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Antilogies in Ancient Athens: An Inventory and Appraisal 古雅典的矛盾论:盘点与评价
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-25 DOI: 10.3390/h12050106
Livio Rossetti
Antilogies, or pairs of symmetrically opposed speeches or arguments, were generally ignored by Plato, Isocrates, Aristotle, Cicero, and Diogenes Laertius, and, later, by Eduard Norden, Hermann Diels, and most modern scholars of antiquity. As a consequence, until the end of the twentieth century CE, antilogies have been ignored or, at best, treated as a minor literary device to be mentioned only with reference to individual writings. Nevertheless, during the second half of the fifth century, antilogies were a crucially important form of argument and persuasion in ‘sophistic’ thought, philosophy, historiography, comedy and tragedy, and other fields. In order to redress the historical neglect of the art of antilogy, this essay provides an inventory (doubtless incomplete) of some 30 antilogies composed by playwrights such as Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, historians such as Herodotus and Thucydides, and, most importantly, ‘sophists’ such as Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Antiphon (in addition to a few other writers of the same period). Building on this inventory, the second part of the essay seeks to establish identifying features of antilogy and assess its cultural significance in the Athenian context (in the second half of the fifth century BCE).
反理,或对称对立的演讲或论点对,通常被柏拉图、伊索克拉底、亚里士多德、西塞罗和第欧根尼·拉尔修斯所忽视,后来又被爱德华·诺顿、赫尔曼·迪尔斯和大多数现代古代学者所忽视。因此,直到20世纪末,反义词一直被忽视,或者充其量被视为一种次要的文学手段,只在个人作品中被提及。然而,在五世纪下半叶,反证法在"诡辩"思想、哲学、史学、喜剧和悲剧等领域是一种至关重要的论证和说服形式。为了纠正历史上对反论艺术的忽视,这篇文章提供了一个清单(无疑是不完整的),其中包括剧作家索福克勒斯,欧里庇德斯和阿里斯托芬,历史学家希罗多德和修昔底德,最重要的是,“诡辩家”,如普罗塔哥拉斯,高尔吉亚,普罗迪库斯和安提芬(除了一些同时期的其他作家)。在此清单的基础上,本文的第二部分试图建立反义词的识别特征,并评估其在雅典背景下(公元前五世纪下半叶)的文化意义。
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引用次数: 0
As Seen from the Camera Obscura: Haniya Yutaka’s Ontological Film Theory 从暗箱看——由高矢矢的本体论电影理论
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-21 DOI: 10.3390/h12050105
Naoki Yamamoto
Haniya Yutaka (1909–1997) was one of the leading figures in postwar Japanese literature and avant-garde art movements, chiefly remembered today for his unfinished metaphysical novel Dead Souls [Shirei, 1946–1997]. This essay, however, examines his hitherto unknown theoretical writings on film. Haniya and other writers gathering around the literary magazine Kindai bungaku [Modern Literature, 1946–1964] shared a keen interest in film’s unparalleled importance in twentieth-century modernity. And their collective efforts to transgress conventional boundaries between literature and film culminated in the 1957 publication of the anthology entitled Literary Film Theory [Bungakuteki eigaron]. Above all, Haniya’s film writing was clearly distinguished for its tendency to explicate film’s paradoxical mode of existence philosophically, an approach that the film critic Matsuda Masao later called an “ontological film theory” [sonzaironteki eigaron]. Looking closely at his essays and interviews collected in Literary Film Theory and two other volumes on this topic—Thoughts in the Darkness [Yami no naka no shisō, 1962] and Dreaming in the Darkness [Yami no naka no musō, 1982]—the present essay reads Haniya’s theorization of cinema in relation to both Martin Heidegger’s existential phenomenology and recent scholarly debates on non-Western film theory.
由高谷谷弥(1909-1997)是战后日本文学和前卫艺术运动的领军人物之一,主要因其未完成的玄学小说《死魂》而为人所知。然而,这篇文章考察了他迄今不为人知的电影理论著作。哈尼亚和其他作家聚集在文学杂志《现代文学》(1946-1964)周围,对电影在20世纪现代性中无与伦比的重要性有着浓厚的兴趣。他们的集体努力突破了文学和电影之间的传统界限,最终在1957年出版了名为《文学电影理论》的选集。最重要的是,谷谷俊二的电影写作因其倾向于哲学地解释电影的矛盾存在模式而明显与众不同,这种方法后来被电影评论家松田正雄称为“本体论电影理论”。仔细研究他在《文学电影理论》中收集的文章和访谈,以及关于这个主题的另外两本书——《黑暗中的思想》和《黑暗中的梦》——本文将哈尼亚的电影理论化与马丁·海德格尔的存在主义现象学和最近关于非西方电影理论的学术辩论联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Reading the “Slash” in Percival Everett’s American Desert 阅读珀西瓦尔·埃弗雷特的《美国沙漠》中的“斜杠”
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-19 DOI: 10.3390/h12050104
Joe Weixlmann
This article explores Percival Everett’s multi-dimensional use of a concept he has termed the “slash” (i.e., the line that both separates and conjoins signifier/signified) in his novel American Desert. In effect, this slash is a trope Everett deploys to compel readers not to align themselves with what might otherwise be perceived as the author’s message but rather to explore a wide range of the possible ideas and provisional meanings his fiction might generate, challenge these perceived meanings, constructively play with his text, and eventually tease out some (inevitably contingent) concepts that may, upon further consideration, morph into newer, richer sets of understanding. Although Everett’s use of the slash is not unique to American Desert, it is arguably the novel in which he uses the trope most pervasively.
本文探讨了珀西瓦尔·埃弗雷特在小说《美国沙漠》中对“斜线”(即分隔和连接能指/所指的线)概念的多维使用。实际上,这个斜杠是埃弗雷特使用的一种修辞,迫使读者不要把自己与作者的信息联系在一起,而是去探索他的小说可能产生的广泛的可能的想法和临时的意义,挑战这些感知到的意义,建设性地玩弄他的文本,最终梳理出一些(不可避免的偶然的)概念,这些概念经过进一步的考虑,可能会演变成更新、更丰富的理解。虽然埃弗雷特对斜线的使用并不是《美国沙漠》所独有的,但可以说这是他在小说中最广泛使用这一比喻的小说。
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引用次数: 0
The Scholarship Behind the Eyes in La pícara Justina (1605) 《La pícara Justina》中眼睛背后的学问(1605)
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/h12050102
Javier Soage
This article studies the fictionalisation of the eyes and their potential in La pícara Justina (The Spanish Jilt) (1605), a picaresque novel by the licentiate López de Úbeda. To this end, a collection of passages is discussed in the light of physiognomic and medical–humanistic sources close to the author’s context, which makes it clear that he was at least familiar with the technical literature as well as with the learned circles next to the court. The article also attempts to explain certain elusive passages concerning (or having suggested any connection to) the eyes, with an emphasis on the turn of phrase ‘ojos médicos’ and its assumed link to the Menippean ‘sight from afar’ and the phenomenon of the so-called ‘médicos chocarreros’.
本文研究了《La pícara Justina (the Spanish gilt)》(1605)中眼睛的虚构化及其潜力,这是一本流浪汉小说,作者是López de Úbeda。为此目的,根据与作者背景相近的面相学和医学人文主义来源,讨论了一组段落,这清楚地表明,他至少熟悉技术文献,也熟悉法院旁边的学术圈子。这篇文章还试图解释某些关于(或暗示与)眼睛有任何联系的难以捉摸的段落,重点是短语“ojos m录影带”的转变,以及它与梅尼普人的“远望”和所谓的“m录影带”现象的联系。
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引用次数: 0
“Me Has Visto el Alma en los Ojos”: Hidden Passions in Spanish Golden Age Tragedy “我有维斯托·阿尔玛·洛斯·奥霍斯”:西班牙黄金时代悲剧中隐藏的激情
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/h12050101
María Rosa Álvarez Sellers
The Spanish Golden Age tragedy is assembled around the conflict of passions, which does not find an adequate channel of expression in words because there are feelings that cannot be confessed if one wants to preserve life. However, such intense emotions cannot be hidden for a long time, either. The characters discover that the eyes speak in silence and cannot lie, so they appeal to their sincerity at crucial moments. Such examples can be found in the declarations of love addressed to inaccessible or forbidden women or in the narratives of women who report sexual assault or husbands who believe they have been dishonored. In this article, we will analyze all these circumstances to demonstrate that, if they contradict the lips, the eyes are the windows of the soul, and they speak a language that is as expressive as it is eloquent.
西班牙黄金时代的悲剧是围绕着激情的冲突而展开的,这种冲突没有找到适当的语言表达渠道,因为如果想要维持生命,有些感情是不能承认的。然而,这种强烈的情绪也无法长期隐藏。角色们发现眼睛是沉默的,不会说谎,所以他们在关键时刻求助于他们的真诚。这样的例子可以在向无法接近或被禁止的女性发表的爱的宣言中找到,也可以在举报性侵犯的女性的叙述中找到,也可以在认为自己受到羞辱的丈夫的叙述中找到。在这篇文章中,我们将分析所有这些情况,以证明,如果它们与嘴唇相矛盾,眼睛是灵魂的窗户,它们说的语言既表达又雄辩。
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引用次数: 0
“You Can Really Make the Story Your Own”: Taking Back Candyman “你真的可以让故事成为你自己的”:拿回糖果人
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-18 DOI: 10.3390/h12050103
Marco Petrelli
This essay offers a comparative analysis of Bernard Rose’s 1992 Candyman and its 2021 sequel directed by Nia DaCosta. Through an intertextual approach informed by gothic studies, narratology, and critical race theory, the essay shows how DaCosta’s film establishes a transformative relationship with its predecessor. In the 2021 film, Candyman rewrites the story of the original, disrupts its stereotypical representation of Blackness, and appropriates the horror genre to give voice to the peculiar anxieties of contemporary African American life. In so doing, DaCosta’s film also challenges classic gothic tropes of horrific Blackness while at the same time pushing back against dominant narratives on race to reclaim space for a discussion on racial relations in America filtered through a Black lens.
本文对伯纳德·罗斯1992年的《糖果人》和妮娅·达科斯塔执导的2021年续集进行了比较分析。通过哥特研究、叙事学和批判种族理论的互文方法,本文展示了达科斯塔的电影如何与它的前身建立起一种变革的关系。在2021年的电影中,《糖果人》改写了原著的故事,打破了对黑人的刻板印象,并利用恐怖类型来表达当代非裔美国人生活的特殊焦虑。在这样做的过程中,达科斯塔的电影也挑战了可怕的黑人的经典哥特式比喻,同时推翻了关于种族的主流叙事,为通过黑人镜头过滤的美国种族关系的讨论夺回了空间。
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引用次数: 0
Read with Me/While We Wait—A Community of Voices in Percival Everett’s Trout’s Lie 和我一起读/在我们等待的时候——珀西瓦尔·埃弗雷特的《鳟鱼的谎言》中的一个声音共同体
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3390/h12050099
Anne-Laure Tissut
In Trout’s Lie, Percival Everett seems to be once more exploring pure form as part of a quest for abstraction. Yet the effect of the poems in the collection largely relies on the materiality of language characterizing all poetry—mostly a play on sounds and the visual dimension of the text. How to conciliate the quest for pure form and the unruliness of the bodily? It will be argued that Everett brings them together through a work on forms not only in space but also in time, focusing on endings in both the abstract and the concrete sense of the term.
在《鳟鱼的谎言》中,珀西瓦尔·埃弗雷特似乎再次探索纯粹的形式,作为对抽象的追求的一部分。然而,诗集中诗歌的效果很大程度上依赖于所有诗歌所特有的语言的物质性——主要是对声音和文本视觉维度的发挥。如何调和对纯粹形式的追求和对身体的放纵?有人会说,埃弗雷特不仅在空间上,而且在时间上,通过对形式的研究,把它们结合在一起,关注抽象和具体意义上的结局。
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引用次数: 0
Virtual Craft: Experiences and Aesthetics of Immersive Making Culture 虚拟工艺:沉浸式制作文化的体验与美学
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3390/h12050100
Minhyoung Kim
As immersive media, including VR, AR, MR, and XR, continues to expand rapidly during the pandemic era, there remains limited research on its comprehensive characteristics and its potential to create new forms of experience and aesthetics. This may be attributed to a lack of an understanding that immersive technologies exist encompassing both realms of reality and virtuality, leading to misconceptions that they are radically disconnected from traditional notions of materiality. In contrast, this study identifies an emerging trend characterized by the material implementation of immersive technologies in the domain of making culture in VR, which is referred to as “virtual craft” in this research. By reviewing studies on immersive media, materiality, making culture, and triadic semiotics, an integrated conceptual framework was developed to assess the experiences, aesthetics, and potential of immersive making culture. This framework is then applied to a specific case study involving virtual craft, with a particular focus on the 3D painting application, Tilt Brush, and related applications that the author has observed and tested. In conclusion, this paper presents a vision of the future of virtual craft and discusses the sustainability of immersive making culture, highlighting the potential for continued innovation and integration in various fields.
随着包括VR、AR、MR和XR在内的沉浸式媒体在大流行时期继续迅速发展,对其综合特征及其创造新体验和美学形式的潜力的研究仍然有限。这可能是由于缺乏对沉浸式技术存在于现实和虚拟领域的理解,导致误解,认为它们与传统的物质性概念完全脱节。相比之下,本研究发现了一种新兴趋势,其特征是沉浸式技术在VR制作文化领域的物质实现,在本研究中被称为“虚拟工艺”。通过回顾沉浸式媒体、物质性、制作文化和三元符号学的研究,我们开发了一个综合的概念框架来评估沉浸式制作文化的体验、美学和潜力。然后将该框架应用于涉及虚拟工艺的特定案例研究,特别关注3D绘画应用程序,倾斜刷以及作者观察和测试的相关应用程序。最后,本文展望了虚拟工艺的未来,并讨论了沉浸式制作文化的可持续性,强调了在各个领域持续创新和整合的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Pain’s Echo: Lament and Revenge in Ovid’s “Procne and Philomela” 痛苦的回响:奥维德《普鲁丝妮与菲勒美拉》中的悲叹与复仇
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3390/h12050096
Ilit Ferber
The article offers a reexamination of Ovid’s story of Philomela and Procne, with an emphasis on revenge and lament as two responses to acts of wrongdoing and loss. My analysis begins by exploring philosophical and psychoanalytic perspectives, mainly from Nietzsche and Freud, which are usually thought of as complete opposites: revenge is considered active and violent, whereas lament is passive and paralyzed. However, upon revising Ovid’s tale of unimaginable suffering answered by both lament and revenge, I show that in Ovid’s story, they appear as interconnected and dependent on each other. Initially, Philomela appears as the passive, lamenting sister, while Procne appears as the angry, vengeful one. Nevertheless, as the narrative unfolds, the roles of the sisters change. Through the characters of Philomela and Procne, Ovid presents a compelling account in which these two responses can be seen as mirror images of the same phenomenon, rather than diametrically opposed binaries.
这篇文章重新审视了奥维德的菲罗梅拉和普鲁丝尼的故事,强调报复和哀叹是对错误行为和损失的两种回应。我的分析开始于探索哲学和精神分析的观点,主要来自尼采和弗洛伊德,他们通常被认为是完全相反的:复仇被认为是主动和暴力的,而哀叹是被动和瘫痪的。然而,在对奥维德的故事进行修改后,我发现在奥维德的故事中,悲叹和复仇是相互联系和依赖的。最初,菲罗梅拉是一个被动的、悲叹的姐妹,而普鲁丝妮则是一个愤怒的、报复心强的姐妹。然而,随着故事的展开,姐妹俩的角色发生了变化。通过Philomela和Procne的角色,奥维德提出了一个令人信服的解释,其中这两种反应可以被视为同一现象的镜像,而不是截然相反的二元。
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引用次数: 0
‘Together We Prepare a Feast, Each Person Stirring Up Memory’ “我们一起准备盛宴,每个人都唤起回忆”
0 HUMANITIES, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Pub Date : 2023-09-15 DOI: 10.3390/h12050098
Ed Stevens, Anna Khlusova, Sarah Fine, Ammar Azzouz, Leonie Ansems de Vries
Our story starts in April 2020, in the early stages of the UK’s first national COVID-19 lockdown. A multidisciplinary team of researchers and artists began a collaboration with Migrateful, a charity that runs cookery classes led by refugees, asylum seekers, and migrants struggling to integrate and access employment. Teaching classes and sharing their cuisine and stories helps the chefs develop their confidence and sense of belonging, and food is central to the enterprise. The focus of the project was a series of interactive online cookery classes delivered by Migrateful chefs, with ongoing involvement from the researchers and artists. In this paper, we weave together the research team’s reflections on the project with commentary from the participants and artists. We outline our methods and our learning from the collaboration and explain how it inspired new ways of thinking about refugee representation, food and belonging, co-creative storytelling, and virtual engagement. We discuss the ways in which Migrateful’s model helps to support the production of counter-narratives that value, foreground, and amplify migrants’ perspectives and voices while acknowledging the tensions involved in adapting this model to the virtual space. We emphasise the power dynamics inherent in engaging and researching with marginalised people and their stories while considering whether artistic involvement and creation may help to navigate some of these challenges, and we address how the virtual environment affected the potential for collaborative storytelling, interaction, and engagement levels among participants. Together, these reflections form a ‘recipe’ for what we hope to be a more meaningful and ethical model of engagement activity that builds on this learning.
我们的故事从2020年4月开始,当时是英国首次全国COVID-19封锁的早期阶段。一个由研究人员和艺术家组成的多学科团队开始与Migrateful合作,Migrateful是一家慈善机构,由难民、寻求庇护者和努力融入社会并获得就业机会的移民开办烹饪课程。教授课程,分享他们的烹饪和故事,帮助厨师们培养信心和归属感,而食物是企业的核心。该项目的重点是一系列交互式在线烹饪课程,由Migrateful厨师提供,研究人员和艺术家持续参与。在本文中,我们将研究团队对该项目的反思与参与者和艺术家的评论结合在一起。我们概述了我们的方法和我们从合作中学到的东西,并解释了它如何激发了关于难民代表、食物和归属感、共同创作的故事讲述和虚拟参与的新思路。我们讨论了Migrateful的模型如何帮助支持反叙事的产生,这些反叙事重视、突出并放大了移民的观点和声音,同时承认将该模型适应虚拟空间所涉及的紧张关系。我们强调参与和研究边缘化人群及其故事的内在动力,同时考虑艺术参与和创作是否有助于应对这些挑战,我们讨论虚拟环境如何影响参与者之间协作讲故事、互动和参与水平的潜力。总之,这些反思形成了一个“配方”,我们希望在这种学习的基础上建立一个更有意义和道德的参与活动模式。
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引用次数: 0
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Humanities (Basel, Switzerland)
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