This article focuses on the question of Africa and global inequalities, bridging research in the past with the experience of the present. It argues that frameworks of indebtedness and growing inequalities have characterised the African continent�s relationship with globalisation at times of structural socioeconomic crisis. This was true in the early modern period, and can also be seen to characterise the macroeconomic framework of the two years of the Covid-19 pandemic. Understanding the pandemic response through a structural and longue dur�e economic perspective opens up new avenues of interpretation and shows the importance of perspectives from the humanities and social sciences in shaping pandemic responses. Comparative historical approaches, socioeconomic continuities, and the critique of power provided by non-STEM subjects are shown to be vital in shaping a more holistic understanding of the pandemic time, and of how to respond to future pandemics.
{"title":"From �commodity currencies� to Covid loans: Africa and global inequality, past and present","authors":"T. Green","doi":"10.5871/jba/010.039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010.039","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on the question of Africa and global inequalities, bridging research in the past with the experience of the present. It argues that frameworks of indebtedness and growing inequalities have characterised the African continent�s relationship with globalisation at times of structural socioeconomic crisis. This was true in the early modern period, and can also be seen to characterise the macroeconomic framework of the two years of the Covid-19 pandemic. Understanding the pandemic response through a structural and longue dur�e economic perspective opens up new avenues of interpretation and shows the importance of perspectives from the humanities and social sciences in shaping pandemic responses. Comparative historical approaches, socioeconomic continuities, and the critique of power provided by non-STEM subjects are shown to be vital in shaping a more holistic understanding of the pandemic time, and of how to respond to future pandemics.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71149917","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article considers how the 18th-century poet Thomas Chatterton created literary worlds by examining and revealing the connections between four very different areas in which he �terra-formed�: mediaevalism, political satire, anti-slavery poetry, and environmentalism. Although these areas of Chatterton�s writing are usually treated separately by critics, the article argues that they in fact share many common features, and between them characterise Chatterton�s distinctive � if extraordinarily precocious � poetic voices. These shared characteristics have, moreover, been brought into sharp relief by pressing current issues, from the traumas of the pandemic to the debates on the commemoration (and misrepresentation) of historical figures such as Edward Colston and indeed Chatterton himself. The article concludes by showing how readers can find in the poetry of Thomas Chatterton not only an unexpected influence on some of the major cultural touchstones of the 21st century, but contemporary significance and relevance through the consolation of literature.
{"title":"Thomas Chatterton: four ways of literary terra-forming","authors":"Nick Groom","doi":"10.5871/jba/010.135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010.135","url":null,"abstract":"This article considers how the 18th-century poet Thomas Chatterton created literary worlds by examining and revealing the connections between four very different areas in which he �terra-formed�: mediaevalism, political satire, anti-slavery poetry, and environmentalism. Although these areas of Chatterton�s writing are usually treated separately by critics, the article argues that they in fact share many common features, and between them characterise Chatterton�s distinctive � if extraordinarily precocious � poetic voices. These shared characteristics have, moreover, been brought into sharp relief by pressing current issues, from the traumas of the pandemic to the debates on the commemoration (and misrepresentation) of historical figures such as Edward Colston and indeed Chatterton himself. The article concludes by showing how readers can find in the poetry of Thomas Chatterton not only an unexpected influence on some of the major cultural touchstones of the 21st century, but contemporary significance and relevance through the consolation of literature.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71150013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article contends that humanitarian imagery and sociopolitical discourses that present African childhoods as �lacking� are being rigorously challenged by African fiction that illuminates the diversity of childhood experiences that make up the everyday. The article aims to show that neither the trope of the African child as silent victim nor the globalised African child whose trajectory is characterised by escape from local and national ties is able to capture the complexity and plurality of �parochial� (Jaji 2021) childhoods and suggests that new versions of childhood are emerging in African writing. By analysing the role of the everyday and the ambiguity of play in fiction by Tsitsi Dangarembga, NoViolet Bulawayo, Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi and Khadija Abdalla Bajaber, alongside stories from the 2021 Caine Prize shortlist, the article showcases the fresh and adventurous narratives of childhood to be found in contemporary African fiction.
{"title":"Everyday childhoods in contemporary African fiction","authors":"Veronica Barnsley","doi":"10.5871/jba/010s2.283","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s2.283","url":null,"abstract":"This article contends that humanitarian imagery and sociopolitical discourses that present African childhoods as �lacking� are being rigorously challenged by African fiction that illuminates the diversity of childhood experiences that make up the everyday. The article aims to show that neither the trope of the African child as silent victim nor the globalised African child whose trajectory is characterised by escape from local and national ties is able to capture the complexity and plurality of �parochial� (Jaji 2021) childhoods and suggests that new versions of childhood are emerging in African writing. By analysing the role of the everyday and the ambiguity of play in fiction by Tsitsi Dangarembga, NoViolet Bulawayo, Jennifer Nansubuga Makumbi and Khadija Abdalla Bajaber, alongside stories from the 2021 Caine Prize shortlist, the article showcases the fresh and adventurous narratives of childhood to be found in contemporary African fiction.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71150752","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Within a history and context of torture practised by state agents in Sri Lanka, this article discusses in relation to victims of torture who engaged with complaint mechanisms, the threats faced, the responses received from complaint mechanisms, and what victims and their families actually did to secure protection. The article is an analysis of the threats of fabricated criminal charges, personal and social humiliation, and physical threat and intimidation in retaliation to lodging of complaints against perpetrators and the strategies of aggression and mobilising social connections that are utilised.
{"title":"Exposed and alone: torture survivors in Sri Lanka bear the burden of their own protection","authors":"Ermiza Tegal, T. Piyadasa","doi":"10.5871/jba/010s3.117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s3.117","url":null,"abstract":"Within a history and context of torture practised by state agents in Sri Lanka, this article discusses in relation to victims of torture who engaged with complaint mechanisms, the threats faced, the responses received from complaint mechanisms, and what victims and their families actually did to secure protection. The article is an analysis of the threats of fabricated criminal charges, personal and social humiliation, and physical threat and intimidation in retaliation to lodging of complaints against perpetrators and the strategies of aggression and mobilising social connections that are utilised.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"58 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71151031","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite substantial international evidence that children learn best in a language which they understand, language-in-education policies in much of Africa do not effectively accommodate the range of languages found in the classroom, instead prescribing dominant national languages and/or colonial languages such as English. Further, these language policies continue to reflect a monoglossic conceptualisation of languages and do not adequately account for the multilingual repertoires of individuals and communities. They do not reflect an understanding of the ways in which multilingual language practices could be harnessed for education. This article provides a comparative overview of the policy context in Malawi and Ghana, at the levels of legislation, practice, and attitudes. Through interviews, questionnaires, classroom observations, and classroom recordings in primary schools, we highlight the multilingual realities of educational spaces in each country. We highlight that, despite different sociolinguistic and legislative contexts, there are similarities between these contexts which emerge as important factors when considering multilingualism within education.
{"title":"Language policy in Ghana and Malawi: differing approaches to multilingualism in education","authors":"Colin Reilly, Elvis ResCue, J. Chavula","doi":"10.5871/jba/010s4.069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s4.069","url":null,"abstract":"Despite substantial international evidence that children learn best in a language which they understand, language-in-education policies in much of Africa do not effectively accommodate the range of languages found in the classroom, instead prescribing dominant national languages and/or colonial languages such as English. Further, these language policies continue to reflect a monoglossic conceptualisation of languages and do not adequately account for the multilingual repertoires of individuals and communities. They do not reflect an understanding of the ways in which multilingual language practices could be harnessed for education. This article provides a comparative overview of the policy context in Malawi and Ghana, at the levels of legislation, practice, and attitudes. Through interviews, questionnaires, classroom observations, and classroom recordings in primary schools, we highlight the multilingual realities of educational spaces in each country. We highlight that, despite different sociolinguistic and legislative contexts, there are similarities between these contexts which emerge as important factors when considering multilingualism within education.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71151501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study presents reflections on the symbolic capital of oral Angolan tradition, attesting to the proximity between orality and writing in Boaventura Cardoso�s narrative fiction. To this end, the works Fogo da Fala: um conjunto de contos and A Morte do Velho Kipaca�a were selected for analysis. A structuralist approach was adopted as a theoretical framework for the investigation. However, the central aim of the article is to highlight the impact and the importance of orality in the contemporary narrative of Angolan literature, with Boaventura Cardoso as a starting and ending point. The article argues that orality is imposed not only as a source and a substrate, but also as an affluent and confluent of literary production engaged with references of Angolanity. The study also seeks to establish guidelines for a more theoretical study of oral literature in Angola and beyond.
本研究对安哥拉口头传统的象征资本进行了反思，证明了卡多索叙事小说中口头与写作之间的接近性。为此，选择了Fogo da Fala: um conjunto de contos和A Morte do Velho Kipaca进行分析。采用结构主义方法作为研究的理论框架。然而，本文的中心目的是强调安哥拉文学当代叙事中口述的影响和重要性，以Boaventura Cardoso为起点和终点。本文认为，口头性不仅作为一种来源和基础，而且作为一种丰富和融合的文学作品，与安哥拉性有关。该研究还试图为安哥拉及其他地区口头文学的更理论化的研究建立指导方针。
{"title":"Reflections of orality in contemporary Angolan literary narratives: reading Boaventura Cardoso","authors":"Sabino Ferreira do Nascimento","doi":"10.5871/jba/010s6.077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s6.077","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents reflections on the symbolic capital of oral Angolan tradition, attesting to the proximity between orality and writing in Boaventura Cardoso�s narrative fiction. To this end, the works Fogo da Fala: um conjunto de contos and A Morte do Velho Kipaca�a were selected for analysis. A structuralist approach was adopted as a theoretical framework for the investigation. However, the central aim of the article is to highlight the impact and the importance of orality in the contemporary narrative of Angolan literature, with Boaventura Cardoso as a starting and ending point. The article argues that orality is imposed not only as a source and a substrate, but also as an affluent and confluent of literary production engaged with references of Angolanity. The study also seeks to establish guidelines for a more theoretical study of oral literature in Angola and beyond.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71152413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
�Freedom� has been characterised as a �weird, Western concept� of little relevance to a broader understanding of human societies. Accordingly, it is sometimes suggested that anthropology, and its sister discipline of archaeology, have had little to say about freedom. Drawing on a collaboration with the late David Graeber, and reflections on the anthropology of A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, I will argue to the contrary that an ethnography of freedom � with its main locus in the colonial milieu of 17th-century North America � lies close to the disciplinary foundations of anthropology, and also has something to say about the modern development of our supposedly weird, supposedly Western concept.
{"title":"For an anthropology and archaeology of freedom","authors":"David Wengrow","doi":"10.5871/jba/010.055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010.055","url":null,"abstract":"�Freedom� has been characterised as a �weird, Western concept� of little relevance to a broader understanding of human societies. Accordingly, it is sometimes suggested that anthropology, and its sister discipline of archaeology, have had little to say about freedom. Drawing on a collaboration with the late David Graeber, and reflections on the anthropology of A.R. Radcliffe-Brown, I will argue to the contrary that an ethnography of freedom � with its main locus in the colonial milieu of 17th-century North America � lies close to the disciplinary foundations of anthropology, and also has something to say about the modern development of our supposedly weird, supposedly Western concept.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71149933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article begins by looking at developments within Modern Languages and reflects upon the importance of the move towards the consideration of cultural and social phenomena in transnational perspective. It suggests how the �transnational turn� can be interpreted within the disciplinary field and, in this context, refers to the work of the large project �Transnationalizing Modern Languages� (2014�2018), part of the AHRC�s Translating Cultures research theme. The article looks at how a transnational approach can advance the move to decolonise research and teaching in the subject area and at how it promotes understanding of the proximity of the colonial world. Drawing upon the example of creative writing on the expansionist phase of Italy�s history, the article explores how the ongoing legacies of colonialism can be addressed within an approach that is centred on the traces of past instances of mobility and displacement. It concludes by pointing to the need for the transmedial study of the ghosts of the Italian empire.
{"title":"�Languages don�t have bones, so you can just break them�: rethinking multilingualism in education policy and practice in Africa","authors":"C. Burdett","doi":"10.5871/jba/010.001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010.001","url":null,"abstract":"The article begins by looking at developments within Modern Languages and reflects upon the importance of the move towards the consideration of cultural and social phenomena in transnational perspective. It suggests how the �transnational turn� can be interpreted within the disciplinary field and, in this context, refers to the work of the large project �Transnationalizing Modern Languages� (2014�2018), part of the AHRC�s Translating Cultures research theme. The article looks at how a transnational approach can advance the move to decolonise research and teaching in the subject area and at how it promotes understanding of the proximity of the colonial world. Drawing upon the example of creative writing on the expansionist phase of Italy�s history, the article explores how the ongoing legacies of colonialism can be addressed within an approach that is centred on the traces of past instances of mobility and displacement. It concludes by pointing to the need for the transmedial study of the ghosts of the Italian empire.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71149995","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the scope of the sociology of childhood, the aim is to present one of the diverse sociocultural worlds of African children, specifically their play culture, with the intention to reveal Sao Tome and Principe childhood�s daily life dimensions by considering those in which children are specialised and thrilled to talk about: games, play and toys. With the support of postcolonial studies, the present research points out that Santomean children from this African country, which lies at latitude zero on the equator, are literally living in between two worlds: simultaneously handling the challenge of being a child in their own society (adult-centrism) as well as defying the standardised Western childhood imposed by occidental hegemonic institutions (Eurocentrism). Nevertheless, it seems that African children�s actions, resilience, creativity, and intelligence, can be linked to cultures of subversion and resistance, in challenging social inequalities and fighting for social justice�like counter-hegemonic struggles.
{"title":"Childhood at latitude zero: revealing Sao Tome and Principe children�s play culture","authors":"Marlene Barra","doi":"10.5871/jba/010s2.083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s2.083","url":null,"abstract":"In the scope of the sociology of childhood, the aim is to present one of the diverse sociocultural worlds of African children, specifically their play culture, with the intention to reveal Sao Tome and Principe childhood�s daily life dimensions by considering those in which children are specialised and thrilled to talk about: games, play and toys. With the support of postcolonial studies, the present research points out that Santomean children from this African country, which lies at latitude zero on the equator, are literally living in between two worlds: simultaneously handling the challenge of being a child in their own society (adult-centrism) as well as defying the standardised Western childhood imposed by occidental hegemonic institutions (Eurocentrism). Nevertheless, it seems that African children�s actions, resilience, creativity, and intelligence, can be linked to cultures of subversion and resistance, in challenging social inequalities and fighting for social justice�like counter-hegemonic struggles.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71150604","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There are a number of memoirs/autobiographies and biographies by African writers on their childhoods in Africa. However, many of these texts tend to focus mostly on the child protagonist�s experiences of colonialism, slavery, war, death and deprivation. This article moves away from these narratives of deprivation and trauma, focusing on other versions of African childhoods where the child lives a carefree life devoid of danger and scarcity of resources. Using Camara Laye�s The Dark Child and Wole Soyinka�s Ak�: The Years of Childhood and doing a textual analysis of the content, themes and characters, this article argues that these texts can be read as recollections of nostalgia and memories of a carefree time in the life of two African children, a time that the narrators reminisce upon through the act of retelling in order to revisit the joys and innocence of those days.
{"title":"Memory, innocence and nostalgia: other versions of African childhood in two African texts","authors":"Theresah Patrine Eninn","doi":"10.5871/jba/010s2.265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5871/jba/010s2.265","url":null,"abstract":"There are a number of memoirs/autobiographies and biographies by African writers on their childhoods in Africa. However, many of these texts tend to focus mostly on the child protagonist�s experiences of colonialism, slavery, war, death and deprivation. This article moves away from these narratives of deprivation and trauma, focusing on other versions of African childhoods where the child lives a carefree life devoid of danger and scarcity of resources. Using Camara Laye�s The Dark Child and Wole Soyinka�s Ak�: The Years of Childhood and doing a textual analysis of the content, themes and characters, this article argues that these texts can be read as recollections of nostalgia and memories of a carefree time in the life of two African children, a time that the narrators reminisce upon through the act of retelling in order to revisit the joys and innocence of those days.","PeriodicalId":93790,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the British Academy","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"71150708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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