Carbon Capture Science & Technology最新文献

{"title":"Unveiling the pivotal role of Ni doping in ilmenite as oxygen carrier to realize simultaneous enhanced oxygen release and inhibited phase segregation in chemical looping process","authors":"Haochen Sun ,&nbsp;Susanna T. Maanoja ,&nbsp;Lujiang Xu ,&nbsp;Huan Liu ,&nbsp;Daofeng Mei ,&nbsp;Wen-Da Oh ,&nbsp;Chao He","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100474","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100474","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biomass chemical looping gasification (BCLG) has demonstrated great potential in tackling global climate challenges through green energy transition. However, CH₄ and tar generation are still significant obstacles for the commercialization of BCLG. In this study, we have developed a cost-effective Ni-modified ilmenite oxygen carrier (OC) for BCLG to greatly reduce the CH₄ content and simultaneously increase the syngas generation. Several industrial wastes were investigated and screened based on their syngas and CH₄ reactivity. Results show that ilmenite exhibits excellent syngas selectivity and potential reactivity with CH₄. However, the reaction of ilmenite with CH₄ proceeds slowly owing to the phase transformation process of TiFe₂O₅ - TiFeO₃ - Fe being the rate-limiting step. Thus, various metallic dopants (i.e., Ni, Co, and Ca) were applied as promoters to reinforce its CH₄ reactivity. Interestingly, Ni exhibited a higher promoting effect than Ca, whereas Co had little promotion on ilmenite reactivity. The superior performance of Ni doping could be attributed to the incorporation of Ni²⁺ element in Fe-O-Ti structure rather than Ni⁰, which was validated by pre-activation and cyclic experiments, and density functional theory calculations. Modulated electronic structure by Ni²⁺ in Fe-O-Ti lattice was responsible for significantly promoted oxygen release capacity and enhanced Fe/Ti interactions, thereby activating the reactivity of ilmenite with CH₄ and suppressing Ti/Fe phase segregation. Therefore, this as-prepared 5Ni-ilmenite could be a promising cost-effective OC in BCLG for high quality syngas production.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144780884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon supported dual functional materials for integrated carbon dioxide capture and methanation: Performance of different support materials and carbon footprint assessment","authors":"Lanxun Zhao ,&nbsp;Ruting Nie ,&nbsp;Zhenliang Guo ,&nbsp;Jiawen Hu ,&nbsp;Qiang Hu ,&nbsp;Shuiping Yan ,&nbsp;Dingding Yao ,&nbsp;Haiping Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100473","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100473","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Integrated CO₂ capture and utilization (ICCU) serves an effective strategy to achieve carbon neutrality, while the dual function materials (DFMs) are the key for high-efficient ICCU process. A series of CaO<img>Ni based DFMs with different support materials, including Al₂O₃, CeO₂, graphene (GPE) and commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were synthesized and compared for integrated CO₂ capture and methanation (ICCM). The effect of operational temperatures on carbon conversion and CH₄ production was also explored. Results show that metal oxides supported DFMs exhibit relatively high CH₄ yield, while the carbon materials possessed comparable activity but very good durability in a continuous ICCM test for 10 cycles. The improved stability was contributed by the resistance in metal phase aggregation which restrained the increase of Ni particle size during cycle test. A favorable performance with CO₂ capture capacity of 0.24 mmol/g_DFMs and CO₂ conversion of 80 % were achieved in the presence of DFMs supported by commercial MWCNTs at 450 °C. Furthermore, cost-effective plastic waste derived MWCNTs were used to replace the commercial samples for the above ICCM process from a green and sustainable perspective. It is found that Co modified CaO<img>Ni DFMs supported by plastic derived MWCNTs displayed excellent performance with approximately 0.15 mmol/g_DFMs of CH₄ yield and even 100 % of CH₄ selectivity in ICCM. This may be contributed by the enhanced CO₂ adsorption/activation and H₂ chemisorption with Co addition. Carbon footprint assessment show that the plastic waste assisted ICCM process achieved around 92 % and 20 % reduction in global warming potential compared to two prevalent industrial carbon conversion and methanation scenarios. These findings highlight the promising potential of the proposed ICCM for enhancing industrial sustainability and combating climate change.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100473"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rationality and practicability of performing water-gas shift at ultrahigh-temperatures: pioneering exploration for short-flow syngas upgrading","authors":"Yang Liu ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Jin ,&nbsp;Zhiwen Chen ,&nbsp;Jiacong Chen ,&nbsp;Hang Yang ,&nbsp;Ming Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100472","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100472","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Water-gas shift (WGS) reaction is an important process linking gasification syngas upgrading to downstream synthesis of pure H₂ or hydrogen-based fuels such as ammonia, methanol, and sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). The conventional WGS reaction is a long process that includes syngas cleaning and cooling, pressurization, and multistep medium- and low-temperature shift reactions. The latest progress in biomass gasification has led to breakthroughs in the production of low-tar and pressurized syngas, which could facilitate a short process flow for the WGS at high temperatures with minimized heat loss and maximized shift kinetics. However, WGS still faces thermodynamic limitations at high temperatures. Herein, a new ultrahigh-temperature WGS (UT-WGS) strategy is explored using a Cr-free hybrid catalyst that contains both catalytic and adsorptive sites. The results revealed that the optimum reaction temperature and H₂O/CO ratio are 600 °C and 2, respectively, while the maximum CO conversion and H₂ content are 67.73 % and 75.42 %. Our research contributes to direct upgrading of gasification syngas and low-cost production of hydrogen-based fuels, which will appeal to a broad scientific and engineering audience.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100472"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144757618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perspective on artificial intelligence for carbon capture utilization and storage (CCUS) in Petrochemical Industry","authors":"Jin Ma ,&nbsp;Yide Han ,&nbsp;Meihong Wang ,&nbsp;Weimin Zhong ,&nbsp;Wenli Du ,&nbsp;Feng Qian","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100471","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100471","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The energy-intensive petrochemical industry contributes 14 % of global industrial emissions. In the face of climate change, there is an urgent need for the petrochemical industry transition to low carbon manufacturing. Deployment of carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies can effectively reduce carbon emissions from the petrochemical industry. However, the large-scale deployment of CCUS faces the obstacles of high energy consumption and high cost. Artificial intelligence (AI) has shown great potential to accelerate the large-scale deployment of CCUS in the petrochemical industry. Nevertheless, most AI-based approaches are still largely at the research stage and not yet widely adopted in industrial practice. This paper explores four aspects of AI for petrochemical industry to reduce CO₂ emission, including the solvent selection and design for carbon capture, catalyst design for CO₂ utilisation, hybrid process modelling for optimal design and operation, and life cycle sustainability assessment. We evaluate different promising approaches for AI in each aspect and highlight our key findings, with the goal to accelerate the petrochemical industry transition to carbon neutrality.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144879251","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Innovative mineral carbonation techniques: A comprehensive review of ultrasound-assisted processing, mechanistic insights, optimization strategies, and environmental impacts","authors":"Xun Sun ,&nbsp;Haozhen Xu ,&nbsp;Sivakumar Manickam ,&nbsp;Rakesh Kumar Gupta ,&nbsp;Giancarlo Cravotto ,&nbsp;Joon Yong Yoon ,&nbsp;Benlong Wang ,&nbsp;Wenlong Wang ,&nbsp;Di Sun","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100469","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100469","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Worldwide efforts are focused on reducing CO₂ emissions and improving CO₂ capture, utilization, and sequestration. Ultrasound-assisted processing (UAP), utilizing acoustic cavitation (AC), emerges as a promising, eco-friendly technology to enhance CO₂ sequestration. This overview highlights recent progress in UAP for mineral carbonation, covering intensification mechanisms, sonochemical reactors, and the impact of UAP factors (frequency, power, temperature, particle size, duration, pH). High temperatures (5000 K) and pressures (1000 atm) from AC generate hydroxyl radicals, boosting mass transfer and reaction rates while preventing passivating layer formation. These factors accelerate CO₂ sequestration. UAP can increase carbonation/leaching rates by 10–40% with lower energy consumption and milder conditions than conventional methods like high-temperature reactors. However, further research is needed to improve economic efficiency and scalability, as key challenges include controlling acoustic field uniformity, ensuring consistent performance across varying mineral types, and integrating UAP with existing industrial infrastructure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100469"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144772232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence and material design in carbon capture and utilization: A review of emerging synergies","authors":"Muhammad Tawalbeh ,&nbsp;Moin Sabri ,&nbsp;Hisham Kazim ,&nbsp;Amani Al-Othman ,&nbsp;Fares Almomani","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100470","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100470","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Climate change is driven by large greenhouse gas emissions, which have raised an alarm in efforts to reduce atmospheric carbon dioxide levels with carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS), drawing attention to decarbonization efforts. This review examines the convergence of next-generation materials science and digital technologies in upgrading CCUS systems, wherein advancements in adsorbents, membranes, and catalysts for carbon capture and utilization are carefully examined. The paper further explores how digitalization, through artificial intelligence, machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), and data analytics, is transforming CCUS process monitoring, optimization, and materials discovery. The studies demonstrate interesting findings in the domain of AI-coupled material systems, which have accelerated the screening of over 260,000 potential structures, reduced heat requirements by up to 50% in temperature swing adsorption processes, and improved carbon capture efficiency by 20% while decreasing energy consumption by 15%. However, widespread CCUS implementation faces significant challenges, including scalability, high costs (USD 70–150 million for initial deployment), geographical mismatches between emission sources and storage sites, and public concerns about environmental risks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100470"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144749499","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cost analysis of carbon capture and storage in the pulp and paper industry integrated with nuclear heat","authors":"Edgar Carrejo ,&nbsp;Jhonny Alejandro Poveda-Giraldo ,&nbsp;Sam J. Root ,&nbsp;Nahuel Guaita ,&nbsp;Elizabeth Worsham ,&nbsp;Sunkyu Park","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100468","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100468","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The pulp and paper industry generates approximately 150 million tons of CO₂ emissions annually, ranking among the top three industry sectors in terms of CO₂ emissions in the United States, when biogenic CO₂ is included, followed by the chemical and petroleum industries. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) technologies can be implemented to decrease these emissions; however, mature CCS technologies such as amine-based capture are energy-intensive. Nuclear energy can provide this energy to CCS operations without producing point source emissions. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of integrating a Small Modular Nuclear Reactor (SMNR) to power an amine-based CCS technology in three types of pulp and paper mills in the southeast of the United States: a bleached softwood kraft mill, an unbleached softwood kraft mill, and a recycling mill with an assumption of an annual production capacity of 500,000 metric tons. The presented scenarios compare the carbon capture potential and costs of a CCS system for these mills when integrated with heat from either a nuclear reactor or a natural gas boiler. Two 200 MW-thermal (MW_th) small modular reactors were found to be sufficient to cover the demand for steam and power for coupling CCS and decommissioning the natural gas boiler in the bleached softwood kraft mill, while one 200 MW_th SMNR module was sufficient for the other mill types. Nuclear heat integration into a CCS system, coupled with a typical kraft paper mill, can decrease CO₂ emissions by 91 % with the remaining 9 % being primarily biogenic. Accordingly, recycling mills powered by nuclear energy can achieve almost zero emissions. In the nuclear heat integration scenarios, the CO₂ capture costs are lower if high-pressure nuclear steam is integrated into the mill’s existing CHP system to replace the natural gas boiler, compared to if medium- and low-pressure steam is delivered to the mill to meet process needs directly. The CCS cost and steam requirements were used to determine the maximum price at which the mill would need to purchase nuclear steam to be competitive with steam costs from a natural gas boiler. Although the steam requirements for the nuclear cases are slightly lower than the natural gas cases, nuclear steam would need to cost a maximum of approximately $16 per metric ton to compete with natural gas steam production, roughly half the expected levelized cost of heat of $31.21 for HP steam and $25.84 for LP steam from a nuclear power plant. Although the cost of the system investigated in this study is not competitive compared to other fuel options, integrating CCS and SMNRs can help the pulp and paper industry reduce CO₂ emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100468"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144696383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review on carbon utilization pathways in concrete from conventional to improved strategies","authors":"Diego Aceituno ,&nbsp;Xihong Zhang ,&nbsp;Hong Hao","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100467","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100467","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The concrete industry is a major contributor to global CO₂ emissions, primarily due to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) production. This review explores Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU) technologies aimed at reducing the sector’s environmental impact, focusing on the carbonation of recycled concrete aggregates (RCA), waste cement powders (WCP), and alternative non-hydraulic cements. It discusses recent advances in carbonation techniques, the integration of CCU with sustainable binders, and the challenges of industrial scalability. The distinct chemical and mineralogical characteristics of OPC-based materials and industrial byproducts significantly influence both their structural applicability and carbonation potential. While carbonated RCA and WCP offer limited CO₂ mitigation, greater reductions may be achieved by combining CCU with supplementary cementitious materials and low-carbon clinkers. Further research is needed to optimize carbonation processes, validate structural performance, and evaluate life cycle impacts in synergy with other decarbonisation strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100467"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144686430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding microstructural changes of a one-part geopolymer exposed to CO2 for geological carbon storage application – An experimental and numerical investigation","authors":"Mayank Gupta ,&nbsp;Seyed Hasan Hajiabadi ,&nbsp;Farnaz Aghabeyk ,&nbsp;Yun Chen ,&nbsp;Reinier van Noort ,&nbsp;Mahmoud Khalifeh ,&nbsp;Guang Ye","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100466","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100466","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While ensuring the long-term integrity of wellbore sealants is critical for the success of geological carbon storage (GCS), the chemical degradation of conventional materials under CO₂-rich conditions remains a major challenge. This study investigates the carbonation behavior of a one-part granite-based geopolymer, integrating a novel pore-scale simulation framework with experimental validation. A new model, ReacSan, is developed to simulate CO₂ transport and carbonation reactions within the evolving microstructure of the geopolymer under GCS-relevant conditions. The framework incorporates CO₂ dissolution using the Redlich–Kwong equation of state, gel dissolution via transition state theory, ion transport using the Lattice Boltzmann Method, and chemical reactions through thermodynamic modeling. The model was validated through experiments exposing equivalent geopolymer samples to CO₂ under in-situ conditions. The experimentally observed rapid carbonation, leading to a decrease in pore fluid pH and the precipitation of CaCO₃ matched the numerical simulations well, demonstrating the ability of the novel ReacSan framework to capture both temporal and spatial variations in the microstructure and carbonation mechanisms of alkali-activated materials (AAMs) exposed to supercritical CO₂. Based on the demonstrated validity of the model, the model is capable of providing detailed predictions of carbonation progression of AAMs or any other sealants over longer time- and length-scales required to ensure long-term GCS integrity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144663600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced gas separation by multi-walled carbon nanotubes MOF glass membranes","authors":"Dudu Li ,&nbsp;Zhifang He ,&nbsp;Ying Chen ,&nbsp;Zelong Xu ,&nbsp;Zibo Yang ,&nbsp;Hao Zhang ,&nbsp;Zhihua Qiao","doi":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100465","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ccst.2025.100465","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), known for their elevated specific surface area, exemplary mechanical properties and thermal stability, are regarded as optimal reinforcing fillers for the fabrication of mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). In this study, self-supported MMMs were prepared using melted zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF), denoted ZIF-62 glass, as the continuous phase and multi-walled CNTs (MWCNTs) particles as the dispersed phase. The resulting membranes were thoroughly characterized, and the effect of different incorporation amounts of MWCNTs on the gas separation performance was investigated. It is noteworthy that at an incorporation amount of 4 wt. % MWCNTs, the ideal selectivity of prepared self-supported (<em>a_g</em>ZIF-62)_0.96(MWCNTs)_0.04 MMM for CO₂/N₂ and CH₄/N₂ was 31.2 and 8.6 respectively, exceeding the 2019 Robeson upper bound. The results demonstrated that MWCNTs have excellent gas transport properties and significantly enhance the separation performance. Furthermore, the self-supported (<em>a_g</em>ZIF-62)_0.96(MWCNTs)_0.04 MMM also exhibited excellent mechanical properties and pressure resistance, making them highly promising candidates for advanced gas separation applications. This study not only highlights the effectiveness of MWCNTs as functional fillers in MMMs but also presents a novel approach for designing high-performance gas separation membranes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":9387,"journal":{"name":"Carbon Capture Science & Technology","volume":"16 ","pages":"Article 100465"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144604597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}