Preston Thomas Sorenson, J. Kiss, A. Bedard-Haughn
Abstract The major drivers of soil variation in Saskatchewan at scales finer than the existing soil maps are parent material variance, slope position, and salinity. There is therefore a need to generate finer-scale parent material maps as part of updating soil maps in Saskatchewan. As spatially referenced soil point data are lacking in Saskatchewan, predictive soil mapping methods that disaggregate existing soil parent material maps are required. This study focused on investigating important environmental covariates to use in parent material disaggregation, particularly bare soil composite imagery (BSCI). Synthetic point observations were generated using an area-proportional approach based on existing soil survey polygons and a random forest model was trained with those synthetic observations to predict parent material classes. Including BSCI as environmental covariates increased model accuracy from 0.38 to 0.52 and the model Kappa score from 0.19 to 0.35 compared with models where it was not included. Models that included training points from all locations, regardless of whether BSCI was available, and included BSCI as environmental covariates had similar results to the BSCI model with an accuracy of 0.48 and a Kappa value of 0.30. Based on these results, BSCI is an important covariate for parent material disaggregation in the Saskatchewan Prairies. Future work to disaggregate soil classes based on slope position and salinity, and to combine those methods with parent material disaggregation is needed to generate detailed soil maps for the Canadian Prairies.
{"title":"Improved parent material map disaggregation methods in the Saskatchewan prairies using historical bare soil composite imagery","authors":"Preston Thomas Sorenson, J. Kiss, A. Bedard-Haughn","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0154","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0154","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The major drivers of soil variation in Saskatchewan at scales finer than the existing soil maps are parent material variance, slope position, and salinity. There is therefore a need to generate finer-scale parent material maps as part of updating soil maps in Saskatchewan. As spatially referenced soil point data are lacking in Saskatchewan, predictive soil mapping methods that disaggregate existing soil parent material maps are required. This study focused on investigating important environmental covariates to use in parent material disaggregation, particularly bare soil composite imagery (BSCI). Synthetic point observations were generated using an area-proportional approach based on existing soil survey polygons and a random forest model was trained with those synthetic observations to predict parent material classes. Including BSCI as environmental covariates increased model accuracy from 0.38 to 0.52 and the model Kappa score from 0.19 to 0.35 compared with models where it was not included. Models that included training points from all locations, regardless of whether BSCI was available, and included BSCI as environmental covariates had similar results to the BSCI model with an accuracy of 0.48 and a Kappa value of 0.30. Based on these results, BSCI is an important covariate for parent material disaggregation in the Saskatchewan Prairies. Future work to disaggregate soil classes based on slope position and salinity, and to combine those methods with parent material disaggregation is needed to generate detailed soil maps for the Canadian Prairies.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46387981","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
L. Comeau, Kyle MacKinley, Adrian Unc, J. Vallotton
Abstract Soil respiration measurements are commonly used as soil health indicators. Several ex situ soil respiration methods exist, but comparative performances between them have rarely been analyzed. Specifically, there is a lack of comparisons between intact microcosms and destructive methods. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare three different ex situ soil respiration methodologies: minimally disturbed microcosms using fresh soil, dried–sieved 24 h burst test, and dried–sieved 10-day incubation. We hypothesized that (i) the respiration rates for the three methods are correlated to each other; (ii) the respiration rates are strongly correlated with soil physico-chemical parameters; (iii) disturbance caused by drying and sieving reduces regression coefficients compared with microcosms; and (iv) drying and sieving soil produces larger respiration rates. Soil was collected in the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. Total carbon and nitrogen (C:N), pH, aggregate stability, total dissolved C and N, NO3 and NH4, texture, and labile C were determined prior to incubations. Our results showed that the three methods had CO2 efflux in similar ranges. However, all the methods had low to no significant correlations between soil physico-chemical parameters and respiration. Total dissolved N had the strongest correlation with CO2 efflux. The results of the microcosm method significantly correlated with the results for 24 h burst test but not with the 10-day incubation method. We conclude that drying and sieving soil prior to performing ex situ soil heterotrophic respiration measurements using the 24 h burst tests can produce cautiously reliable results. Despite the disturbance, results from the 24 h burst tests are comparable with the results of the microcosm method.
{"title":"Ex situ soil respiration assessment using minimally disturbed microcosms and dried–sieved soils; comparison of methods to assess soil health","authors":"L. Comeau, Kyle MacKinley, Adrian Unc, J. Vallotton","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0143","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soil respiration measurements are commonly used as soil health indicators. Several ex situ soil respiration methods exist, but comparative performances between them have rarely been analyzed. Specifically, there is a lack of comparisons between intact microcosms and destructive methods. The objective of this study was to analyze and compare three different ex situ soil respiration methodologies: minimally disturbed microcosms using fresh soil, dried–sieved 24 h burst test, and dried–sieved 10-day incubation. We hypothesized that (i) the respiration rates for the three methods are correlated to each other; (ii) the respiration rates are strongly correlated with soil physico-chemical parameters; (iii) disturbance caused by drying and sieving reduces regression coefficients compared with microcosms; and (iv) drying and sieving soil produces larger respiration rates. Soil was collected in the Province of New Brunswick, Canada. Total carbon and nitrogen (C:N), pH, aggregate stability, total dissolved C and N, NO3 and NH4, texture, and labile C were determined prior to incubations. Our results showed that the three methods had CO2 efflux in similar ranges. However, all the methods had low to no significant correlations between soil physico-chemical parameters and respiration. Total dissolved N had the strongest correlation with CO2 efflux. The results of the microcosm method significantly correlated with the results for 24 h burst test but not with the 10-day incubation method. We conclude that drying and sieving soil prior to performing ex situ soil heterotrophic respiration measurements using the 24 h burst tests can produce cautiously reliable results. Despite the disturbance, results from the 24 h burst tests are comparable with the results of the microcosm method.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42403947","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yi Guo, Quanjiu Wang, Yang Liu, Jihong Zhang, K. Wei
Abstract Soil water infiltration is an important factor affecting surface runoff, soil erosion, and soil solute transmission. Increasing soil infiltration reduces runoff and erosion. The presence of low-permeable body in soil can enhance soil infiltration capacity. However, different depths of low-permeable body have unknown effects on water infiltration and salt transfer. In this work, we evaluated the effects of low-permeable body with varied depths (control (CK), 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm) on silty loam soil water and salt movement using 15 soil columns (23 cm internal diameter, 50 cm length). Experimental results showed that low-permeable body increased infiltration rate and wetting front migration rate. Infiltration rate and wetting front propulsion rate decreased with the increase of the burial depth. Compared with the CK, when the depth of wetting front reached 20 cm, the infiltration time of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm burial depth treatment was shortened by 72.24%, 56.29%, 44.61%, and 31.01%, respectively. Simultaneously, the existence of low-permeable body led to the increase of soil water content and salt content in the same soil layer, which indicated that the low-permeable body enhanced the soil holding capacity and reduced the salt leakage to the deep soil. Furthermore, the Philip’s model and the algebraic model were used to describe the infiltration process. Fitting results showed that the sorptivity in the Philip’s model increased with burial depth, while the comprehensive shape coefficient in the algebraic model decreased. Therefore, this study provides a reference for the application of low-permeable body in the improving soil infiltration capacity and controlling salt transport. Résumé L’infiltration de l’eau dans le sol est un facteur important qui affecte le ruissellement en surface, l’érosion du sol et le transport des solutés. Quand l’infiltration augmente, le ruissellement et l’érosion s’amenuisent. La présence d’un corps peu perméable dans le sol peut accroître l’infiltration d’eau. Cependant, on ignore quels effets il pourrait avoir sur l’infiltration et le transport des sels selon la profondeur d’enfouissement. Les auteurs ont évalué les effets d’un corps peu perméable situé à diverses profondeurs (témoin (CK), 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5 cm) sur la concentration d’eau dans un loam limoneux et sur le déplacement des sels en recourant à 15 colonnes de sol (23 cm de diamètre interne, 50 cm de longueur). Les résultats de l’expérience montrent que le corps peu perméable augmente le taux d’infiltration et la vitesse de déplacement du front d’humectation. Ces deux paramètres diminuent à mesure que s’accroît la profondeur de l’enfouissement. Comparativement au traitement CK, où le front d’humectation a atteint 20 cm de profondeur, le temps d’infiltration s’est respectivement raccourci de 72,24 %, 56,29 %, 44,61 % et 31,01 % avec une profondeur d’enfouissement de 0, 0,5, 1 et 1,5 cm. Parallèlement, l’existence d’un corps peu perméable a entraîné une
土壤水分入渗是影响地表径流、土壤侵蚀和土壤溶质运移的重要因素。增加土壤入渗可以减少径流和侵蚀。低渗体的存在可以增强土壤的入渗能力。然而，不同深度的低渗透体对水渗透和盐转移的影响尚不清楚。在这项工作中，我们利用15根土壤柱(内径23 cm，长50 cm)评估了不同深度(对照(CK)， 0、0.5、1和1.5 cm)的低渗透体对粉质壤土水盐运动的影响。实验结果表明，低渗透体提高了渗透速率和湿锋迁移速率。入渗速率和湿润锋推进速率随埋深的增加而减小。与对照相比，当湿润锋深度达到20 cm时，0、0.5、1和1.5 cm埋深处理的入渗时间分别缩短了72.24%、56.29%、44.61%和31.01%。同时，低渗透体的存在导致同一土层土壤含水量和含盐量的增加，说明低渗透体增强了土壤持水能力，减少了盐分向深层土壤的渗漏。采用菲利普模型和代数模型对渗透过程进行了描述。拟合结果表明，Philip模型的吸附系数随埋深的增加而增加，而代数模型的综合形状系数则减小。因此，本研究为低渗体在提高土壤入渗能力和控制盐分运移方面的应用提供了参考。土壤的渗透是影响土壤表面水分流动的重要因素，土壤的侵蚀是影响土壤表面水分流动的重要因素，土壤的迁移是影响土壤表面水分流动的重要因素。Quand ' l '渗透增强，我们的叛乱分子和我的叛乱分子都得到了改善。La pracemassence d 'un corps peu permassable dans le sol peut accrotre l 'infiltration d 'eau。除此之外，如果不考虑风力的影响，将会促进空气的渗透，使空气的运输变得更加复杂。在不同的范围内(如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内(如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，如:在不同的范围内，或在不同的范围内，或在不同的范围内，或在不同的范围内，或在不同的范围内，或在不同的范围内，或在不同的范围内，或在不同的范围内，或在不同的范围内。从经验的角度看，从经验的角度看，从渗透的角度看，从经验的角度看，从经验的角度看，从经验的角度看，从经验的角度看，从经验的角度看，从经验的角度看，从经验的角度看。“两个参数”的减少，“度量值”的增加，“度量值”的增加，“度量值”的增加，“度量值”的增加。与对照对照(0、0、5、1和1、5 cm)相比，où在20 cm深度的前降水、前降水、前降水分别为72、24%、56%、29%、44、61%和31、01%。与此平行的是，有一组可交换的交换条件，即有一组可交换的交换条件，即有一组可交换的交换条件，即有一组可交换的交换条件，即有一组可交换的交换条件，即有一组可交换的交换条件，即有一组可交换的交换条件，即有一组可交换的交换条件。“我的事业是成功的”“我的事业是成功的”“我的事业是成功的”“我的事业是成功的”根据调整的范围，根据固定的范围，根据菲利普模数，根据增加的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，根据模数的范围，确定模数的范围。这个练习曲servira德德参考点的课一个队一些渗透为改良la capacite d 'infiltration等控制器le称为“des sels。[贸易协定]
{"title":"Water and salt transport characteristics in a soil column in the presence of a low-permeable body","authors":"Yi Guo, Quanjiu Wang, Yang Liu, Jihong Zhang, K. Wei","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0061","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soil water infiltration is an important factor affecting surface runoff, soil erosion, and soil solute transmission. Increasing soil infiltration reduces runoff and erosion. The presence of low-permeable body in soil can enhance soil infiltration capacity. However, different depths of low-permeable body have unknown effects on water infiltration and salt transfer. In this work, we evaluated the effects of low-permeable body with varied depths (control (CK), 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm) on silty loam soil water and salt movement using 15 soil columns (23 cm internal diameter, 50 cm length). Experimental results showed that low-permeable body increased infiltration rate and wetting front migration rate. Infiltration rate and wetting front propulsion rate decreased with the increase of the burial depth. Compared with the CK, when the depth of wetting front reached 20 cm, the infiltration time of 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 cm burial depth treatment was shortened by 72.24%, 56.29%, 44.61%, and 31.01%, respectively. Simultaneously, the existence of low-permeable body led to the increase of soil water content and salt content in the same soil layer, which indicated that the low-permeable body enhanced the soil holding capacity and reduced the salt leakage to the deep soil. Furthermore, the Philip’s model and the algebraic model were used to describe the infiltration process. Fitting results showed that the sorptivity in the Philip’s model increased with burial depth, while the comprehensive shape coefficient in the algebraic model decreased. Therefore, this study provides a reference for the application of low-permeable body in the improving soil infiltration capacity and controlling salt transport. Résumé L’infiltration de l’eau dans le sol est un facteur important qui affecte le ruissellement en surface, l’érosion du sol et le transport des solutés. Quand l’infiltration augmente, le ruissellement et l’érosion s’amenuisent. La présence d’un corps peu perméable dans le sol peut accroître l’infiltration d’eau. Cependant, on ignore quels effets il pourrait avoir sur l’infiltration et le transport des sels selon la profondeur d’enfouissement. Les auteurs ont évalué les effets d’un corps peu perméable situé à diverses profondeurs (témoin (CK), 0, 0,5, 1, 1,5 cm) sur la concentration d’eau dans un loam limoneux et sur le déplacement des sels en recourant à 15 colonnes de sol (23 cm de diamètre interne, 50 cm de longueur). Les résultats de l’expérience montrent que le corps peu perméable augmente le taux d’infiltration et la vitesse de déplacement du front d’humectation. Ces deux paramètres diminuent à mesure que s’accroît la profondeur de l’enfouissement. Comparativement au traitement CK, où le front d’humectation a atteint 20 cm de profondeur, le temps d’infiltration s’est respectivement raccourci de 72,24 %, 56,29 %, 44,61 % et 31,01 % avec une profondeur d’enfouissement de 0, 0,5, 1 et 1,5 cm. Parallèlement, l’existence d’un corps peu perméable a entraîné une ","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47373516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Young, J. Vallotton, A. J. Kedir, Ayodeji O. Medaiyese, C. Goyer, L. Comeau, Adrian Unc
Abstract Rock pulverization is recommended when converting boreal forests to agricultural land use to facilitate tillage operations. Resulting rock dust incorporation might alter physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. We assessed soil nematode trophic group abundances and indices, basal and burst respiration, and phosphorus extractability after land use conversion (LUC) and recent pulverization (<1 year) on three soil types in eastern Newfoundland, Canada. Nine treatments representing varied pulverization statuses (managed pulverized, managed unpulverized, natural) were nested in soil type (Podzol, Luvisol, and Organic). Conversion to agriculture impacted soil quality more than the recent rock pulverization. Nonetheless, nematode indices (fungivore/bacterivore, fungivore/fungivore+bacterivore, fungivore + bacterivore/herbivore) suggested no significant functional differences with either LUC or pulverization. Soil organic matter (SOM) and pH were substantial direct and indirect drivers of nematode community composition and soil respiration, mainly by altering availability of aluminium and iron. The functional parameters diverged between Organic and mineral soils. For all soils, most respiration parameters were significantly related to SOM, pH, available iron and aluminium. For nematodes, significant relationships were identified in the Organic soil: bacterivores and fungivores abundances were inversely related to SOM, and bacterivore abundance was positively related to pH. While for the mineral soils, citric acid extracted more phosphorus than the Mehlich-3 or water methods, Mehlich-3 was most effective for the Organic soil. Pulverization did not affect phosphorus extractability. The distinct relationships between soil quality properties and functional parameters between mineral and Organic soils are of interest for further investigations into the concepts of soil quality and soil health. Résumé Quand on souhaite adapter la forêt boréale à l’agriculture, on préconise de pulvériser le roc pour faciliter les labours. L’incorporation de la poussière rocheuse au sol peut cependant en altérer les propriétés physiques, chimiques et biologiques. Les auteurs ont évalué l’abondance des groupes trophiques de nématodes dans le sol et leurs indices, ainsi que le taux de respiration de base, l’explosion oxydative et l’extractabilité du phosphore après conversion de la vocation des terres (CVT) et pulvérisation récente du roc (moins d’un an) pour trois types de sol de l’est de Terre-Neuve, au Canada. Ils ont combiné différents degrés de pulvérisation (gestion de la pierre pulvérisée, gestion de la pierre non pulvérisée, état naturel) et types de sols (podzols, luvisols et sols organiques) en neuf traitements. La conversion en terre agricole a plus d’impact sur la qualité du sol que la pulvérisation récente du roc. Malgré cela, les indices des nématodes (fongivore/bactérivore, fongivore/fongivore+bactérivore, fongivore+bactérivore/herbivore) lai
{"title":"The impacts of rock pulverization on soil quality and functional soil nematode and respiration properties of boreal lands converted from forest to agricultural use","authors":"E. Young, J. Vallotton, A. J. Kedir, Ayodeji O. Medaiyese, C. Goyer, L. Comeau, Adrian Unc","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0007","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Rock pulverization is recommended when converting boreal forests to agricultural land use to facilitate tillage operations. Resulting rock dust incorporation might alter physical, chemical, and biological properties of soils. We assessed soil nematode trophic group abundances and indices, basal and burst respiration, and phosphorus extractability after land use conversion (LUC) and recent pulverization (<1 year) on three soil types in eastern Newfoundland, Canada. Nine treatments representing varied pulverization statuses (managed pulverized, managed unpulverized, natural) were nested in soil type (Podzol, Luvisol, and Organic). Conversion to agriculture impacted soil quality more than the recent rock pulverization. Nonetheless, nematode indices (fungivore/bacterivore, fungivore/fungivore+bacterivore, fungivore + bacterivore/herbivore) suggested no significant functional differences with either LUC or pulverization. Soil organic matter (SOM) and pH were substantial direct and indirect drivers of nematode community composition and soil respiration, mainly by altering availability of aluminium and iron. The functional parameters diverged between Organic and mineral soils. For all soils, most respiration parameters were significantly related to SOM, pH, available iron and aluminium. For nematodes, significant relationships were identified in the Organic soil: bacterivores and fungivores abundances were inversely related to SOM, and bacterivore abundance was positively related to pH. While for the mineral soils, citric acid extracted more phosphorus than the Mehlich-3 or water methods, Mehlich-3 was most effective for the Organic soil. Pulverization did not affect phosphorus extractability. The distinct relationships between soil quality properties and functional parameters between mineral and Organic soils are of interest for further investigations into the concepts of soil quality and soil health. Résumé Quand on souhaite adapter la forêt boréale à l’agriculture, on préconise de pulvériser le roc pour faciliter les labours. L’incorporation de la poussière rocheuse au sol peut cependant en altérer les propriétés physiques, chimiques et biologiques. Les auteurs ont évalué l’abondance des groupes trophiques de nématodes dans le sol et leurs indices, ainsi que le taux de respiration de base, l’explosion oxydative et l’extractabilité du phosphore après conversion de la vocation des terres (CVT) et pulvérisation récente du roc (moins d’un an) pour trois types de sol de l’est de Terre-Neuve, au Canada. Ils ont combiné différents degrés de pulvérisation (gestion de la pierre pulvérisée, gestion de la pierre non pulvérisée, état naturel) et types de sols (podzols, luvisols et sols organiques) en neuf traitements. La conversion en terre agricole a plus d’impact sur la qualité du sol que la pulvérisation récente du roc. Malgré cela, les indices des nématodes (fongivore/bactérivore, fongivore/fongivore+bactérivore, fongivore+bactérivore/herbivore) lai","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46803071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Bremer, D. Pauly, R. McKenzie, B. Ellert, H. Janzen
Abstract Cropping systems with perennial forages and reduced fallow frequency generally increase soil organic carbon and thus subsequent soil health and crop yield. We evaluated the impact of prior cropping systems on subsequent yields and soil properties in a semiarid region by using crop yields as a bioassay of soil health following the termination of a 24-year crop rotation study in the Brown soil zone in Alberta. During 24 growing seasons from 1992 to 2015, the study included three fallow-containing rotations, two annual crop rotations that were cropped continuously, and perennial grass hay, each with two to six fertilizer treatments. During the bioassay period from 2016 through 2020, all plots in the study were uniformly cropped. Compared to unfertilized fallow wheat, soil organic C in the fall of 2015 was 54% higher after 24 years of fertilized grass and up to 14% higher following annual crops in rotations without fallow. The most notable impact of the previous cropping system on yield during the bioassay years was low yield following perennial grass in 2016 and 2018. Soil electrical conductivity measurements showed that subsoil salinity was elevated following perennial grass, demonstrating the importance of subsoil characteristics for healthy soils. Crop yields in the fifth year of the crop bioassay were 10%–20% greater due to reduced fallow frequency or increased crop diversity. The long-term impact of the cropping system on crop yield in this study depended on drought intensity due to counteracting changes in soil organic matter and subsoil salinity.
{"title":"Twenty-four years of contrasting cropping systems on a brown chernozem in Southern Alberta: crop yields, soil carbon, and subsoil salinity","authors":"E. Bremer, D. Pauly, R. McKenzie, B. Ellert, H. Janzen","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0181","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0181","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cropping systems with perennial forages and reduced fallow frequency generally increase soil organic carbon and thus subsequent soil health and crop yield. We evaluated the impact of prior cropping systems on subsequent yields and soil properties in a semiarid region by using crop yields as a bioassay of soil health following the termination of a 24-year crop rotation study in the Brown soil zone in Alberta. During 24 growing seasons from 1992 to 2015, the study included three fallow-containing rotations, two annual crop rotations that were cropped continuously, and perennial grass hay, each with two to six fertilizer treatments. During the bioassay period from 2016 through 2020, all plots in the study were uniformly cropped. Compared to unfertilized fallow wheat, soil organic C in the fall of 2015 was 54% higher after 24 years of fertilized grass and up to 14% higher following annual crops in rotations without fallow. The most notable impact of the previous cropping system on yield during the bioassay years was low yield following perennial grass in 2016 and 2018. Soil electrical conductivity measurements showed that subsoil salinity was elevated following perennial grass, demonstrating the importance of subsoil characteristics for healthy soils. Crop yields in the fifth year of the crop bioassay were 10%–20% greater due to reduced fallow frequency or increased crop diversity. The long-term impact of the cropping system on crop yield in this study depended on drought intensity due to counteracting changes in soil organic matter and subsoil salinity.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49138916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Sorenson, J. Kiss, Anna Serdetchnaia, J. Iqbal, A. Bedard-Haughn
Abstract As Canada's vast Boreal Plains are extensively managed, predictive soil mapping could be used as an effective tool to generate high-resolution soil information for the region to inform sustainable resource management. This study aimed to investigate the use of multi-temporal remote sensing data and terrain derivatives to map soil types in the region. A method of constraining subgroup and great-group soil-type predictions based on the predictions at higher-order levels (great-group and order, respectively) was tested. Sentinel time series median values obtained by using Google Earth Engine were tested in combination with first- and second-order digital elevation model derivatives for use as predictor variables in the predictive models. A recursive feature selection process was implemented to reduce the number of predictor variables used in model training. Soil classes were predicted at the order, great-group, and subgroup levels and two approaches were tested. In the first approach, models were unconstrained based on previous predictions. In the second approach, models were constrained to predict only soil great-group classes that occur within the predicted soil order for a given location and similarly predict only soil subgroup classes that occur within the predicted soil great group for a given location. Determined through independent validation testing, the most probable predicted soil maps had overall accuracies ranging from 42% to 68% and kappa scores ranging from 0.33 to 0.48. Overall, the constrained models had the best performance of the approaches tested. Résumé Les vastes plaines boréales du Canada étant largement aménagées, une carte prédictive des sols constituerait un bon moyen pour obtenir des données à haute résolution sur les sols régionaux et ainsi faciliter la gestion des ressources durables. Les auteurs ont examiné comment des données de télédétection multitemporelles et les dérivées du terrain pourraient servir à cartographier la nature des sols locaux. Dans cette optique, ils ont testé une méthode qui contraint les prévisions du sous-groupe et du grand groupe de sols d’après les prévisions effectuées à un ordre plus élevé (ceux du grand groupe et de l’ordre, respectivement). La valeur médiane des séries chronologiques sentinelles obtenues avec le moteur Google Earth a été testée en combinaison avec les dérivées de modèles numériques des hauteurs du premier et du deuxième ordre, employées comme variables explicatives dans le modèle prédictif. Pour réduire le nombre de variables explicatives servant à former le modèle, les auteurs ont recouru à un processus récursif de sélection des propriétés du sol. Les classes de sol ont été prédites aux niveaux de l’ordre, du grand groupe et du sous-groupe, et deux approches ont été vérifiées. Dans la première, les auteurs n’ont pas contraint le modèle selon les prévisions antérieures; dans la seconde, le modèle a été contraint afin de ne prédire que les classes du grand groupe dans
{"title":"Predictive soil mapping in the Boreal Plains of Northern Alberta by using multi-temporal remote sensing data and terrain derivatives","authors":"P. Sorenson, J. Kiss, Anna Serdetchnaia, J. Iqbal, A. Bedard-Haughn","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0028","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract As Canada's vast Boreal Plains are extensively managed, predictive soil mapping could be used as an effective tool to generate high-resolution soil information for the region to inform sustainable resource management. This study aimed to investigate the use of multi-temporal remote sensing data and terrain derivatives to map soil types in the region. A method of constraining subgroup and great-group soil-type predictions based on the predictions at higher-order levels (great-group and order, respectively) was tested. Sentinel time series median values obtained by using Google Earth Engine were tested in combination with first- and second-order digital elevation model derivatives for use as predictor variables in the predictive models. A recursive feature selection process was implemented to reduce the number of predictor variables used in model training. Soil classes were predicted at the order, great-group, and subgroup levels and two approaches were tested. In the first approach, models were unconstrained based on previous predictions. In the second approach, models were constrained to predict only soil great-group classes that occur within the predicted soil order for a given location and similarly predict only soil subgroup classes that occur within the predicted soil great group for a given location. Determined through independent validation testing, the most probable predicted soil maps had overall accuracies ranging from 42% to 68% and kappa scores ranging from 0.33 to 0.48. Overall, the constrained models had the best performance of the approaches tested. Résumé Les vastes plaines boréales du Canada étant largement aménagées, une carte prédictive des sols constituerait un bon moyen pour obtenir des données à haute résolution sur les sols régionaux et ainsi faciliter la gestion des ressources durables. Les auteurs ont examiné comment des données de télédétection multitemporelles et les dérivées du terrain pourraient servir à cartographier la nature des sols locaux. Dans cette optique, ils ont testé une méthode qui contraint les prévisions du sous-groupe et du grand groupe de sols d’après les prévisions effectuées à un ordre plus élevé (ceux du grand groupe et de l’ordre, respectivement). La valeur médiane des séries chronologiques sentinelles obtenues avec le moteur Google Earth a été testée en combinaison avec les dérivées de modèles numériques des hauteurs du premier et du deuxième ordre, employées comme variables explicatives dans le modèle prédictif. Pour réduire le nombre de variables explicatives servant à former le modèle, les auteurs ont recouru à un processus récursif de sélection des propriétés du sol. Les classes de sol ont été prédites aux niveaux de l’ordre, du grand groupe et du sous-groupe, et deux approches ont été vérifiées. Dans la première, les auteurs n’ont pas contraint le modèle selon les prévisions antérieures; dans la seconde, le modèle a été contraint afin de ne prédire que les classes du grand groupe dans","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47505785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract In the Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), soils of the Organic order are classified at the great group level primarily based on the dominant organic material in the middle tier. The system recognizes four types of organic horizons: fibric (Of), mesic (Om), humic (Oh), and coprogenous earth (Oco), of which only the latter is not recognized at the great group level of the Organic order. Furthermore, at the subgroup level, Limnic subgroups cannot have terric or hydric layers. This is problematic in soils where the middle tier is dominated by limnic materials, and those which have dominantly limnic materials and have a terric layer. We describe 29 soil profiles in Ontario and Quebec, which are either poorly captured in the CSSC or that cannot be classified into the Organic order based on their diagnostic criteria. Based on an analysis of soil survey information in five provinces across Canada, we estimate 32057 ha of organic soils which potentially contain limnic deposits. In key vegetable-producing areas of Quebec, large organic deposits in agricultural production are subject to peat subsidence and erosion, resulting in shallower depths to underlying coprogenous earth, which is not a suitable medium for crop production. This can potentially have negative effects on crops when mixed with humic materials in the plow layer. Due to these taxonomic and agronomic considerations, we propose the addition of a new great group, Limnisol, and suggest further integration of limnic materials at the subgroup level for the Humisol, Mesisol, and Fibrisol great groups.
{"title":"Better recognition of limnic materials at the great group and subgroup levels of the Organic Order of the Canadian System of Soil Classification","authors":"D. Saurette, Raphaël Deragon","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0030","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract In the Canadian System of Soil Classification (CSSC), soils of the Organic order are classified at the great group level primarily based on the dominant organic material in the middle tier. The system recognizes four types of organic horizons: fibric (Of), mesic (Om), humic (Oh), and coprogenous earth (Oco), of which only the latter is not recognized at the great group level of the Organic order. Furthermore, at the subgroup level, Limnic subgroups cannot have terric or hydric layers. This is problematic in soils where the middle tier is dominated by limnic materials, and those which have dominantly limnic materials and have a terric layer. We describe 29 soil profiles in Ontario and Quebec, which are either poorly captured in the CSSC or that cannot be classified into the Organic order based on their diagnostic criteria. Based on an analysis of soil survey information in five provinces across Canada, we estimate 32057 ha of organic soils which potentially contain limnic deposits. In key vegetable-producing areas of Quebec, large organic deposits in agricultural production are subject to peat subsidence and erosion, resulting in shallower depths to underlying coprogenous earth, which is not a suitable medium for crop production. This can potentially have negative effects on crops when mixed with humic materials in the plow layer. Due to these taxonomic and agronomic considerations, we propose the addition of a new great group, Limnisol, and suggest further integration of limnic materials at the subgroup level for the Humisol, Mesisol, and Fibrisol great groups.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45722085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The primary objectives of this study were to: (i) elucidate the impacts of nonlinear scale transformations on the shapes and parameter values of soil water release and moisture capacity curves; and (ii) demonstrate how implicit characteristics of some established soil water release and moisture capacity models can impact model-data fits and estimates of model parameters. Nonlinear scale transformations of the tension head (h) axis (e.g., log10h, h1/2) were found to distort release and capacity curve shapes, create fictitious curve inflections and modes, and occasionally erase visual evidence of actual inflections and modes. The popular van Genuchten–Mualem and Assouline–Grant models were shown to always generate a release curve inflection and a capacity curve mode, even when inflections and modes did not exist in the data, and this in turn caused poor model-data fits in the critical near-saturated region. The van Genuchten model with four independently fitted parameters and the Dexter–Weibull model could accurately fit data sets with no inflection or mode, but this resulted in a physically unrealistic zero-angle intersection between the release curve and the water content axis. It was concluded that nonlinear h axis transforms should not be used when determining inflections, modes, pore size distributions, soil structure parameters, or soil quality indexes from soil water release and moisture capacity data-sets. It was also recommended that more flexible release curve models should be developed that do not assume the existence of inflections and modes, and also produce physically realistic angles of intersection between the water content axis and the fitted model. Résumé Les principaux objectifs de cette étude étaient les suivants : i) élucider l’impact de la conversion non linéaire des échelles sur la forme et la valeur des paramètres des courbes de la pression capillaire et de la rétention d’eau du sol, et ii) montrer comment les particularités implicites de certains modèles de la pression capillaire et de la rétention d’eau du sol peuvent modifier l’ajustement modèle-données ainsi que l’estimation des paramètres du modèle. Les auteurs ont constaté qu’en convertissant non linéairement l’échelle de l’axe de la pression interstitielle (h) (à savoir, log10h, h1/2), on fausse la forme des deux courbes, on crée une inflexion et un mode fictifs de la courbe et, parfois, on efface les preuves visuelles d’une inflexion et d’un mode véritables. Les auteurs montrent que les populaires modèles de van Genuchten–Mualem et d’Assouline–Grant confèrent toujours une inflexion à la courbe de la pression capillaire et un mode à celle de la rétention d’eau, même si les données en sont privées, ce qui entraîne un piètre ajustement modèle-données dans la zone critique, proche du point de saturation. Le modèle de van Genuchten à quatre paramètres ajustés indépendamment et celui de Dexter-Weibull pourraient bien s’ajuster aux jeux de données sans inflexion ni
摘要:本研究的主要目的是:(1)阐明非线性尺度变换对土壤水分释放和水分容量曲线形状和参数值的影响;(ii)证明一些已建立的土壤水分释放和水分容量模型的隐含特征如何影响模型数据的拟合和模型参数的估计。发现张力头(h)轴的非线性尺度变换(例如log10h, h1/2)会扭曲释放和容量曲线形状，产生虚构的曲线拐点和模式，并且偶尔会消除实际拐点和模式的视觉证据。流行的van Genuchten-Mualem和Assouline-Grant模型显示，即使数据中不存在拐点和模式，也总是产生释放曲线拐点和容量曲线模式，这反过来又导致临界近饱和区域的模型数据拟合不良。具有四个独立拟合参数的van Genuchten模型和Dexter-Weibull模型可以在没有拐点或模式的情况下准确地拟合数据集，但这导致释放曲线与含水量轴之间的零角相交在物理上是不现实的。从土壤水分释放量和水分容量数据集中确定弯折、模态、孔隙大小分布、土壤结构参数或土壤质量指标时，不应采用非线性h轴变换。还建议应发展更灵活的释放曲线模型，这些模型不假定存在拐点和模态，并在含水量轴与拟合模型之间产生物理上真实的交点角。3 .关于交换交换的主要目标:1)交换交换的影响:1)交换交换的影响:1)交换交换的影响:1)交换交换的影响:1)交换交换的影响:1)交换交换的影响:1)交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:1)交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响:交换交换的影响;从形式上看，不能把所有的人都看作是自由的，不能把所有的人都看作是自由的(h) (savoir, log10, h1/2)，不能把所有的人都看作是自由的，不能把所有的人都看作是自由的，不能把所有的人都看作是自由的。在法国，流行模式是由法国人主导的，在法国，流行模式是由法国人主导的，在法国，流行模式是由法国人主导的，在法国，流行模式是由法国人主导的，在法国，流行模式是由法国人主导的，在法国，流行模式是由法国人主导的，在法国，流行模式是由法国人主导的，在法国，流行模式是由法国人主导的。在van Genuchten的四参数中，有一种叫做“调整后的变异体”，叫做“调整后的变异体”，叫做“调整后的变异体”，叫做“调整后的变异体”，叫做“调整后的变异体”，叫做“调整后的变异体”。最后的结论是，我们可以用“1”代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”，代替“1”。i - pracist - consistent aussi l ' samlabation de mod + adaptables de la courbe de la pression capillaire ques ne pracement as l ' existence d '呆板，de de modes '呆板，de de productents, de physiquement + samacist ' intersection entre l ' axe de la teneur en eau et le mod ajust。[贸易协定]
{"title":"Beware of scaling artefacts and implicit model characteristics when fitting soil water release and moisture capacity data","authors":"W. D. Reynolds, C. Drury","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The primary objectives of this study were to: (i) elucidate the impacts of nonlinear scale transformations on the shapes and parameter values of soil water release and moisture capacity curves; and (ii) demonstrate how implicit characteristics of some established soil water release and moisture capacity models can impact model-data fits and estimates of model parameters. Nonlinear scale transformations of the tension head (h) axis (e.g., log10h, h1/2) were found to distort release and capacity curve shapes, create fictitious curve inflections and modes, and occasionally erase visual evidence of actual inflections and modes. The popular van Genuchten–Mualem and Assouline–Grant models were shown to always generate a release curve inflection and a capacity curve mode, even when inflections and modes did not exist in the data, and this in turn caused poor model-data fits in the critical near-saturated region. The van Genuchten model with four independently fitted parameters and the Dexter–Weibull model could accurately fit data sets with no inflection or mode, but this resulted in a physically unrealistic zero-angle intersection between the release curve and the water content axis. It was concluded that nonlinear h axis transforms should not be used when determining inflections, modes, pore size distributions, soil structure parameters, or soil quality indexes from soil water release and moisture capacity data-sets. It was also recommended that more flexible release curve models should be developed that do not assume the existence of inflections and modes, and also produce physically realistic angles of intersection between the water content axis and the fitted model. Résumé Les principaux objectifs de cette étude étaient les suivants : i) élucider l’impact de la conversion non linéaire des échelles sur la forme et la valeur des paramètres des courbes de la pression capillaire et de la rétention d’eau du sol, et ii) montrer comment les particularités implicites de certains modèles de la pression capillaire et de la rétention d’eau du sol peuvent modifier l’ajustement modèle-données ainsi que l’estimation des paramètres du modèle. Les auteurs ont constaté qu’en convertissant non linéairement l’échelle de l’axe de la pression interstitielle (h) (à savoir, log10h, h1/2), on fausse la forme des deux courbes, on crée une inflexion et un mode fictifs de la courbe et, parfois, on efface les preuves visuelles d’une inflexion et d’un mode véritables. Les auteurs montrent que les populaires modèles de van Genuchten–Mualem et d’Assouline–Grant confèrent toujours une inflexion à la courbe de la pression capillaire et un mode à celle de la rétention d’eau, même si les données en sont privées, ce qui entraîne un piètre ajustement modèle-données dans la zone critique, proche du point de saturation. Le modèle de van Genuchten à quatre paramètres ajustés indépendamment et celui de Dexter-Weibull pourraient bien s’ajuster aux jeux de données sans inflexion ni","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45077589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract We studied the effects of liming to increase soil pH from acidic to near-neutral on the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS), the P saturation index (PSI), Mehlich-3 P (PM3), and water-extractable P (Pw). Soils collected from a long-term highbush blueberry experiment were incubated at 22.5 °C for 93 days after CaCO3 amendment to increase pH values from 4.1, 4.8, and 5.5 to 6 and from 5.8 to 6.5. Liming decreased PM3 by 8%, 6%, 10%, and 11% with increasing initial soil pH. The PM3 concentrations of all the studied soils belonged to the very high class with critical DPS > 25%, which are associated with increased environmental risk of P loss with runoff. For soils with initial pH values of 5.8, Pw was 3.65 mg kg–1, in line with critical DPS > 25%, but decreased to 2.74 mg kg–1 with CaCO3 addition. In contrast, soils with initial pH < 5.5 had lower Pw concentrations and CaCO3 did not significantly decrease Pw at the end of the incubation averaging 1.02, 1.11, and 1.43 mg kg–1 for initial pH 4.1, 4.8, and 5.5, respectively. The low Pw concentrations of soils with initial pH < 5.5 were in line with low PSI (5.2%–6.1%), but did not reflect DPS values > 25%. It is possible that high exchangeable aluminum (Al) (AlM3 > 2500 mg kg–1) enhanced the fixation of phosphate ions from the soil solution, thus reducing Pw. Our results suggest that using PM3 as a sole indicator of environmental risk likely underestimates potential P losses compared with Pw. Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié les effets du chaulage utilisé pour neutraliser le pH d’un sol acide i) sur le taux de saturation du P (TSP), l’indice de saturation du P (ISP), la teneur en P selon la technique Mehlich-3 (PM3) et la teneur du P extractible à l’eau P (Pw). Des échantillons de sol venant d’une expérience de longue haleine sur le bleuet en corymbe ont été incubés pendant 93 jours à 22,5 °C après avoir été amendés avec du CaCO3 de façon à augmenter le pH de 4,1, 4,8 ou 5,5 à 6 et de 5,8 à 6,5. Le chaulage diminue la concentration de PM3 de 8, 6, 10 et 11 %, selon le pH du sol de plus en plus élevé. Dans tous les sols examinés, la concentration de PM3 se retrouve dans la classe la plus élevée, avec un TSP supérieur à 25 %, associé à un risque plus grand de lixiviation par le ruissellement. Pour les sols dont le pH initial était de 5,8, la concentration de Pw s’établissait à 3,65 mg par kg, ce qui est cohérent avec un TSP critique de plus de 25%, mais l’addition de CaCO3 ramène la concentration à 2,74 mg par kg. En revanche, les sols au pH inférieur à 5,5 au départ se caractérisaient par une concentration inférieure de Pw qui n’avait pas été affectée de manière significative par le CaCO3 à la fin de la période d’incubation (concentration moyenne de 1,02, 1,11 et 1,43 mg par kg pour un pH initial de 4,1, 4,8 ou 5,5, respectivement). La faible concentration de Pw observée dans les sols dont le pH initial était inférieur à 5,5 est cohérente avec le faible ISP (de 5,2 à 6,1 %), mais pas avec un TSP
摘要研究了石灰处理使土壤pH由酸性提高到接近中性对土壤磷饱和度(DPS)、磷饱和指数(PSI)、mehlich - 3p (PM3)和水可萃取磷(Pw)的影响。长期高丛蓝莓试验土壤经CaCO3修正后，在22.5°C下培养93 d，将pH值从4.1、4.8和5.5提高到6，从5.8提高到6.5。随着土壤初始ph的增加，施用石灰可使PM3降低8%、6%、10%和11%。所有研究土壤的PM3浓度均属于非常高级别，临界DPS >为25%，这与P随径流流失的环境风险增加有关。对于初始pH值为5.8的土壤，Pw为3.65 mg kg-1，符合临界DPS > 25%，但添加CaCO3后Pw降至2.74 mg kg-1。相比之下，初始pH < 5.5的土壤的Pw浓度较低，CaCO3在孵育结束时对Pw的影响不显著，初始pH为4.1、4.8和5.5时，Pw的平均值分别为1.02、1.11和1.43 mg kg-1。初始pH < 5.5土壤的低Pw浓度与低PSI(5.2% ~ 6.1%)一致，但不反映DPS值> 25%。高交换性铝(Al) (AlM3 > 2500 mg kg-1)可能增强了土壤溶液中磷酸盐离子的固定，从而降低了Pw。我们的研究结果表明，与Pw相比，使用PM3作为环境风险的唯一指标可能低估了潜在的P损失。简历里面的导演我们Les运用du chaulage利用倒缓冲器le pH值d一个索尔现在我)关于taux de饱和du P (TSP), l 'indice de饱和du P (ISP),洛杉矶teneur en P根据拉技术Mehlich-3(量子)等杜拉teneur P可提取的威尼斯P (Pw)。Des样品在一个体验德·德·索尔文南长时日苏尔le bleuet en corymbe安大略省的高频incubes吊坠93天时间22日5°C然后得到高频修改用du碳酸钙德这样一个增压器勒德4 pH值,1、4、8欧5、5一6 et de 5 6 8例,5。充液可使PM3 de 8、6、10和10的浓度降低11%，并可使pH du sol de + en + samevevest降低11%。Dans tous les sols examinsamas, la concentration de PM3 se retrouve Dans la classe la + samlevsame, avec untsp supsamrieur, 25%， associ unrisque + grand de lixiation, parle ruisselement。倒les溶胶不让pH初始化的caco_3的浓度为5、8,paco_3的浓度为3、65 mg / kg, paco_3的浓度为3、65 mg / kg, paco_3的浓度为2、74 mg / kg。在pH值为4、1、4、8、5和5的初始条件下，pH值为1、2、1、11和1、43 mg / kg的初始pH值分别为1、2、1、4、8和5、5的条件下，pH值为1、2、1、4、8和5、5的条件下，对pH值为5、5、5的条件下，CaCO3 / 3的浓度对pH值为5、5、5的条件下的CaCO3 / 3的浓度影响显著。Pw观测到的有效浓度与Pw观测到的有效浓度相比，Pw初始的samsamet和samsamet均低于Pw初始的samsamet和samsamet初始的samsamet和samsamet初始的samsamet和samsamet初始的samsamet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet和samet初始的samet。将peut qu 'une浓度与铝催化剂(AlM3 > 2 500 mg / kg)的混合物混合在一起，然后将其固定在磷酸盐溶液中，然后将其与Pw的浓度混合在一起。这些指标包括:质量指标、产品指标、利用指标、空气质量指标、空气质量指标、空气质量指标、空气质量指标、空气质量指标、环境风险指标。[贸易协定]
{"title":"Effects of increasing soil pH to near-neutral using lime on phosphorus saturation index and water-extractable phosphorus","authors":"S. Nyamaizi, A. Messiga, J. Cornelis, S. Smukler","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0197","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract We studied the effects of liming to increase soil pH from acidic to near-neutral on the degree of phosphorus saturation (DPS), the P saturation index (PSI), Mehlich-3 P (PM3), and water-extractable P (Pw). Soils collected from a long-term highbush blueberry experiment were incubated at 22.5 °C for 93 days after CaCO3 amendment to increase pH values from 4.1, 4.8, and 5.5 to 6 and from 5.8 to 6.5. Liming decreased PM3 by 8%, 6%, 10%, and 11% with increasing initial soil pH. The PM3 concentrations of all the studied soils belonged to the very high class with critical DPS > 25%, which are associated with increased environmental risk of P loss with runoff. For soils with initial pH values of 5.8, Pw was 3.65 mg kg–1, in line with critical DPS > 25%, but decreased to 2.74 mg kg–1 with CaCO3 addition. In contrast, soils with initial pH < 5.5 had lower Pw concentrations and CaCO3 did not significantly decrease Pw at the end of the incubation averaging 1.02, 1.11, and 1.43 mg kg–1 for initial pH 4.1, 4.8, and 5.5, respectively. The low Pw concentrations of soils with initial pH < 5.5 were in line with low PSI (5.2%–6.1%), but did not reflect DPS values > 25%. It is possible that high exchangeable aluminum (Al) (AlM3 > 2500 mg kg–1) enhanced the fixation of phosphate ions from the soil solution, thus reducing Pw. Our results suggest that using PM3 as a sole indicator of environmental risk likely underestimates potential P losses compared with Pw. Résumé Les auteurs ont étudié les effets du chaulage utilisé pour neutraliser le pH d’un sol acide i) sur le taux de saturation du P (TSP), l’indice de saturation du P (ISP), la teneur en P selon la technique Mehlich-3 (PM3) et la teneur du P extractible à l’eau P (Pw). Des échantillons de sol venant d’une expérience de longue haleine sur le bleuet en corymbe ont été incubés pendant 93 jours à 22,5 °C après avoir été amendés avec du CaCO3 de façon à augmenter le pH de 4,1, 4,8 ou 5,5 à 6 et de 5,8 à 6,5. Le chaulage diminue la concentration de PM3 de 8, 6, 10 et 11 %, selon le pH du sol de plus en plus élevé. Dans tous les sols examinés, la concentration de PM3 se retrouve dans la classe la plus élevée, avec un TSP supérieur à 25 %, associé à un risque plus grand de lixiviation par le ruissellement. Pour les sols dont le pH initial était de 5,8, la concentration de Pw s’établissait à 3,65 mg par kg, ce qui est cohérent avec un TSP critique de plus de 25%, mais l’addition de CaCO3 ramène la concentration à 2,74 mg par kg. En revanche, les sols au pH inférieur à 5,5 au départ se caractérisaient par une concentration inférieure de Pw qui n’avait pas été affectée de manière significative par le CaCO3 à la fin de la période d’incubation (concentration moyenne de 1,02, 1,11 et 1,43 mg par kg pour un pH initial de 4,1, 4,8 ou 5,5, respectivement). La faible concentration de Pw observée dans les sols dont le pH initial était inférieur à 5,5 est cohérente avec le faible ISP (de 5,2 à 6,1 %), mais pas avec un TSP ","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42446655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jizhen Li, Jilong Liu, Lingling Zhang, Qing Xu, Q. Fu, Yaoyu Wu, Junfeng Chen, Hang Lv, O. Idimesheva
Abstract The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an important parameter for simulating soil water movement and solute transport, and has obvious spatial variability. The models fitting the SWCC generally contain two or more parameters, which makes the spatial variability of the soil water characteristic curve difficult to express. This paper established a one-parameter model of the soil water characteristic curve based on the Gardner model and analyzed its spatial variability with multifractal and joint multifractal methods. Parameter B in the one-parameter model had moderate variation. The local information leading to spatial variability of parameter B in the top soil layer (0–15 cm) and deep soil layer (15–20 cm) was its low values and high values, respectively. At the single scale, spatial variability of parameter B was mainly caused by the bulk density and clay content in the 0–5 cm soil layer, and by the bulk density and sand content in the 5–10, 10–15, and 15–20 cm soil layers. At the multiscale, the most obvious two factors that led to spatial variability of parameter B were the bulk density and silt content in the 0–5 cm soil layer, bulk density and sand content in the 5–10 cm soil layer, and bulk density and clay content in the 10–15 and 15–20 cm soil layers, respectively. The relationships between parameter B and soil properties had scale dependence. Résumé La courbe des caractéristiques de l’eau du sol joue un rôle important dans la simulation des déplacements de l’eau dans le sol et du transport des solutés. Or, de toute évidence, ce paramètre varie dans l’espace. En général, les modèles qui ajustent cette courbe intègrent deux ou plusieurs paramètres, de sorte qu’il est plus compliqué d’en exprimer la variabilité spatiale. Les auteurs ont créé un modèle à un paramètre de la courbe des caractéristiques de l’eau du sol en s’inspirant du modèle de Gardner, puis ils en ont analysé la variabilité dans l’espace par des méthodes multifractales simples ou combinées. Le paramètre B du modèle à un paramètre varie de façon moyenne. Les données locales à l’origine de la variabilité spatiale de ce paramètre ont des valeurs faibles dans la couche de sol superficielle (0–15 cm) et des valeurs élevées dans la couche profonde (15–20 cm). Sur une échelle unique, cette variabilité résulte surtout de la masse volumique apparente et de la teneur en argile dans la couche de 0 à 5 cm ou de la masse volumique apparente et de la teneur en sable dans les couches de 5 à 10 cm, de 10 à 15 cm et de 15 à 20 cm. Sur une échelle multiple, les deux facteurs les plus évidents à l’origine de la variabilité du paramètre B dans l’espace sont la masse volumique apparente et la teneur en limon dans la couche de 0 à 5 cm, la masse volumique apparente et la teneur en sable dans celle de 5 à 10 cm ou la masse volumique apparente et la teneur en argile dans les couches de 10 à 15 cm et de 15 à 20 cm. Les liens entre le paramètre B et les propriétés du sol présentent don
{"title":"Spatial variability of one-parameter model of soil water characteristic curve at field scale in black soil region of northeast China","authors":"Jizhen Li, Jilong Liu, Lingling Zhang, Qing Xu, Q. Fu, Yaoyu Wu, Junfeng Chen, Hang Lv, O. Idimesheva","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0163","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The soil water characteristic curve (SWCC) is an important parameter for simulating soil water movement and solute transport, and has obvious spatial variability. The models fitting the SWCC generally contain two or more parameters, which makes the spatial variability of the soil water characteristic curve difficult to express. This paper established a one-parameter model of the soil water characteristic curve based on the Gardner model and analyzed its spatial variability with multifractal and joint multifractal methods. Parameter B in the one-parameter model had moderate variation. The local information leading to spatial variability of parameter B in the top soil layer (0–15 cm) and deep soil layer (15–20 cm) was its low values and high values, respectively. At the single scale, spatial variability of parameter B was mainly caused by the bulk density and clay content in the 0–5 cm soil layer, and by the bulk density and sand content in the 5–10, 10–15, and 15–20 cm soil layers. At the multiscale, the most obvious two factors that led to spatial variability of parameter B were the bulk density and silt content in the 0–5 cm soil layer, bulk density and sand content in the 5–10 cm soil layer, and bulk density and clay content in the 10–15 and 15–20 cm soil layers, respectively. The relationships between parameter B and soil properties had scale dependence. Résumé La courbe des caractéristiques de l’eau du sol joue un rôle important dans la simulation des déplacements de l’eau dans le sol et du transport des solutés. Or, de toute évidence, ce paramètre varie dans l’espace. En général, les modèles qui ajustent cette courbe intègrent deux ou plusieurs paramètres, de sorte qu’il est plus compliqué d’en exprimer la variabilité spatiale. Les auteurs ont créé un modèle à un paramètre de la courbe des caractéristiques de l’eau du sol en s’inspirant du modèle de Gardner, puis ils en ont analysé la variabilité dans l’espace par des méthodes multifractales simples ou combinées. Le paramètre B du modèle à un paramètre varie de façon moyenne. Les données locales à l’origine de la variabilité spatiale de ce paramètre ont des valeurs faibles dans la couche de sol superficielle (0–15 cm) et des valeurs élevées dans la couche profonde (15–20 cm). Sur une échelle unique, cette variabilité résulte surtout de la masse volumique apparente et de la teneur en argile dans la couche de 0 à 5 cm ou de la masse volumique apparente et de la teneur en sable dans les couches de 5 à 10 cm, de 10 à 15 cm et de 15 à 20 cm. Sur une échelle multiple, les deux facteurs les plus évidents à l’origine de la variabilité du paramètre B dans l’espace sont la masse volumique apparente et la teneur en limon dans la couche de 0 à 5 cm, la masse volumique apparente et la teneur en sable dans celle de 5 à 10 cm ou la masse volumique apparente et la teneur en argile dans les couches de 10 à 15 cm et de 15 à 20 cm. Les liens entre le paramètre B et les propriétés du sol présentent don","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41945413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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