些检测方法针对一般（E.大肠杆菌、肠球菌和通用类杆菌）、人类（BacHum 和 HF183）、动物（Rum2Bac、BacCow、BacCan）和禽类（鸡/鸭-Bac 和 GFD）粪便标记物进行分析。潮湿天气时，池塘和溪流中的 NO3-N 和 NO2-N 浓度升高。粪便标记物分析表明，在潮湿天气下，大多数池塘和小溪中的 Rum2Bac、BacCow 和 BacCan 标记物浓度较高，这表明暴雨径流造成了非点源动物粪便污染。此外，在地下水采样点也零星地检测到了较高浓度的这些标记物，显示出对人类健康的重大风险。采用聚类分析（CA）和主坐标分析（PCoA）等多变量统计分析来确定采样点之间的关系；CA 主要将池塘、溪流和井点分开分类，而 PCoA 则确定了井水与池塘和溪流之间水质特征的相似性。总体而言，结果表明反刍动物和狗的粪便污染是暴雨期间的主要问题，从而影响了研究的地表水和地下水水质。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing inequalities in urban water security through geospatial analysis 通过地理空间分析评估城市水安全方面的不平等现象

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000213

Juliana Marçal, Junjie Shen, Blanca Antizar-Ladislao, David Butler, Jan Hofman

Water security, which is key for sustainable development, has been broadly investigated through different spatial scales, time frames and perspectives, as a multi-dimensional concept. Fast growth and the diversity of the urban environment add to the challenges of reaching good levels of water security in cities. Yet, few studies have focused on evaluating the heterogeneous distribution of water security in urban areas, which is a key step to highlight where inequalities in large cities are present and how to best guide interventions. The objective of this research is to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of urban water security as well as quantifying inequalities using the new assessment presented in this paper. A holistic indicator-based evaluation framework to intra-urban sectors of the city of Campinas in Brazil is applied, followed by an inequality analysis to describe the distribution of water security aspects. A spatial correlation analysis is then carried out to identify patterns for high inequality indicators. Results show that even though Campinas has established good overall water security conditions, spatial heterogeneity is still noticeable in the urban area. Quantification of inequality by the Theil index highlighted aspects, such as vegetation cover, social green areas, and wastewater collection, that are inequitably distributed in the urban area. The subsequent analysis of spatial patterns exposed areas on the outskirts of the city where infrastructure challenges and social vulnerability coincide. This novel approach has been therefore successfully validated in a city in Brazil, and it has been demonstrated that our water security assessment framework identifies what are the main water security challenges and where they are in the city. For the first time we show that associating spatial and inequality analysis with conventional evaluation of urban water security has the potential to help target areas in need and tackle specific water security issues in the urban area. This is crucial to inform urban planning and policy making for a sustainable and inclusive urban water management strategy.

水安全是可持续发展的关键，作为一个多维概念，已通过不同的空间尺度、时间框架和视角进行了广泛研究。城市环境的快速增长和多样性为城市实现良好的水安全水平带来了更多挑战。然而，很少有研究侧重于评估城市地区水安全的异质性分布，而这是突出大城市中存在的不平等现象以及如何以最佳方式指导干预措施的关键步骤。本研究的目的是调查城市水安全的空间异质性，并利用本文提出的新评估方法量化不平等现象。本文对巴西坎皮纳斯市的城市内部地区采用了基于指标的整体评估框架，随后进行了不平等分析，以描述水安全方面的分布情况。然后进行空间相关性分析，以确定高度不平等指标的模式。结果表明，尽管坎皮纳斯的总体水安全状况良好，但城市地区的空间异质性仍然明显。通过 Theil 指数对不平等现象进行量化，突出了植被覆盖、社会绿地和废水收集等在城市地区分布不均的方面。随后的空间模式分析揭示了基础设施挑战与社会脆弱性并存的城郊地区。因此，我们在巴西的一个城市成功验证了这一新颖的方法，并证明我们的水安全评估框架能够确定哪些是主要的水安全挑战，以及这些挑战在城市中的位置。我们首次证明，将空间分析和不平等分析与城市水安全的传统评估相结合，有可能帮助锁定有需要的地区，解决城市地区的具体水安全问题。这对城市规划和政策制定至关重要，有助于制定可持续和包容性的城市水资源管理战略。

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引用次数: 0

Assessing inequalities in urban water security through geospatial analysis 通过地理空间分析评估城市水安全方面的不平等现象

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000213

Juliana Marçal, Junjie Shen, Blanca Antizar-Ladislao, David Butler, Jan Hofman

Water security, which is key for sustainable development, has been broadly investigated through different spatial scales, time frames and perspectives, as a multi-dimensional concept. Fast growth and the diversity of the urban environment add to the challenges of reaching good levels of water security in cities. Yet, few studies have focused on evaluating the heterogeneous distribution of water security in urban areas, which is a key step to highlight where inequalities in large cities are present and how to best guide interventions. The objective of this research is to investigate the spatial heterogeneity of urban water security as well as quantifying inequalities using the new assessment presented in this paper. A holistic indicator-based evaluation framework to intra-urban sectors of the city of Campinas in Brazil is applied, followed by an inequality analysis to describe the distribution of water security aspects. A spatial correlation analysis is then carried out to identify patterns for high inequality indicators. Results show that even though Campinas has established good overall water security conditions, spatial heterogeneity is still noticeable in the urban area. Quantification of inequality by the Theil index highlighted aspects, such as vegetation cover, social green areas, and wastewater collection, that are inequitably distributed in the urban area. The subsequent analysis of spatial patterns exposed areas on the outskirts of the city where infrastructure challenges and social vulnerability coincide. This novel approach has been therefore successfully validated in a city in Brazil, and it has been demonstrated that our water security assessment framework identifies what are the main water security challenges and where they are in the city. For the first time we show that associating spatial and inequality analysis with conventional evaluation of urban water security has the potential to help target areas in need and tackle specific water security issues in the urban area. This is crucial to inform urban planning and policy making for a sustainable and inclusive urban water management strategy.

水安全是可持续发展的关键，作为一个多维概念，已通过不同的空间尺度、时间框架和视角进行了广泛研究。城市环境的快速增长和多样性为城市实现良好的水安全水平带来了更多挑战。然而，很少有研究侧重于评估城市地区水安全的异质性分布，而这是突出大城市中存在的不平等现象以及如何以最佳方式指导干预措施的关键步骤。本研究的目的是调查城市水安全的空间异质性，并利用本文提出的新评估方法量化不平等现象。本文对巴西坎皮纳斯市的城市内部地区采用了基于指标的整体评估框架，随后进行了不平等分析，以描述水安全方面的分布情况。然后进行空间相关性分析，以确定高度不平等指标的模式。结果表明，尽管坎皮纳斯的总体水安全状况良好，但城市地区的空间异质性仍然明显。通过 Theil 指数对不平等现象进行量化，突出了植被覆盖、社会绿地和废水收集等在城市地区分布不均的方面。随后的空间模式分析揭示了基础设施挑战与社会脆弱性并存的城郊地区。因此，我们在巴西的一个城市成功验证了这一新颖的方法，并证明我们的水安全评估框架能够确定哪些是主要的水安全挑战，以及这些挑战在城市中的位置。我们首次证明，将空间分析和不平等分析与城市水安全的传统评估相结合，有可能帮助锁定有需要的地区，解决城市地区的具体水安全问题。这对城市规划和政策制定至关重要，有助于制定可持续和包容性的城市水资源管理战略。

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引用次数: 0

Precipitation impacts the physicochemical water quality and abundance of microbial source tracking markers in urban Texas watersheds 降水对德克萨斯州城市流域水质理化和微生物源追踪标记丰度的影响

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-02-01 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000209

K. K. Vadde, Sina V. Moghadam, A. Jafarzadeh, A. Matta, Duc C. Phan, Drew Johnson, V. Kapoor

This study investigated the sources of fecal pollution in surface and groundwaters collected from three urban watersheds in Texas during dry and wet weather and identified the impact of precipitation on water quality. Water samples (n = 316 and 107 for dry and wet events, respectively) were collected biweekly from eight sampling sites (6 sites from creeks and ponds, and 2 well sites) during two-year monitoring and analyzed for six physico-chemical parameters and ten qPCR-based assays targeting general (E. coli, Enterococcus, and universal Bacteroidales), human (BacHum and HF183), animal (Rum2Bac, BacCow, BacCan), and avian (Chicken/Duck-Bac and GFD) fecal markers. Elevated concentrations of NO3-N and NO2-N were observed in ponds and creeks sites during wet weather. Fecal markers analysis indicated higher concentrations of Rum2Bac, BacCow, and BacCan markers in most of pond and creek sites under wet weather, suggesting stormwater runoff contributed to non-point sources of fecal contamination by animal sources. Furthermore, sporadically higher concentrations of these markers were detected at groundwater sampling sites, demonstrating the significant human health risk. Multivariate statistical analysis such as cluster analysis (CA) and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) was performed to identify relationship between sampling sites; while CA majorly classified ponds, creeks, and well sites separately, PCoA identified similarities in water quality characteristics between waters of wells with ponds and creeks. Overall, results indicate ruminant and dog fecal contamination is a major concern during storm events, consequently impacting surface and groundwater quality of the study.

本研究调查了从得克萨斯州三个城市流域收集的地表水和地下水在干旱和潮湿天气中的粪便污染源，并确定了降水对水质的影响。在为期两年的监测过程中，每两周从八个采样点（6 个采样点来自溪流和池塘，2 个采样点来自水井）采集水样（旱季和雨季分别为 316 份和 107 份），并分析六种物理化学参数和十种基于 qPCR 的检测方法，这些检测方法针对一般（E.大肠杆菌、肠球菌和通用类杆菌）、人类（BacHum 和 HF183）、动物（Rum2Bac、BacCow、BacCan）和禽类（鸡/鸭-Bac 和 GFD）粪便标记物进行分析。潮湿天气时，池塘和溪流中的 NO3-N 和 NO2-N 浓度升高。粪便标记物分析表明，在潮湿天气下，大多数池塘和小溪中的 Rum2Bac、BacCow 和 BacCan 标记物浓度较高，这表明暴雨径流造成了非点源动物粪便污染。此外，在地下水采样点也零星地检测到了较高浓度的这些标记物，显示出对人类健康的重大风险。采用聚类分析（CA）和主坐标分析（PCoA）等多变量统计分析来确定采样点之间的关系；CA 主要将池塘、溪流和井点分开分类，而 PCoA 则确定了井水与池塘和溪流之间水质特征的相似性。总体而言，结果表明反刍动物和狗的粪便污染是暴雨期间的主要问题，从而影响了研究的地表水和地下水水质。

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引用次数: 0

Water resource sustainability: Challenges, opportunities and research gaps in the English-speaking Caribbean Small Island Developing States 水资源的可持续性：加勒比英语小岛屿发展中国家的挑战、机遇和研究差距

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-01-24 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000222

M. Mycoo, R. Roopnarine

Small Island Developing States (SIDS) face multiple developmental challenges including the adverse impacts of climate change. Among these complex challenges is the critical issue of devising strategies and plans to achieve water resource sustainability. The combined effects of hydro-climatic hazards such as droughts, rising sea levels, floods and increasing socio-economic pressures have already begun to adversely impact on SIDS water resources. This review article examined studies on ten English-speaking Caribbean SIDS to explore challenges and opportunities for enhancing water resource sustainability in the Caribbean and to identify emerging research gaps. A desk review and synthesis of existing data and available literature including reports, policy documents, peer-reviewed journal articles and books published over the last ten years were conducted to highlight research gaps in water resource sustainability. The conclusion presents a way forward for SIDS to cope with the consequences of climate change on their vital water resources. The findings from this paper can inform regional polices, strategies and plan and direct research to critical areas where information is needed to support evidenced-based decision making. The review is useful for academics, policymakers and practitioners.

小岛屿发展中国家（SIDS）面临着多重发展挑战，包括气候变化的不利影响。在这些复杂的挑战中，制定实现水资源可持续性的战略和计划是一个关键问题。干旱、海平面上升、洪水等水文气候灾害以及日益增长的社会经济压力的综合影响已经开始对小岛屿发展中国家的水资源产生不利影响。这篇综述文章审查了关于十个讲英语的加勒比小岛屿发展中国家的研究，以探讨加强加勒比地区水资源可持续性的挑战和机遇，并确定新出现的研究缺口。文章对现有数据和文献（包括过去十年间发表的报告、政策文件、同行评审期刊文章和书籍）进行了案头审查和综合，以突出水资源可持续性方面的研究差距。结论提出了小岛屿发展中国家应对气候变化对其重要水资源造成的后果的前进方向。本文的研究结果可以为地区政策、战略和计划提供参考，并将研究引向需要信息支持循证决策的关键领域。本综述对学术界、决策者和从业人员都很有用。

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引用次数: 0

Shifting formal education toward hydrosocial and hydrorelational learning 正规教育转向水社会和水关系学习

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000218

D. McMartin, A. Sammel, Lisa M. Watson

引用次数: 0

Nitrate in drinking water and pregnancy outcomes: A narrative review of epidemiological evidence and proposed biological mechanisms 饮用水中的硝酸盐与妊娠结局：流行病学证据和拟议生物机制的叙述性综述

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-01-17 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000214

Hana Royal, Andrea ‘t Mannetje, Simon Hales, Jeroen Douwes, Max Berry, Tim Chambers

There is emerging evidence of an association between nitrate contamination in drinking water and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Few studies have discussed the evidence in the context of plausible biological mechanisms. We performed a narrative review of the current evidence investigating associations between nitrate in drinking water and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes with a focus on congenital anomalies (CA) and preterm birth (PTB). We also reviewed evidence and discuss several biological mechanisms that may explain the observed associations. We reviewed cohort and case-control epidemiological studies assessing associations between maternal nitrate exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes published until January 2023. Three plausible mechanisms may explain how maternal exposure to nitrate may impact pregnancy outcomes, which include the formation of N-nitroso compounds (NOC), thyroid dysfunction and oxidative stress. For CA, seven studies were included (two cohort and five case-control studies). The strongest associations observed in epidemiological studies were for neural tube defects. Inconsistent positive and negative associations were observed for anomalies of the limb, eye, ear, face and neck. Of the four PTB studies (all cohort studies), three of the largest cohort studies observed associations between PTB with nitrate levels >5 mg/L while one small cohort study did not. Emerging epidemiological evidence has observed a potential increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes with elevated maternal nitrate exposure in drinking water. There are also plausible biological mechanisms to support this association. However, the current evidence lacks homogeneity and additional longitudinal evidence with robust exposure asssessments is required. Given the increasing concentrations of nitrate contamination in drinking water in many countries, and the adverse effects observed at concentrations below the current regulatory standard, a further precautionary approach should be adopted until futher evidence emerges.

越来越多的证据表明，饮用水中的硝酸盐污染与不良妊娠结局之间存在关联。但很少有研究根据可信的生物学机制来讨论这些证据。我们对调查饮用水中硝酸盐与不良妊娠结局风险之间关系的现有证据进行了叙述性综述，重点关注先天性畸形（CA）和早产（PTB）。我们还回顾了相关证据，并讨论了可能解释所观察到的关联的几种生物学机制。我们回顾了截至 2023 年 1 月发表的队列和病例对照流行病学研究，这些研究评估了母体硝酸盐暴露与不良妊娠结局之间的关联。母体暴露于硝酸盐可能会影响妊娠结局，这可能有三种可信的机制，包括 N-亚硝基化合物（NOC）的形成、甲状腺功能障碍和氧化应激。就 CA 而言，共纳入了七项研究（两项队列研究和五项病例对照研究）。在流行病学研究中观察到的最强关联是神经管缺陷。在肢体、眼、耳、面部和颈部异常方面，观察到了不一致的正相关和负相关。在四项 PTB 研究（均为队列研究）中，三项最大的队列研究观察到 PTB 与硝酸盐水平 >5 mg/L 之间存在关联，而一项小型队列研究则未观察到。新出现的流行病学证据表明，母体在饮用水中的硝酸盐暴露量升高可能会增加不良妊娠结局的风险。也有一些可信的生物学机制支持这种关联。然而，目前的证据缺乏同质性，需要更多的纵向证据和可靠的暴露评估。鉴于许多国家饮用水中的硝酸盐污染浓度越来越高，而且在低于现行监管标准的浓度下也能观察到不利影响，在出现更多证据之前，应采取进一步的预防措施。

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引用次数: 0

Geologic predictors of drinking water well contamination in North Carolina 北卡罗来纳州饮用水井污染的地质预测因素

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000194

Taylor R. Alvarado, Robert E. Austin, Phillip J. Bradley, Lauren A. Eaves, Rebecca C. Fry, Andrew George, Kathleen M. Gray, Jason A. Osborne, Miroslav Stýblo, David S. Vinson, Owen W. Duckworth

More than 200 million people worldwide, including 11 million in the US, are estimated to consume water containing arsenic (As) concentrations that exceed World Health Organization and US EPA standards. In most cases, the As found in drinking water wells results from interactions between groundwater and geologic materials (geogenic contamination). To that end, we used the NCWELL database, which contains chemical information for 117,960 private drinking wells across North Carolina, to determine the spatial distribution of wells containing As contaminated water within geologic units. Specific geologic units had large percentages (up to 1 in 3) of wells with water exceeding the EPA As maximum contaminant level (MCL, 10 μg/L), both revealing significant variation within areas that have been previously associated with As contamination and identifying as yet unidentified problematic geologic units. For the 19 geologic units that have >5% of wells that contain water with As concentrations in exceedance of 10 μg/L, 12 (63%) are lithogenically related to the Albemarle arc, remnants of an ancient volcanic island, indicating the importance of volcanogenic materials, as well as recycled (eroded and deposited) and metamorphosed volcanogenic material. Within geologic units, wells that have As concentrations exceeding 10 μg/L tended to have pH values greater than wells with As concentrations less than 10 μg/L, emphasizing the importance of the extent of interaction between groundwater and geologic materials. Using census information with the geologic-based exceedance percentages revealed the importance of regional geology on estimates of population at risk compared to estimates based on county boundaries. Results illustrate that relating As contamination to geologic units not only helps explain sources of geogenic contamination but sharpens the identification of communities at risk for exposure and further illuminates problematic areas through geologic interpretation.

据估计，全球有超过 2 亿人（包括美国的 1100 万人）饮用的水中砷 (As) 的浓度超过了世界卫生组织和美国环保局的标准。在大多数情况下，饮用水井中发现的砷是地下水与地质材料相互作用（地质污染）的结果。为此，我们使用 NCWELL 数据库（其中包含北卡罗来纳州 117,960 口私人饮用水井的化学信息）来确定地质单元中含有砷污染水的水井的空间分布。特定地质单元中，水质超过美国环保署砷最高污染水平（MCL，10 μg/L）的水井所占比例很大（高达三分之一），这既揭示了以前与砷污染有关的区域内的显著差异，也确定了尚未确定的问题地质单元。在含有砷浓度超过 10 μg/L 的水井比例大于 5% 的 19 个地质单元中，有 12 个（63%）与阿尔伯马尔弧（古代火山岛的遗迹）在岩石构造上有关，这表明火山生成物以及再循环（侵蚀和沉积）和变质火山生成物的重要性。在地质单元内，砷浓度超过 10 μg/L 的水井的 pH 值往往高于砷浓度低于 10 μg/L 的水井，这强调了地下水与地质材料之间相互作用程度的重要性。将人口普查信息与基于地质的超标百分比结合使用，可以发现与基于县界的估计值相比，区域地质对风险人口的估计值非常重要。结果表明，将砷污染与地质单元联系起来，不仅有助于解释地质污染的来源，还能更清晰地识别有接触风险的社区，并通过地质解释进一步揭示有问题的区域。

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引用次数: 0

Water distribution pipe lifespans: Predicting when to repair the pipes in municipal water distribution networks using machine learning techniques 输水管道寿命：利用机器学习技术预测何时维修市政输水管网中的管道

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-01-09 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000164

Nacer Farajzadeh, Nima Sadeghzadeh, Nastaran Jokar

Water is one of the essential matters that keeps living species alive; yet, the lifespan of pipes has two direct impacts on wasting water in very great amounts: pipe leakages and pipe bursts. Consequently, the proper detection of aged pipes in the water distribution networks has always been an issue in overcoming the problem. This makes water pipe monitoring an important duty of municipalities. Traditionally, leakages and bursts were only detected visually or through reports in local areas, leading municipalities to change the old pipes. Although this helps to fix the issue, a more desired way is to perhaps let officials know about the possibilities of such problems in advance by predicting which pipes are aged, so they can prevent the wastage. Therefore, to automate the detection process, in this study, we take the initial steps to predict the pipes needing repair in a particular area using machine learning methods. We first obtain a private dataset provided by the municipality of Saveh, Iran which outlines pipes that were damaged previously. We then train three machine learning algorithms to predict whether a set of pipes in an area is prone to damage. To achieve this, One-Class (OC) Classification methods such as OC-SVM, Isolation Forest, and Elliptic Envelope are used and they achieved the highest accuracy of 0.909. This study is of value since it requires zero additional devices (i.e., sensors).

水是维持生物生存的基本要素之一；然而，管道的寿命对水资源的大量浪费有两个直接影响：管道泄漏和管道爆裂。因此，如何正确检测输水管网中的老化管道一直是一个需要解决的问题。因此，水管监测是市政当局的一项重要职责。传统上，渗漏和爆裂只能通过肉眼或当地报告发现，市政当局因此不得不更换老旧管道。虽然这有助于解决问题，但更理想的方法或许是通过预测哪些水管老化，让官员们提前了解此类问题的可能性，从而防止浪费。因此，为了实现检测过程的自动化，在本研究中，我们首先使用机器学习方法来预测特定区域内需要维修的管道。首先，我们获得了伊朗萨韦赫市政府提供的私人数据集，该数据集概述了之前受损的管道。然后，我们对三种机器学习算法进行训练，以预测某一地区的一组管道是否容易损坏。为此，我们使用了单类 (OC) 分类方法，如 OC-SVM、隔离森林和椭圆包络，它们的准确率最高，达到了 0.909。这项研究的价值在于它不需要额外的设备（即传感器）。

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引用次数: 0

Hydrometeorology and geography affect hospitalizations for waterborne infectious diseases in the United States: A retrospective analysis. 水文气象和地理影响住院的水传播传染病在美国：回顾性分析。

IF 2.8

PLOS water

Pub Date : 2024-01-01 Epub Date: 2024-08-14 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pwat.0000206

Victoria D Lynch, Jeffrey Shaman

Meteorology, hydroclimatology, and drinking water infrastructure influence the transmission of waterborne infectious diseases in the United States, but their roles are not well-understood and may vary by pathogen type or geographic region. Waterborne pathogens can cause severe intestinal, respiratory, or systemic infections in vulnerable people. Identifying the mechanisms that underlie contamination events and disease transmission is particularly important given that climate change may lead to more extreme floods, droughts, and seasonal precipitation. The association of meteorological variables, drinking water source, geographic region, and location (rural/urban) with hospitalizations for 12 waterborne bacterial, parasitic, and viral infections was examined using 12 years of hospitalization data from 516 hospitals in 25 states. A multimodel inference approach was used to identify the most highly-weighted explanatory variables and these were included in a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) framework. There was a 16% (95% CI: 8%-24%) decrease in hospitalizations for the bacterial pathogen group in urban compared to rural areas; for Campylobacter, specifically, there was a 31% (95% CI: 9%-53%) decrease in urban areas, a 27% (95% CI: 6%-48%) decrease associated with drinking water from surface water sources, and an 11% (95% CI: 4%-17%) increase with a 1-standard deviation (SD) increase in runoff. Parasitic hospitalizations increased 9% (95% CI: 4%-15%) with a 1-SD increase in precipitation, predominantly driven by Cryptosporidium hospitalizations. Legionnaires' disease increased 124% (95% CI: 90%-157%) with a 1-SD increase in soil moisture. Associations between hospitalization rates and meteorological conditions, location, and drinking water source varied among the specific pathogens; the pathogen-group level analyses masked several of these findings and were largely uninformative. Precipitation, runoff, and rural locations were positively associated with hospitalizations for some enteric bacterial and parasitic infections; conversely, hospitalizations for biofilm-forming bacterial infections were associated with soil moisture and hospitalization rates were higher in urban areas.

气象学、水文气候学和饮用水基础设施影响美国水媒传染病的传播，但它们的作用尚不清楚，可能因病原体类型或地理区域而异。水媒病原体可在易感人群中引起严重的肠道、呼吸道或全身感染。鉴于气候变化可能导致更多的极端洪水、干旱和季节性降水，确定污染事件和疾病传播背后的机制尤为重要。利用来自25个州516家医院的12年住院数据，研究了气象变量、饮用水源、地理区域和位置（农村/城市）与12种水传播细菌、寄生虫和病毒感染住院之间的关系。采用多模型推理方法识别权重最高的解释变量，并将其包含在广义线性混合模型（GLMM）框架中。与农村地区相比，城市细菌性病原体组的住院率降低了16% (95% CI: 8%-24%)；具体来说，弯曲杆菌在城市地区减少31% (95% CI: 9%-53%)，与地表水来源的饮用水相关的减少27% (95% CI: 6%-48%)，径流增加11% (95% CI: 4%-17%)，增加1个标准差（SD）。寄生虫住院率增加9% (95% CI: 4%-15%)，降水量增加1-SD，主要由隐孢子虫住院率驱动。随着土壤湿度增加1-SD，军团病增加124% （95% CI: 90%-157%）。住院率与气象条件、地点和饮用水源之间的关系因具体病原体而异；病原体组水平的分析掩盖了这些发现中的一些，并且在很大程度上没有提供信息。降水、径流和农村地区与某些肠道细菌和寄生虫感染的住院率呈正相关；相反，因形成生物膜的细菌感染而住院的情况与土壤湿度有关，城市地区的住院率较高。

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