Abstract Over a dozen soil phosphorus (P) extraction procedures have been designed for agri-environmental purposes (P-tests). Sustainable expansion of agriculture into boreal regions dominated by Podzols requires further insights into P extractability. We extracted P from Podzol samples (n = 96) using nine P-tests followed by both colorimetric (PCol) and inductively coupled plasma (PICP) quantifications and assessed the relationships between P-tests. Samples were collected by depth or horizon from agricultural fields and reference sites in eastern, central, and western Newfoundland, Canada. The soil P was extracted with water, citric acid, ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), Morgan, Olsen, Bray-1, Bray-2, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3 solutions, thus targeting a wide range of extractable P pools in managed and natural Podzols. The soils had a pH of 3.4–6.9, organic matter of 0.5%–47.2%, and Al-M3 of 977–2561 mg kg−1. On average, water extracted the lowest PCol (1.0) and PICP (5.7) mg kg−1, while citric acid extracted the highest PCol (151) and PICP (290) mg kg−1. For the managed podzolic soils, the extractability of P followed the sequence water < Morgan < AB-DTPA < Mehlich-1 < Bray-1 < Mehlich-3 ≤ Olsen ≤ Bray-2 < citric acid; this varied slightly by quantification techniques and soil groups. The differences between PICP and PCol were most significant for the citric acid extracts. Most P-tests measurements were moderately to strongly correlated to P-M3ICP measurements (r2 > 0.50) but variable with quantification techniques and soil depths. Given the diversity in extractable P pools across management-induced soil conditions, it is evident that a fully informed P management for the Newfoundland Podzols will require calibration of P-tests against crop P uptake.
{"title":"Comparison of agri-environmental phosphorus tests for boreal agricultural and natural Podzols","authors":"A. J. Kedir, D. B. McKenzie, N. Ziadi, Adrian Unc","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0037","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Over a dozen soil phosphorus (P) extraction procedures have been designed for agri-environmental purposes (P-tests). Sustainable expansion of agriculture into boreal regions dominated by Podzols requires further insights into P extractability. We extracted P from Podzol samples (n = 96) using nine P-tests followed by both colorimetric (PCol) and inductively coupled plasma (PICP) quantifications and assessed the relationships between P-tests. Samples were collected by depth or horizon from agricultural fields and reference sites in eastern, central, and western Newfoundland, Canada. The soil P was extracted with water, citric acid, ammonium bicarbonate diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (AB-DTPA), Morgan, Olsen, Bray-1, Bray-2, Mehlich-1, and Mehlich-3 solutions, thus targeting a wide range of extractable P pools in managed and natural Podzols. The soils had a pH of 3.4–6.9, organic matter of 0.5%–47.2%, and Al-M3 of 977–2561 mg kg−1. On average, water extracted the lowest PCol (1.0) and PICP (5.7) mg kg−1, while citric acid extracted the highest PCol (151) and PICP (290) mg kg−1. For the managed podzolic soils, the extractability of P followed the sequence water < Morgan < AB-DTPA < Mehlich-1 < Bray-1 < Mehlich-3 ≤ Olsen ≤ Bray-2 < citric acid; this varied slightly by quantification techniques and soil groups. The differences between PICP and PCol were most significant for the citric acid extracts. Most P-tests measurements were moderately to strongly correlated to P-M3ICP measurements (r2 > 0.50) but variable with quantification techniques and soil depths. Given the diversity in extractable P pools across management-induced soil conditions, it is evident that a fully informed P management for the Newfoundland Podzols will require calibration of P-tests against crop P uptake.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46381071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cheng Yiqian, Zhang Peiran, Bai Yang, Zhou Zihao, Chen Yongxin, Yang Huimin
Abstract To investigate the multiscale effects of freeze–thaw cycles on the mechanical properties and structural damage of paleosols, remodeled paleosol specimens at natural moisture content were subjected to multiple freeze–thaw cycles, followed by scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pore testing, and triaxial shear testing, and then the shear strength deterioration mechanism of paleosols was elaborated on from three aspects: fine, mesoscopic, and macroscopic. The main experimental results were as follows: (1) at the fine level, the NMR T2 spectrum distribution curve showed one primary and two secondary peaks, in which the main spectrum occupied the majority, and the spectrum area showed an exponential function distribution relationship with the number of freeze–thaw cycles. With the accumulation of freeze–thaw cycles, the medium and large pores increased significantly. (2) At the mesoscopic level, when the specimens underwent freeze–thaw cycles, the interparticle contact pattern and particle morphology changed and the particle roundness increased. As the freeze–thaw cycle continued, fissures gradually developed and increased the most after the first freeze–thaw cycle, but the probability entropy of soil particles showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the number of freez–thaw cycles. (3) At the macro level, the number of freeze–thaw cycles gradually accumulated, the specimen stress–strain curve softened significantly, the shear strength deterioration effect was obvious, the deterioration value was the largest after one freeze–thaw cycle and gradually stabilized after 10 cycles, and the deterioration effect of cohesion was greater than that of the internal friction angle.
{"title":"The influence of freeze–thaw cycles on the mechanical properties of paleosols: based on a multiscale research","authors":"Cheng Yiqian, Zhang Peiran, Bai Yang, Zhou Zihao, Chen Yongxin, Yang Huimin","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0183","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0183","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract To investigate the multiscale effects of freeze–thaw cycles on the mechanical properties and structural damage of paleosols, remodeled paleosol specimens at natural moisture content were subjected to multiple freeze–thaw cycles, followed by scanning electron microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) pore testing, and triaxial shear testing, and then the shear strength deterioration mechanism of paleosols was elaborated on from three aspects: fine, mesoscopic, and macroscopic. The main experimental results were as follows: (1) at the fine level, the NMR T2 spectrum distribution curve showed one primary and two secondary peaks, in which the main spectrum occupied the majority, and the spectrum area showed an exponential function distribution relationship with the number of freeze–thaw cycles. With the accumulation of freeze–thaw cycles, the medium and large pores increased significantly. (2) At the mesoscopic level, when the specimens underwent freeze–thaw cycles, the interparticle contact pattern and particle morphology changed and the particle roundness increased. As the freeze–thaw cycle continued, fissures gradually developed and increased the most after the first freeze–thaw cycle, but the probability entropy of soil particles showed a decreasing trend with the increase of the number of freez–thaw cycles. (3) At the macro level, the number of freeze–thaw cycles gradually accumulated, the specimen stress–strain curve softened significantly, the shear strength deterioration effect was obvious, the deterioration value was the largest after one freeze–thaw cycle and gradually stabilized after 10 cycles, and the deterioration effect of cohesion was greater than that of the internal friction angle.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41840250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
P. Benalcazar, A. Diochon, R. Kolka, R. Schindelbeck, T. Sahota, B. McLaren
Abstract Climate change is creating opportunities for agricultural expansion northward into the boreal forest. Converting forested land to agricultural land generally results in significant losses of organic matter (OM), which can impact soil health (SH). The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of land conversion on indicators of SH and to use the Comprehensive Assessment for Soil Health (CASH) framework to integrate measures of these indicators into a score to evaluate land conversion effects. Total carbon and nitrogen were also measured in this study. Soils (0–5 and 5–15 cm) were collected from six dairy farms near Thunder Bay, ON, that included a mature forest, a field converted from forest to agriculture <10 years ago and a field converted from forest to agriculture >50 years ago. Land conversion resulted in significant declines in permanganate oxidizable carbon, wet aggregate stability, soil respiration, and concentrations of OM, autoclave citrate extractable protein, total nitrogen, and total carbon. Lower CASH scores in the soils converted to agriculture are interpreted to represent a decline in SH but the scores, along with soil organic matter (SOM) concentrations, remain high (CASH = 80; OM = 6%). There was no effect of time since conversion, suggesting that any degradation to SH happens quickly and is closely tied to declines in SOM.
{"title":"The impact of land conversion from boreal forest to agriculture on soil health indicators","authors":"P. Benalcazar, A. Diochon, R. Kolka, R. Schindelbeck, T. Sahota, B. McLaren","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0170","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Climate change is creating opportunities for agricultural expansion northward into the boreal forest. Converting forested land to agricultural land generally results in significant losses of organic matter (OM), which can impact soil health (SH). The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of land conversion on indicators of SH and to use the Comprehensive Assessment for Soil Health (CASH) framework to integrate measures of these indicators into a score to evaluate land conversion effects. Total carbon and nitrogen were also measured in this study. Soils (0–5 and 5–15 cm) were collected from six dairy farms near Thunder Bay, ON, that included a mature forest, a field converted from forest to agriculture <10 years ago and a field converted from forest to agriculture >50 years ago. Land conversion resulted in significant declines in permanganate oxidizable carbon, wet aggregate stability, soil respiration, and concentrations of OM, autoclave citrate extractable protein, total nitrogen, and total carbon. Lower CASH scores in the soils converted to agriculture are interpreted to represent a decline in SH but the scores, along with soil organic matter (SOM) concentrations, remain high (CASH = 80; OM = 6%). There was no effect of time since conversion, suggesting that any degradation to SH happens quickly and is closely tied to declines in SOM.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49460222","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The Maoniuping rare earth mine in Mianning, Liangshan Prefecture, is the largest rare earth deposit in China and the second largest rare earth deposit in the world. During the mining of rare earths, F and Pb, both types of heavy metal waste can directly or indirectly enter the soil, causing local soil contamination, which in turn poses a threat to the health of local residents. In this study, soil samples were incubated with fertilizer passivation solutions with pH values of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, with the soil water content adjusted to 50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field. The Pb-F contamination of the soil samples was analyzed to determine the existing states of the soil F and Pb and to study the remediation effect of fertilizer passivation solutions on the Pb-F contaminated soil. The results showed that under different passivation conditions, the pH, Pb, and F of the soil substantially changed and the passivation effect was enhanced over time. The pH of the soil significantly increased. The analysis of the effects of F and Pb treatment revealed that when the passivation fertilizer solution of pH 5 was used, the available Pb and F in the soil decreased the most, and the residual state of Pb and F increased to 77.86% and 57.24%, respectively.
{"title":"In situ passivation effect of fertilizer passivation solutions with various pH on Pb-F contaminated soil","authors":"Yingdi Jiang, Yunzhu Chen, X. Wang, Zilichao Neng, Wanming Zhang","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0140","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Maoniuping rare earth mine in Mianning, Liangshan Prefecture, is the largest rare earth deposit in China and the second largest rare earth deposit in the world. During the mining of rare earths, F and Pb, both types of heavy metal waste can directly or indirectly enter the soil, causing local soil contamination, which in turn poses a threat to the health of local residents. In this study, soil samples were incubated with fertilizer passivation solutions with pH values of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, with the soil water content adjusted to 50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field. The Pb-F contamination of the soil samples was analyzed to determine the existing states of the soil F and Pb and to study the remediation effect of fertilizer passivation solutions on the Pb-F contaminated soil. The results showed that under different passivation conditions, the pH, Pb, and F of the soil substantially changed and the passivation effect was enhanced over time. The pH of the soil significantly increased. The analysis of the effects of F and Pb treatment revealed that when the passivation fertilizer solution of pH 5 was used, the available Pb and F in the soil decreased the most, and the residual state of Pb and F increased to 77.86% and 57.24%, respectively.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46170377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Raphaël Deragon, A. Julien, J. Dessureault‐Rompré, J. Caron
Abstract Cultivated Organic soils in Montreal's southwest plain are the most productive soils in the province of Quebec. After their initial drainage to enable farming, Organic soils are susceptible to many forms of degradation and soil loss. In this study, we characterized the physical, chemical, and pedological properties of 114 sites from five peatlands to form soil conservation management zones. We attempted to use the maximum peat thickness (MPT) as a soil degradation proxy. The MPT can be defined as the thickness of the layer of peat until coprogenous or mineral materials are reached. The latter are undesired growing media and are not considered in MPT calculation. A series of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that MPT was moderately related to soil degradation (optimal model's Pillai's trace = 0.495). Three soil degradation groups were defined, separated by two MPT thresholds: 60 and 100 cm. When looking at 17 different depth-property combinations, shallower sites (MPT < 60 cm) showed signs of soil degradation significantly higher than sites with an MPT above 60 cm. The second threshold was proposed for practical purposes. Then, these thresholds were used to separate the study area into spatially distinct management zones. Important spatial contrasts were found. This supports the theory that precision agriculture techniques are needed to target fields to optimize soil conservation interventions. The relationship between the MPT and soil degradation should be further explored to account for other degradation factors, and to better identify degraded soils and soils at risk.
{"title":"Using cultivated organic soil depth to form soil conservation management zones","authors":"Raphaël Deragon, A. Julien, J. Dessureault‐Rompré, J. Caron","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0148","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Cultivated Organic soils in Montreal's southwest plain are the most productive soils in the province of Quebec. After their initial drainage to enable farming, Organic soils are susceptible to many forms of degradation and soil loss. In this study, we characterized the physical, chemical, and pedological properties of 114 sites from five peatlands to form soil conservation management zones. We attempted to use the maximum peat thickness (MPT) as a soil degradation proxy. The MPT can be defined as the thickness of the layer of peat until coprogenous or mineral materials are reached. The latter are undesired growing media and are not considered in MPT calculation. A series of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that MPT was moderately related to soil degradation (optimal model's Pillai's trace = 0.495). Three soil degradation groups were defined, separated by two MPT thresholds: 60 and 100 cm. When looking at 17 different depth-property combinations, shallower sites (MPT < 60 cm) showed signs of soil degradation significantly higher than sites with an MPT above 60 cm. The second threshold was proposed for practical purposes. Then, these thresholds were used to separate the study area into spatially distinct management zones. Important spatial contrasts were found. This supports the theory that precision agriculture techniques are needed to target fields to optimize soil conservation interventions. The relationship between the MPT and soil degradation should be further explored to account for other degradation factors, and to better identify degraded soils and soils at risk.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49322224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract This research was conducted in Jableh city in the Latakia Governorate during 2019–2020 to study the level of pollution of the soils and plants of some greenhouses in Jableh city with the elements cadmium and nickel. Several greenhouses were randomly distributed in different areas in Jableh city based on the period of their investment (5, 10, 20, and 25 years), as the investment period was considered the variable factor between greenhouses. The homogeneity of greenhouse texture was taken into consideration as much as possible. Two-layer soil samples were collected (0–20 and 20–40 cm). Electrical conductivity, pH, the ratio of organic matter and the major basic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and the total cadmium and nickel in the soil, plants, and cucumber fruits were determined. SPSS was used (completely randomized design). The results showed that there was pollution of greenhouse soils with the elements cadmium and nickel in a manner that is proportional to the increase in the period of investment. They also showed that the content of cadmium and nickel in cucumber fruits in the oldest houses exceeded the permissible limits. A strong positive second-degree significant (1%) correlation was observed between the available phosphorus and the total cadmium and nickel in the soil, and a strong correlation between the soil and plant content of these two elements and an increasing investment period.
{"title":"The impact of the investment period on soil and plant pollution by cadmium and nickel in Jableh city, in Lattakia Governorate","authors":"A. Jaafar, Suleiman Salim, H. Salman","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0144","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0144","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This research was conducted in Jableh city in the Latakia Governorate during 2019–2020 to study the level of pollution of the soils and plants of some greenhouses in Jableh city with the elements cadmium and nickel. Several greenhouses were randomly distributed in different areas in Jableh city based on the period of their investment (5, 10, 20, and 25 years), as the investment period was considered the variable factor between greenhouses. The homogeneity of greenhouse texture was taken into consideration as much as possible. Two-layer soil samples were collected (0–20 and 20–40 cm). Electrical conductivity, pH, the ratio of organic matter and the major basic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium), and the total cadmium and nickel in the soil, plants, and cucumber fruits were determined. SPSS was used (completely randomized design). The results showed that there was pollution of greenhouse soils with the elements cadmium and nickel in a manner that is proportional to the increase in the period of investment. They also showed that the content of cadmium and nickel in cucumber fruits in the oldest houses exceeded the permissible limits. A strong positive second-degree significant (1%) correlation was observed between the available phosphorus and the total cadmium and nickel in the soil, and a strong correlation between the soil and plant content of these two elements and an increasing investment period.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43560077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Effects of biochar–compost (B+Com) mixture and cover crop were assessed on soil and grapevine productivity in an irrigated Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard in Okanagan Valley, British Columbia (BC), Canada, from 2017 to 2020. The experimental design was a factorial arrangement of control, B+Com, cover crop, and combination of cover crop and B+Com (cover crop/B+Com) treatments in alleys with four replications. The B+Com comprised a 1:1 ratio of biochar and compost and was applied at a rate of 22 Mg ha−1 dry weight basis in May 2017 and 2019. The cover crop consisted of a dryland forage mixture and bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). B+Com treatment did not affect cover crop biomass or tissue C and N concentrations except for a 12% reduction in 2019 biomass. B+Com and cover crop/B+Com increased soil C content averaged across sampling dates by 11% and 17% (P < 0.05), respectively, only at the 0–15 cm soil depth compared with the control. Cover crop treatment did not affect (P < 0.05) soil C content at two soil depths in all sampling dates. Soil N content was not affected by B+Com, decreased by an average of 12.5% at both soil depths with cover crop, and increased with cover crop/B+Com by 4% only at the 0–15 cm soil depth averaged across sampling dates (P < 0.05). Grape yield was increased by 32% by cover crop/B+Com relative to control only in 2020. The cover crop reduced petiole N and pruning weights in one or two years out of three.
{"title":"Biochar–compost mixture and cover crop effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics, yield, and fruit quality in an irrigated vineyard","authors":"M. Sharifi, M. Hajiaghaei-Kamrani","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0147","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Effects of biochar–compost (B+Com) mixture and cover crop were assessed on soil and grapevine productivity in an irrigated Merlot (Vitis vinifera L.) vineyard in Okanagan Valley, British Columbia (BC), Canada, from 2017 to 2020. The experimental design was a factorial arrangement of control, B+Com, cover crop, and combination of cover crop and B+Com (cover crop/B+Com) treatments in alleys with four replications. The B+Com comprised a 1:1 ratio of biochar and compost and was applied at a rate of 22 Mg ha−1 dry weight basis in May 2017 and 2019. The cover crop consisted of a dryland forage mixture and bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.). B+Com treatment did not affect cover crop biomass or tissue C and N concentrations except for a 12% reduction in 2019 biomass. B+Com and cover crop/B+Com increased soil C content averaged across sampling dates by 11% and 17% (P < 0.05), respectively, only at the 0–15 cm soil depth compared with the control. Cover crop treatment did not affect (P < 0.05) soil C content at two soil depths in all sampling dates. Soil N content was not affected by B+Com, decreased by an average of 12.5% at both soil depths with cover crop, and increased with cover crop/B+Com by 4% only at the 0–15 cm soil depth averaged across sampling dates (P < 0.05). Grape yield was increased by 32% by cover crop/B+Com relative to control only in 2020. The cover crop reduced petiole N and pruning weights in one or two years out of three.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41745106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Monitoring the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) pools is critical for sustainable soil and agricultural management. This case study models total and active organic carbon dynamics (2015/2016 to 2019/2020) using digital soil mapping (DSM) techniques. Model predictors include topographic variables generated from light detection and ranging data; soil and vegetation indices derived from Landsat satellite images; and soil and crop inventory information from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada to predict total organic carbon (TOC) and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXc) at the 0–15 cm depth increment for a 37 km2 study area in Truro, Nova Scotia. Quantile Regression Forest and stochastic Gradient Boosting Model were utilized for prediction. Although both models performed equally well for predicting TOC and POXc, the accuracy of TOC predictions (e.g., concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.67) was better than POXc predictions (e.g., CCC = 0.53). The Landsat variables and crop inventory were dominant predictors, while topographic variables across the relatively homogeneous terrain had relatively little influence. During the study period, changes in POXc were predicted across 98% of the study area, with a mean absolute loss of 5.77 (±11.48) mg/kg/year, and in TOC on 27% of the area, with a mean absolute loss of 0.15 (±0.09) g/kg/year. While the annual crop fields observed the highest loss of TOC and POXc, the decline in pasture–grassland–forage fields was relatively low. The study reinforced the effectiveness of DSM for modeling multiple SOC pools at the farm to landscape scales.
{"title":"Modeling of total and active organic carbon dynamics in agricultural soil using digital soil mapping: a case study from Central Nova Scotia","authors":"S. S. Paul, Brandon Heung, D. Lynch","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2022-0012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2022-0012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Monitoring the changes in soil organic carbon (SOC) pools is critical for sustainable soil and agricultural management. This case study models total and active organic carbon dynamics (2015/2016 to 2019/2020) using digital soil mapping (DSM) techniques. Model predictors include topographic variables generated from light detection and ranging data; soil and vegetation indices derived from Landsat satellite images; and soil and crop inventory information from Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada to predict total organic carbon (TOC) and permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXc) at the 0–15 cm depth increment for a 37 km2 study area in Truro, Nova Scotia. Quantile Regression Forest and stochastic Gradient Boosting Model were utilized for prediction. Although both models performed equally well for predicting TOC and POXc, the accuracy of TOC predictions (e.g., concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) = 0.67) was better than POXc predictions (e.g., CCC = 0.53). The Landsat variables and crop inventory were dominant predictors, while topographic variables across the relatively homogeneous terrain had relatively little influence. During the study period, changes in POXc were predicted across 98% of the study area, with a mean absolute loss of 5.77 (±11.48) mg/kg/year, and in TOC on 27% of the area, with a mean absolute loss of 0.15 (±0.09) g/kg/year. While the annual crop fields observed the highest loss of TOC and POXc, the decline in pasture–grassland–forage fields was relatively low. The study reinforced the effectiveness of DSM for modeling multiple SOC pools at the farm to landscape scales.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44309762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Since soil health is impacted by inherent soil properties, it is, therefore, challenging to apply the same soil health frameworks across multiple regions and soil types. Here, we examined the effect of soil textural group (coarse, medium, and fine) on four soil health indicators of soils sampled from diverse agricultural systems across Ontario. Scoring functions were developed by calculating cumulative normal distributions, using the mean and standard deviation of each soil health indicator, for three or five soil textural groups. For each soil health indicator, soil health scoring values were provided using the “more is better” approach, where greater soil health scores implied better soil health. Soil health indicators were significantly affected by three but not all five soil textural groups. Evolved NH3 and CO2, and potentially mineralizable N had stronger associations with each other as revealed by correlation and principal component analysis. Our results also suggested that mean separation of the tested soil health indicators was more consistent with three soil textural groups (coarse, medium, and fine) than five soil textural groups (clays, clay loams, loams, sandy loams, and sand); therefore, we recommend using three soil textural groups to develop soil health scoring functions. The findings of this study lay a groundwork for future soil health assessment involving a larger number of samples across Ontario and more soil indicators, which will facilitate the regional interpretation of soil health.
{"title":"Soil texture influences on soil health scoring functions in Ontario agricultural soils: a possible framework towards a provincial soil health test","authors":"I. Chahal, D. Saurette, L. V. Van Eerd","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0145","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Since soil health is impacted by inherent soil properties, it is, therefore, challenging to apply the same soil health frameworks across multiple regions and soil types. Here, we examined the effect of soil textural group (coarse, medium, and fine) on four soil health indicators of soils sampled from diverse agricultural systems across Ontario. Scoring functions were developed by calculating cumulative normal distributions, using the mean and standard deviation of each soil health indicator, for three or five soil textural groups. For each soil health indicator, soil health scoring values were provided using the “more is better” approach, where greater soil health scores implied better soil health. Soil health indicators were significantly affected by three but not all five soil textural groups. Evolved NH3 and CO2, and potentially mineralizable N had stronger associations with each other as revealed by correlation and principal component analysis. Our results also suggested that mean separation of the tested soil health indicators was more consistent with three soil textural groups (coarse, medium, and fine) than five soil textural groups (clays, clay loams, loams, sandy loams, and sand); therefore, we recommend using three soil textural groups to develop soil health scoring functions. The findings of this study lay a groundwork for future soil health assessment involving a larger number of samples across Ontario and more soil indicators, which will facilitate the regional interpretation of soil health.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44258353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Norris, M. Gorzelak, M. Arcand, D. Bruhjell, C. Carlyle, M. Dyck, B. Ellert, M. Entz, C. Geddes, X. Hao, K. Janovicek, F. Larney, W. May, M. S. Luce, L. V. Van Eerd, Tiequan Zhang, R. Beck, Tony Cowen, D. Liptzin, C. Morgan
Abstract Canada's interest in agricultural lands has changed with time from a desire of crop yields at Confederation through to discussions in the Senate on adaptation and resilience in 2018. Long-term research experiments (LTRs) have been present and utilized by federal and university researchers to provide answers throughout. Here we highlight the importance of LTRs by identifying the historical context of LTRs and soil health research in Canada. We then briefly describe the history and key results from select LTRs and illustrate the wealth of information collected from the North American Project to Evaluate Soil Health Measurements cross-country point-in-time soil sampling from these LTRs. We discuss the LTRs, and the knowledge gained from them, with the hope that by showing the distinctive narratives associated with each of these study sites, researchers will be inspired to use them to address their research questions and make sound predictions to facilitate the adaptation of Canadian agroecosystems to climate challenges. Through identifying the value generated by these unique LTRs, we hope that the importance of these sites will inspire not only their continued maintenance but also the next generation of LTRs.
{"title":"The story of long-term research sites and soil health in Canadian agriculture","authors":"C. Norris, M. Gorzelak, M. Arcand, D. Bruhjell, C. Carlyle, M. Dyck, B. Ellert, M. Entz, C. Geddes, X. Hao, K. Janovicek, F. Larney, W. May, M. S. Luce, L. V. Van Eerd, Tiequan Zhang, R. Beck, Tony Cowen, D. Liptzin, C. Morgan","doi":"10.1139/cjss-2021-0174","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2021-0174","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Canada's interest in agricultural lands has changed with time from a desire of crop yields at Confederation through to discussions in the Senate on adaptation and resilience in 2018. Long-term research experiments (LTRs) have been present and utilized by federal and university researchers to provide answers throughout. Here we highlight the importance of LTRs by identifying the historical context of LTRs and soil health research in Canada. We then briefly describe the history and key results from select LTRs and illustrate the wealth of information collected from the North American Project to Evaluate Soil Health Measurements cross-country point-in-time soil sampling from these LTRs. We discuss the LTRs, and the knowledge gained from them, with the hope that by showing the distinctive narratives associated with each of these study sites, researchers will be inspired to use them to address their research questions and make sound predictions to facilitate the adaptation of Canadian agroecosystems to climate challenges. Through identifying the value generated by these unique LTRs, we hope that the importance of these sites will inspire not only their continued maintenance but also the next generation of LTRs.","PeriodicalId":9384,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Journal of Soil Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2022-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43759630","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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