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Sleep-Related Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Approaches. 帕金森病的睡眠相关障碍:机制、诊断和治疗方法》。
Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273314675240820191447
Oscar Arias-Carrión, Emmanuel Ortega-Robles, Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún, Jesús Ramírez-Bermúdez, Aya Hamid, Ali Shalash

Background: Parkinson's Disease (PD) is frequently associated with a spectrum of sleep-related disorders, including insomnia, Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS), REM sleep Behaviour Disorder (RBD), Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS), and Sleep-related Breathing Disorders (SBDs). These disorders significantly impact PD patients' Quality of Life (QoL) and present unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.

Methods: This review has explored the intricate relationship between PD and sleep-related disorders, emphasizing their distinctive features and underlying neurobiological mechanisms. It aimed to consolidate current knowledge to optimize clinical management and improve patient care. The profound impact of these disorders on QoL has been evaluated, along with precise diagnostic methodologies. Additionally, various therapeutic strategies, including pharmacological treatments, nonpharmacological interventions, and device-aided therapies, have been examined.

Results: Sleep-related disorders are prevalent among PD patients. Specifically, RBD exhibits a prevalence of 40-50%, often preceding the onset of motor symptoms, indicating its potential as an early marker of PD. Despite their significant impact on QoL, these non-motor symptoms are frequently under-recognized and inadequately managed in clinical practice. Pharmacological treatments, along with nonpharmacological interventions, like cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia and lifestyle modifications, have shown varied efficacy. Device-aided therapies have also demonstrated the potential to improve sleep-related disorders and overall non-motor symptom burden.

Conclusion: Effective management of sleep-related disorders in PD calls for personalized, comprehensive, and multimodal therapeutic approaches. This requires the collaborative efforts of neurologists, sleep specialists, psychiatrists, and other healthcare professionals. Future research should focus on the intricate relationship between PD and sleep disorders, aiming to develop innovative treatments and significantly improve patient outcomes.

背景:帕金森病(PD)常伴有一系列睡眠相关障碍,包括失眠、白天过度嗜睡(EDS)、快速眼动睡眠行为障碍(RBD)、不宁腿综合征(RLS)和睡眠相关呼吸障碍(SBD)。这些疾病严重影响了帕金森病患者的生活质量(QoL),并给诊断和治疗带来了独特的挑战:本综述探讨了帕金森病与睡眠相关障碍之间错综复杂的关系,强调了它们的显著特征和潜在的神经生物学机制。综述旨在整合现有知识,优化临床管理,改善患者护理。研究评估了这些疾病对生活质量的深远影响,以及精确的诊断方法。此外,还研究了各种治疗策略,包括药物治疗、非药物干预和设备辅助疗法:结果:睡眠相关障碍在帕金森病患者中很普遍。具体而言,RBD的发病率为40%-50%,通常发生在运动症状出现之前,这表明它有可能成为帕金森病的早期标志。尽管这些非运动症状对患者的生活质量有很大影响,但在临床实践中却常常得不到充分认识和处理。药物治疗和非药物干预(如失眠认知行为疗法和生活方式调整)已显示出不同的疗效。设备辅助疗法也显示出改善睡眠相关障碍和整体非运动症状负担的潜力:结论:有效治疗帕金森病患者的睡眠相关障碍需要个性化、综合和多模式的治疗方法。这需要神经科医生、睡眠专家、精神科医生和其他医疗保健专业人员的共同努力。未来的研究应关注帕金森病与睡眠障碍之间错综复杂的关系,旨在开发创新的治疗方法,显著改善患者的预后。
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引用次数: 0
Neurotrophins in Peripheral Neuropathy: Exploring Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities. 外周神经病变中的神经营养素:探索病理生理学机制和新的治疗机会》(Neurotrophins in Peripheral Neuropathy: Exploring Pathophysiological Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Opportunities.
Pub Date : 2024-09-05 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273327121240820074049
Suman Samaddar, Moqbel Ali Moqbel Redhwan, Mohan Muttanahally Eraiah, Raju Koneri

Neuropathies, which encompass a wide array of peripheral nervous system disorders, present significant challenges due to their varied causes, such as metabolic diseases, toxic exposures, and genetic mutations. This review article, focused on the critical role of neurotrophins in peripheral neuropathy, highlights the intricate balance of neurotrophins necessary for nerve health and the pathophysiological consequences when this balance is disturbed. Neurotrophins, including Nerve Growth Factor (NGF), Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF), Neurotrophin- 3 (NT-3), and Neurotrophin-4 (NT-4), are essential for neuronal survival, axonal growth, and synaptic plasticity. Their signaling pathways are crucial for maintaining peripheral nervous system integrity, primarily via the Tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk) receptors and the p75 neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR). Dysregulation of neurotrophins is implicated in various neuropathies, such as diabetic neuropathy and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, leading to impaired nerve function and regeneration. Understanding neurotrophin signaling intricacies and their alterations in neuropathic conditions is crucial for identifying novel therapeutic targets. Recent advancements illuminate neurotrophins' potential as therapeutic agents, promising diseasemodifying treatments by promoting neuronal survival, enhancing axonal regeneration, and improving functional recovery post-nerve injury. However, translating these molecular insights into effective clinical applications faces challenges, including delivery methods, target specificity, and the instability of protein-based therapies.

神经病变包括各种周围神经系统疾病,其病因多种多样,如代谢性疾病、毒性暴露和基因突变等,因此给人们带来了巨大的挑战。这篇综述文章重点论述了神经营养素在周围神经病变中的关键作用,强调了神经健康所必需的神经营养素之间错综复杂的平衡,以及这种平衡被打破时的病理生理后果。神经营养素,包括神经生长因子(NGF)、脑源神经营养因子(BDNF)、神经营养素-3(NT-3)和神经营养素-4(NT-4),对神经元的存活、轴突生长和突触可塑性至关重要。它们的信号通路对维持外周神经系统的完整性至关重要,主要是通过肌球蛋白受体激酶(Trk)受体和 p75 神经营养素受体 p75(NTR)。神经营养素失调与各种神经病变有关,如糖尿病神经病变和化疗引起的周围神经病变,从而导致神经功能和再生受损。了解神经营养素信号传导的复杂性及其在神经病变中的改变对于确定新的治疗靶点至关重要。最近的研究进展揭示了神经营养素作为治疗药物的潜力,通过促进神经元存活、增强轴突再生和改善神经损伤后的功能恢复,神经营养素有望改变疾病的治疗方式。然而,将这些分子研究成果转化为有效的临床应用还面临着各种挑战,包括给药方法、靶点特异性以及基于蛋白质的疗法的不稳定性。
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引用次数: 0
Noninvasive Therapies: A Forthcoming Approach to Parkinson's Treatment. 非侵入性疗法:即将推出的帕金森治疗方法。
Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273318429240812094557
Umer Anayyat, Faiza Ahad, Bushra Muhammad Fordil, Hajra Hameed, Mengqing Li, Qinyao Yu, Yunpeng Wei, Xiaomei Wang

In this review, we have discussed the invasive and non-invasive treatment options for Parkinson's Disease (PD) following their safety, specificity, and reliability. Initially, this study has highlighted the invasive treatment options and the side effects they possess. A deep understanding of L-Dopa treatment, as oral or infusion, and the use of dopamine agonists has indicated that there is a need to acquire an alternative treatment for PD. The combined therapy with L-Dopa has been proven to affect PD, but with some limitations, such as mild to chronic side effects, with particular requirements of age and health of the patient and a large amount of expenditure. In the discussion of noninvasive methods to treat PD, we have found that this approach is comparatively slow and requires repetitive sessions, but is safe, effective, and reliable at any stage of PD. Electroconvulsive therapy has revealed its effectiveness in various neurological diseases, including PD. Transcranial current stimulation (direct or alternative) has already been shown to have an alleviative response to PD symptoms. Transcranial magnetic stimulations and other strategies of using the magnetic field for potential treatment options for PD need to be explored further imminently.

在这篇综述中,我们讨论了帕金森病(PD)的侵入性和非侵入性治疗方案的安全性、特异性和可靠性。首先,本研究强调了侵入性治疗方案及其副作用。对左旋多巴治疗(口服或输注)和多巴胺受体激动剂使用的深入了解表明,有必要为帕金森病寻找一种替代治疗方法。事实证明,左旋多巴联合疗法对帕金森病有一定的疗效,但也存在一些局限性,如轻度至慢性副作用,对患者的年龄和健康状况有特殊要求,且花费较大。在讨论治疗帕金森病的非侵入性方法时,我们发现这种方法相对缓慢,需要重复治疗,但在帕金森病的任何阶段都是安全、有效和可靠的。电休克疗法对包括帕金森病在内的多种神经系统疾病都有疗效。经颅电流刺激(直接或替代)已被证明对帕金森病症状有缓解作用。经颅磁刺激和其他利用磁场治疗帕金森氏症的潜在方法还有待于进一步探索。
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引用次数: 0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): An Overview of Genetic and Metabolic Signaling Mechanisms. 肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS):遗传和代谢信号机制概述。
Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273315891240801065231
José Augusto Nogueira-Machado, Francisco das Chagas Lima E Silva, Fabiana Rocha E Silva, Nathalia Gomes

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a rare, progressive, and incurable disease. Sporadic (sALS) accounts for ninety percent of ALS cases, while familial ALS (fALS) accounts for around fifteen percent. Reports have identified over 30 different forms of familial ALS. Multiple types of fALS exhibit comparable symptoms with mutations in different genes and possibly with different predominant metabolic signals. Clinical diagnosis takes into account patient history but not genetic mutations, misfolded proteins, or metabolic signaling. As research on genetics and metabolic pathways advances, it is expected that the intricate complexity of ALS will compound further. Clinicians discuss whether a gene's presence is a cause of the disease or just an association or consequence. They believe that a mutant gene alone is insufficient to diagnose ALS. ALS, often perceived as a single disease, appears to be a complex collection of diseases with similar symptoms. This review highlights gene mutations, metabolic pathways, and muscle-neuron interactions.

肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(ALS)是一种罕见的渐进性不治之症。散发性(sALS)占 ALS 病例的 90%,而家族性 ALS(fALS)约占 15%。有报告指出,家族性 ALS 有 30 多种不同形式。多种类型的家族性渐进性肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症(fALS)表现出相似的症状,但基因突变不同,主要代谢信号也可能不同。临床诊断会考虑患者病史,但不会考虑基因突变、折叠错误的蛋白质或代谢信号。随着遗传学和代谢途径研究的进展,预计 ALS 的复杂性将进一步加剧。临床医生讨论的问题是,基因的存在是疾病的原因,还是只是一种关联或结果。他们认为,仅凭突变基因不足以诊断 ALS。肌萎缩性脊髓侧索硬化症通常被认为是一种单一的疾病,但它似乎是一系列症状相似的复杂疾病的集合。这篇综述重点介绍了基因突变、代谢途径和肌肉神经元之间的相互作用。
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引用次数: 0
Exploring the Pharmacological Effects of Bioactive Peptides on Human Nervous Disorders: A Comprehensive Review. 探索生物活性肽对人类神经疾病的药理作用:全面回顾。
Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273316382240807120241
Kuldeep Singh, Jeetendra Kumar Gupta, Aman Shrivastava, Divya Jain, Amrendra Pratap Yadav, Sumeet Dwivedi, Anubhav Dubey, Shivendra Kumar

A family of peptides known as bioactive peptides has unique physiological properties and may be used to improve human health and prevent illness. Because bioactive peptides impact the immunological, endocrine, neurological, and cardiovascular systems, they have drawn a lot of interest from researchers. According to recent studies, bioactive peptides have a lot to offer in the treatment of inflammation, neuronal regeneration, localized ischemia, and the blood-brain barrier. It investigates various peptide moieties, including antioxidative properties, immune response modulation, and increased blood-brain barrier permeability. It also looks at how well they work as therapeutic candidates and finds promising peptide-based strategies for better outcomes. Furthermore, it underscores the need for further studies to support their clinical utility and suggests that results from such investigations will enhance our understanding of the pathophysiology of these conditions. In order to understand recent advances in BPs and to plan future research, academic researchers and industrial partners will find this review article to be a helpful resource.

一种被称为生物活性肽的肽类具有独特的生理特性,可用于改善人类健康和预防疾病。由于生物活性肽会影响免疫、内分泌、神经和心血管系统,因此引起了研究人员的极大兴趣。根据最新研究,生物活性肽在治疗炎症、神经元再生、局部缺血和血脑屏障方面大有可为。该研究调查了各种肽分子,包括抗氧化特性、免疫反应调节和增加血脑屏障的通透性。它还研究了这些肽作为候选疗法的效果,并发现了基于肽的有望取得更好疗效的策略。此外,它还强调了进一步研究的必要性,以支持它们的临床实用性,并指出这些研究的结果将增进我们对这些病症的病理生理学的了解。为了了解 BPs 的最新进展并规划未来的研究,学术研究人员和工业合作伙伴会发现这篇综述文章是非常有用的资源。
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引用次数: 0
Neurological Manifestations Following Traumatic Brain Injury: Role of Behavioral, Neuroinflammation, Excitotoxicity, Nrf-2 and Nitric Oxide. 创伤性脑损伤后的神经表现:行为、神经炎症、兴奋毒性、Nrf-2 和一氧化氮的作用。
Pub Date : 2024-07-30 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273318552240708055413
Lav Goyal, Shamsher Singh

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is attributed to a forceful impact on the brain caused by sharp, penetrating bodies, like bullets and any sharp object. Some popular instances like falls, traffic accidents, physical assaults, and athletic injuries frequently cause TBI. TBI is the primary cause of both mortality and disability among young children and adults. Several individuals experience psychiatric problems, including cognitive dysfunction, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and anxiety, after primary injury. Behavioral changes post TBI include cognitive deficits and emotional instability (anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder). These alterations are linked to neuroinflammatory processes. On the other hand, the direct impact mitigates inflammation insult by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, namely IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, exacerbating neuronal injury and contributing to neurodegeneration. During the excitotoxic phase, activation of glutamate subunits like NMDA enhances the influx of Ca2+ and leads to mitochondrial metabolic impairment and calpain-mediated cytoskeletal disassembly. TBI pathological insult is also linked to transcriptional response suppression Nrf-2, which plays a critical role against TBI-induced oxidative stress. Activation of NRF-2 enhances the expression of anti-oxidant enzymes, providing neuroprotection. A possible explanation for the elevated levels of NO is that the stimulation of NMDA receptors by glutamate leads to the influx of calcium in the postsynaptic region, activating NOS's constitutive isoforms.

创伤性脑损伤(TBI)是由于子弹或任何尖锐物体等锋利的、具有穿透力的物体对大脑造成的强烈撞击所致。一些常见的情况,如跌倒、交通事故、人身攻击和运动损伤,经常会导致创伤性脑损伤。创伤性脑损伤是造成幼儿和成年人死亡和残疾的主要原因。一些人在初次受伤后会出现精神问题,包括认知功能障碍、抑郁、创伤后应激障碍和焦虑。创伤性脑损伤后的行为变化包括认知障碍和情绪不稳定(焦虑、抑郁和创伤后应激障碍)。这些变化与神经炎症过程有关。另一方面,直接影响通过释放促炎细胞因子(即 IL-1β、IL-6 和 TNF-α)减轻炎症损伤,加剧神经元损伤并导致神经变性。在兴奋毒性阶段,谷氨酸亚单位(如 NMDA)的激活增强了 Ca2+ 的流入,导致线粒体代谢障碍和钙蛋白酶介导的细胞骨架解体。创伤性脑损伤的病理损伤还与转录反应抑制 Nrf-2 有关,Nrf-2 对创伤性脑损伤诱导的氧化应激起着关键作用。激活 NRF-2 可增强抗氧化酶的表达,从而提供神经保护。氮氧化物水平升高的一个可能解释是,谷氨酸刺激 NMDA 受体导致钙离子流入突触后区域,激活了 NOS 的组成异构体。
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引用次数: 0
Neuroprotective Efficacy and Complementary Treatment with Medicinal Herbs: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Therapeutic Approaches in Epilepsy Management. 神经保护功效与药草辅助治疗:最新癫痫治疗方法综述》。
Pub Date : 2024-07-26 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273332140240724093837
Amit Anand, Aman Shrivastava, Kuldeep Singh, Rakesh Barik, Devshree Gayakwad, Jailani S, Shamim, Sumeet Dwivedi

Central Nervous System (CNS) disorders affect millions of people worldwide, with a significant proportion experiencing drug-resistant forms where conventional medications fail to provide adequate seizure control. This abstract delves into recent advancements and innovative therapies aimed at addressing the complex challenge of CNS-related drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) management. The idea of precision medicine has opened up new avenues for epilepsy treatment. Herbs such as curcumin, ginkgo biloba, panax ginseng, bacopa monnieri, ashwagandha, and rhodiola rosea influence the BDNF pathway through various mechanisms. These include the activation of CREB, inhibition of NF-κB, modulation of neurotransmitters, reduction of oxidative stress, and anti- inflammatory effects. By promoting BDNF expression and activity, these herbs support neuroplasticity, cognitive function, and overall neuronal health. Novel antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with distinct mechanisms of action demonstrate efficacy in refractory cases where traditional medications falter. Additionally, repurposing existing drugs for antiepileptic purposes presents a cost-effective strategy to broaden therapeutic choices. Cannabidiol (CBD), derived from cannabis herbs, has garnered attention for its anticonvulsant properties, offering a potential adjunctive therapy for refractory seizures. In conclusion, recent advances and innovative therapies represent a multifaceted approach to managing drug-resistant epilepsy. Leveraging precision medicine, neurostimulation technologies, novel pharmaceuticals, and complementary therapies, clinicians can optimize treatment outcomes and improve the life expectancy of patients living with refractory seizures. Genetic testing and biomarker identification now allow for personalized therapeutic approaches tailored to individual patient profiles. Utilizing next-generation sequencing techniques, researchers have elucidated genetic mutations.

中枢神经系统(CNS)疾病影响着全球数百万人,其中相当一部分人具有耐药性,传统药物无法充分控制癫痫发作。本摘要深入探讨了旨在应对中枢神经系统相关耐药癫痫(DRE)管理这一复杂挑战的最新进展和创新疗法。精准医疗的理念为癫痫治疗开辟了新途径。姜黄素、银杏叶、三七、百部、灰树叶和红景天等草药通过各种机制影响 BDNF 通路。这些机制包括激活 CREB、抑制 NF-κB、调节神经递质、减少氧化应激和抗炎作用。通过促进 BDNF 的表达和活性,这些草药有助于神经可塑性、认知功能和整体神经元健康。新型抗癫痫药物(AEDs)具有独特的作用机制,对传统药物难以奏效的难治性病例具有疗效。此外,将现有药物重新用于抗癫痫目的也是一种具有成本效益的策略,可扩大治疗选择范围。从大麻药草中提取的大麻二酚(CBD)因其抗惊厥特性而备受关注,为难治性癫痫发作提供了一种潜在的辅助疗法。总之,最新进展和创新疗法代表了一种管理耐药性癫痫的多方面方法。利用精准医疗、神经刺激技术、新型药物和辅助疗法,临床医生可以优化治疗效果,改善难治性癫痫发作患者的预期寿命。通过基因检测和生物标记物鉴定,现在可以根据患者的个体情况采取个性化的治疗方法。利用新一代测序技术,研究人员已经阐明了基因突变。
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引用次数: 0
An Overview of the Natural Neuroprotective Agents for the Management of Cognitive Impairment Induced by Scopolamine in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). 管理东莨菪碱诱导的斑马鱼(Danio rerio)认知障碍的天然神经保护剂概述。
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273309256240702053609
Sara Abidar, Lucian Hritcu, Mohamed Nhiri

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by dementia and cognitive decline. AD is essentially associated with the presence of aggregates of the amyloid-β peptide and the hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein tau. The available AD therapies can only alleviate the symptoms; therefore, the development of natural treatments that exhibit neuroprotective effects and correct the behavioral impairment is a critical requirement. The present review aims to collect the natural substances that have been evaluated for their neuroprotective profile against AD-like behaviors induced in zebrafish (Danio rerio) by scopolamine. We focused on articles retrieved from the PubMed database via preset searching strings from 2010 to 2023. Our review assembled 21 studies that elucidated the activities of 28 various natural substances, including bioactive compounds, extracts, fractions, commercial compounds, and essential oils. The listed compounds enhanced cognition and showed several mechanisms of action, namely antioxidant potential, acetylcholinesterase's inhibition, and reduction of lipid peroxidation. Additional studies should be achieved to demonstrate their preventive and therapeutic activities in cellular and rodent models. Further clinical trials would be extremely solicited to support more insight into the neuroprotective effects of the most promising drugs in an AD context.

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种以痴呆和认知能力下降为主要特征的神经退行性疾病。阿尔茨海默病主要与淀粉样蛋白-β肽和高磷酸化微管相关蛋白 tau 的聚集有关。现有的注意力缺失症疗法只能缓解症状,因此,开发具有神经保护作用和纠正行为障碍的天然疗法至关重要。本综述旨在收集针对东莨菪碱诱导斑马鱼(Danio rerio)出现类似 AD 行为的神经保护作用进行过评估的天然物质。我们重点关注了 2010 年至 2023 年期间通过预设搜索字符串从 PubMed 数据库检索到的文章。我们的综述汇集了 21 项研究,阐明了 28 种天然物质的活性,包括生物活性化合物、提取物、馏分、商业化合物和精油。所列化合物可增强认知能力,并显示出多种作用机制,即抗氧化潜力、乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制作用和减少脂质过氧化作用。应开展更多的研究,在细胞和啮齿动物模型中证明这些化合物的预防和治疗作用。此外,还需要进行更多的临床试验,以便更深入地了解最有前景的药物在注意力缺失症中的神经保护作用。
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引用次数: 0
Glia as a New Target for Therapeutic Actions of Electroconvulsive Therapy. 胶质细胞是电休克疗法治疗作用的新靶点。
Pub Date : 2024-07-12 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273319405240707164638
Sadayuki Hashioka

Although electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has immediate and profound effects on severe psychiatric disorders compared to pharmacotherapy, the mechanisms underlying its therapeutic effects remain elusive. Increasing evidence indicates that glial activation is a common pathogenetic factor in both major depression and schizophrenia, raising the question of whether ECT can inhibit glial activation. This article summarizes the findings from both clinical and experimental studies addressing this key question. Based on the findings, it is proposed that the suppression of glial activation associated with neuroinflammation is the mechanism by which ECT restores brain homeostasis and exerts its therapeutic effects.

尽管与药物疗法相比,电休克疗法(ECT)对严重精神障碍有立竿见影的效果,但其治疗效果的内在机制仍然难以捉摸。越来越多的证据表明,神经胶质激活是重度抑郁症和精神分裂症的共同致病因素,这就提出了电休克疗法能否抑制神经胶质激活的问题。本文总结了针对这一关键问题的临床和实验研究结果。根据研究结果,本文提出,抑制与神经炎症相关的神经胶质细胞活化是 ECT 恢复大脑平衡并发挥治疗效果的机制。
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引用次数: 0
The Gut Microbiota-Brain Axis: A New Frontier in Alzheimer's Disease Pathology. 肠道微生物群-大脑轴:阿尔茨海默病病理学的新前沿。
Pub Date : 2024-07-04 DOI: 10.2174/0118715273302508240613114103
Meenakshi Dhanawat, Garima Malik, Kashish Wilson, Sumeet Gupta, Nidhi Gupta, Satish Sardana

Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer, a German neuropathologist and psychiatrist, recognized the primary instance of Alzheimer's disease (AD) for a millennium, and this ailment, along with its related dementias, remains a severe overall community issue related to health. Nearly fifty million individuals worldwide suffer from dementia, with Alzheimer's illness contributing to between 60 and 70% of the instances, estimated through the World Health Organization. In addition, 82 million individuals are anticipated to be affected by the global dementia epidemic by 2030 and 152 million by 2050. Furthermore, age, environmental circumstances, and inherited variables all increase the likelihood of acquiring neurodegenerative illnesses. Most recent pharmacological treatments are found in original hypotheses of disease, which include cholinergic (drugs that show affective cholinergic system availability) as well as amyloid-accumulation (a single drug is an antagonist receptor of Nmethyl D-aspartate). In 2020, the FDA provided approval on anti-amyloid drugs. According to mounting scientific data, this gut microbiota affects healthy physiological homeostasis and has a role in the etiology of conditions that range between obesity and neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's. The microbiota-gut-brain axis might facilitate interconnection among gut microbes as well as the central nervous system (CNS). Interaction among the microbiota-gut system as well as the brain occurs through the "two-way" microbiota-gut-brain axis. Along this axis, the stomach as well as the brain develop physiologically and take on their final forms. This contact is constant and is mediated by numerous microbiota-derived products. The gut microbiota, for instance, can act as non-genetic markers to set a threshold for maintaining homeostasis or getting ill. The scientific community has conducted research and found that bowel dysbiosis and gastrointestinal tract dysregulation frequently occur in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. In this review, the effects of the microbiota- gut-brain axis on AD pathogenesis will be discussed.

德国神经病理学家和精神病学家阿洛伊修斯-阿尔茨海默(Aloysius Alzheimer)博士认识到阿尔茨海默病(AD)的主要病例已有千年之久,这种疾病及其相关的痴呆症仍然是与健康有关的一个严重的整体社会问题。据世界卫生组织估计,全世界有近 5000 万人患有痴呆症,其中 60% 至 70% 的患者是阿尔茨海默氏症患者。此外,预计到 2030 年将有 8200 万人受到全球痴呆症流行病的影响,到 2050 年将达到 1.52 亿人。此外,年龄、环境条件和遗传变量都会增加罹患神经退行性疾病的可能性。最近的药物治疗都是在疾病的原始假说中发现的,其中包括胆碱能(显示影响胆碱能系统可用性的药物)以及淀粉样蛋白积累(一种药物是 N 甲基 D-天冬氨酸的拮抗剂受体)。2020 年,美国食品和药物管理局批准了抗淀粉样蛋白药物。根据越来越多的科学数据,肠道微生物群会影响健康的生理平衡,并在肥胖和阿尔茨海默氏症等神经退行性疾病的病因学中发挥作用。微生物群-肠-脑轴可能会促进肠道微生物与中枢神经系统(CNS)之间的相互联系。微生物群-肠道系统和大脑之间的互动是通过 "双向 "微生物群-肠道-大脑轴实现的。沿着这一轴线,胃和大脑进行生理发育,并形成最终形态。这种接触是持续不断的,并由许多微生物群衍生的产物促成。例如,肠道微生物群可以作为非遗传标记,为维持体内平衡或生病设定阈值。科学界进行的研究发现,阿尔茨海默病(AD)患者经常出现肠道菌群失调和胃肠道失调。本综述将讨论微生物群-肠道-大脑轴对阿尔茨海默病发病机制的影响。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
CNS & neurological disorders drug targets
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