A step towards minimizing the environmental pollution of leather tanning , leather chrome shavings wastes were treated with Li2CO3 to extract technical or industrial gelatin as an added value material. Isolation and characterization of gelatin obtained from chrome-tanned shavings were done. The alkali hydrolysis products obtained, showed good physical and chemical properties in terms of gel strength, swelling and thermal stability. The optimum hydrolysis conditions using Li2CO3 were found to be 5 hr. extraction at 80°C, swelling time of one day and pH 9.5. The yield was over one third of the original starting waste material.
{"title":"Industrial Gelatin from Leather Chrome Shavings Wastes","authors":"Nabil Elsayed, G. Taha, O. Mohamed","doi":"10.37871/jbres1346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1346","url":null,"abstract":"A step towards minimizing the environmental pollution of leather tanning , leather chrome shavings wastes were treated with Li2CO3 to extract technical or industrial gelatin as an added value material. Isolation and characterization of gelatin obtained from chrome-tanned shavings were done. The alkali hydrolysis products obtained, showed good physical and chemical properties in terms of gel strength, swelling and thermal stability. The optimum hydrolysis conditions using Li2CO3 were found to be 5 hr. extraction at 80°C, swelling time of one day and pH 9.5. The yield was over one third of the original starting waste material.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74697770","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Foville’s Syndrome is a rare clinical feature of stroke or brain hemorrhage. This is very rare brain stem syndrome and only few cases have been reported worldwide. A case of Foville's syndrome secondary to infarction at the left paramedian pontine region, which was diagnosed and treated at Annapurna Neurological institute and allied Science, Kathmandu, Nepal. A 62 years old gentleman presented with acute headache with sudden onset of vertigo, tinnitus, slurred speech, difficulty while swallowing and numbness and hemiparesis on the right side of the body. The aim of this study was to report a rare case of Foville's syndrome with the infarction at the left paramedian pontine region. The clinical manifestations were well correlated with anatomical involvement. The CT-scan of head, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), MR-Angiogram (MRA) sequence of cerebral and carotid, etc. helped in the diagnosis of the case along with the other lab investigations.
{"title":"Fovilles Syndrome a Case to Remember Case Report","authors":"S. Acharya, B. Pant, A. Chandra, A. Chandra","doi":"10.37871/jbres1344","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1344","url":null,"abstract":"The Foville’s Syndrome is a rare clinical feature of stroke or brain hemorrhage. This is very rare brain stem syndrome and only few cases have been reported worldwide. A case of Foville's syndrome secondary to infarction at the left paramedian pontine region, which was diagnosed and treated at Annapurna Neurological institute and allied Science, Kathmandu, Nepal. A 62 years old gentleman presented with acute headache with sudden onset of vertigo, tinnitus, slurred speech, difficulty while swallowing and numbness and hemiparesis on the right side of the body. The aim of this study was to report a rare case of Foville's syndrome with the infarction at the left paramedian pontine region. The clinical manifestations were well correlated with anatomical involvement. The CT-scan of head, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), MR-Angiogram (MRA) sequence of cerebral and carotid, etc. helped in the diagnosis of the case along with the other lab investigations.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88714555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fluorosis in man and animals is the resultant of chronic exposure of Fluoride (F) for prolonged period through F contaminated drinking water and foods and industrial F pollution. However, fluoridated water and industrial F emissions are the major sources of F exposure for humans and domestic animals. Chronic F exposure not only deteriorate the health of human beings and animals but also causes diverse adverse toxic effects on hard (teeth and bones) and soft (organs) tissues. Various F induced pathological changes in teeth and bones are known as dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. However, skeletal fluorosis is more dangerous and highly significant since it diminishes the mobility at a very early age and develops crippling or lameness bone deformity. Thousands of people and domestic animals are suffering with fluorosis worldwide. Dental fluorosis is rampant and the commonest form of chronic F toxicosis and appears in subjects of almost all age groups. However, children and bovine calves are relatively more sensitive and highly susceptible to F toxicosis and revealed the earliest clinical sign of chronic F poisoning in the form of dental fluorosis. Hence, these are ideal bio-indicators for chronic F intoxication or fluorosis. Nevertheless, the magnitude or severity of fluorosis is much more depending on the density and rate of bio-accumulation of F. Biological samples, milk, urine, blood serum, teeth, nails, etc. are better bio-markers for F intoxication. However, urine F concentration is the best bio-marker for endemic of F and fluorosis. In this communication, ideal bio-indicators and bio-markers for endemic of F and fluorosis and diverse potential determinants influencing the severity of F toxicity (fluorosis) are considered and briefly and critically reviewed. Findings of this review are useful in making and implementation of health policy and the commencement of mitigation and control of fluorosis programme in F endemic areas where it is problematic for human and animal health.
{"title":"A Brief Review of Ideal Bio-Indicators, Bio-Markers and Determinants of Endemic of Fluoride and Fluorosis","authors":"S. L. Choubisa, Anurag Choubisa","doi":"10.37871/jbres1332","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1332","url":null,"abstract":"Fluorosis in man and animals is the resultant of chronic exposure of Fluoride (F) for prolonged period through F contaminated drinking water and foods and industrial F pollution. However, fluoridated water and industrial F emissions are the major sources of F exposure for humans and domestic animals. Chronic F exposure not only deteriorate the health of human beings and animals but also causes diverse adverse toxic effects on hard (teeth and bones) and soft (organs) tissues. Various F induced pathological changes in teeth and bones are known as dental and skeletal fluorosis, respectively. However, skeletal fluorosis is more dangerous and highly significant since it diminishes the mobility at a very early age and develops crippling or lameness bone deformity. Thousands of people and domestic animals are suffering with fluorosis worldwide. Dental fluorosis is rampant and the commonest form of chronic F toxicosis and appears in subjects of almost all age groups. However, children and bovine calves are relatively more sensitive and highly susceptible to F toxicosis and revealed the earliest clinical sign of chronic F poisoning in the form of dental fluorosis. Hence, these are ideal bio-indicators for chronic F intoxication or fluorosis. Nevertheless, the magnitude or severity of fluorosis is much more depending on the density and rate of bio-accumulation of F. Biological samples, milk, urine, blood serum, teeth, nails, etc. are better bio-markers for F intoxication. However, urine F concentration is the best bio-marker for endemic of F and fluorosis. In this communication, ideal bio-indicators and bio-markers for endemic of F and fluorosis and diverse potential determinants influencing the severity of F toxicity (fluorosis) are considered and briefly and critically reviewed. Findings of this review are useful in making and implementation of health policy and the commencement of mitigation and control of fluorosis programme in F endemic areas where it is problematic for human and animal health.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86802342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Mili, R. Ennouri, Manel Fatnassi, T. Chargui, H. Zarrouk, H. Laouar
The current paper aims to diagnose the state of fisheries of three Chinese carp species whish have been introduced in Tunisian reservoirs since 1981: (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, herbivorous carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis) and seeks to study the benefits and risks associated with their introduction. Chinese carps cannot reproduce naturally in freshwater reservoirs. Eventually, artificial breeding operations and seeding of the dams with farm-produced fry are carried out by the Technical Centre of Aquaculture every year. Statistical analyses have shown a strong correlation between the landed quantity and the number of fries stocked each year. The impact assessment showed that the risks and benefits associated with the introduction of the three species are variable. Regarding their benefits, it was clear that the herbivorous carp has provided effective and sustainable control of the extensive development of aquatic vegetation in the eutrophic reservoirs and canal systems. The value of the other two species, though, remains less obvious, particularly for the bighead carp. The consequences of their introduction on ecosystems and native species seem to be negligible, especially when the densities are low. Eventually, it seems judicious to increase the stocking of the herbivorous carp, silver carp and bighead carp in Tunisian reservoirs.
{"title":"Status of Chinese Carp Fisheries in Tunisian Freshwater Reservoirs: Threats and Opportunities","authors":"S. Mili, R. Ennouri, Manel Fatnassi, T. Chargui, H. Zarrouk, H. Laouar","doi":"10.37871/jbres1336","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1336","url":null,"abstract":"The current paper aims to diagnose the state of fisheries of three Chinese carp species whish have been introduced in Tunisian reservoirs since 1981: (silver carp Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, herbivorous carp Ctenopharyngodon idella and bighead carp Aristichthys nobilis) and seeks to study the benefits and risks associated with their introduction. Chinese carps cannot reproduce naturally in freshwater reservoirs. Eventually, artificial breeding operations and seeding of the dams with farm-produced fry are carried out by the Technical Centre of Aquaculture every year. Statistical analyses have shown a strong correlation between the landed quantity and the number of fries stocked each year. The impact assessment showed that the risks and benefits associated with the introduction of the three species are variable. Regarding their benefits, it was clear that the herbivorous carp has provided effective and sustainable control of the extensive development of aquatic vegetation in the eutrophic reservoirs and canal systems. The value of the other two species, though, remains less obvious, particularly for the bighead carp. The consequences of their introduction on ecosystems and native species seem to be negligible, especially when the densities are low. Eventually, it seems judicious to increase the stocking of the herbivorous carp, silver carp and bighead carp in Tunisian reservoirs.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75662467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Nusrat Batool Janjua, Birmani Sa, M. White, Sarah Siu, Asish Das
Presentation: A 35 year old woman, gravida 7 para 7, all vaginal deliveries, presented with labour pains at 39 weeks’ gestation with intact membranes. Cardiotocograph (CTG) was reassuring. Diagnosis: Breech presentation was confirmed by an ultrasound. Treatment: The patient was offered options of External Cephalic Version (ECV) versus (vs) Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS). She opted for ECV which was successful, followed by controlled artificial rupture of membranes. She delivered a healthy baby girl vaginally and was discharged home on day 1 postpartum. Conclusion: Although intrapartum ECV is not recommended routinely, there is a place for its judicious use in selective cases. The prerequisites include an experienced obstetrician, reassuring CTG, previous vaginal delivery, no obstetric indication for performing LSCS, adequate amniotic fluid volume with intact membranes, early labour, and informed maternal consent. We recommend keeping theatre on standby while performing ECV in case an obstetric complication arises.
{"title":"Successful External Cephalic Version in Early Labour: A Case Report and Literature Review","authors":"Nusrat Batool Janjua, Birmani Sa, M. White, Sarah Siu, Asish Das","doi":"10.37871/jbres1333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1333","url":null,"abstract":"Presentation: A 35 year old woman, gravida 7 para 7, all vaginal deliveries, presented with labour pains at 39 weeks’ gestation with intact membranes. Cardiotocograph (CTG) was reassuring. Diagnosis: Breech presentation was confirmed by an ultrasound. Treatment: The patient was offered options of External Cephalic Version (ECV) versus (vs) Lower Segment Caesarean Section (LSCS). She opted for ECV which was successful, followed by controlled artificial rupture of membranes. She delivered a healthy baby girl vaginally and was discharged home on day 1 postpartum. Conclusion: Although intrapartum ECV is not recommended routinely, there is a place for its judicious use in selective cases. The prerequisites include an experienced obstetrician, reassuring CTG, previous vaginal delivery, no obstetric indication for performing LSCS, adequate amniotic fluid volume with intact membranes, early labour, and informed maternal consent. We recommend keeping theatre on standby while performing ECV in case an obstetric complication arises.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84984676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The author reports the case of C. canimorsus meningitis consecutive to Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection in a 51-year-old man. Human infection is rare but can lead to devastating outcomes. In patients in whom shortly after a dog or cat bite symptoms of meningitis occurred, C. canimorsus infection should be considered. The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of C. canimorsus among physicians when faced with a patient presenting with meningitis, who has been exposed to dogs or cats. Clinicians should adopt a higher clinical suspicion in the absence of classical risk factors. Although mortality is relatively low, survivors often have neurological sequelae. This case report highlights the importance of thorough history taking to assess risk of underlying C. canimorsus infection, even in immunocompetent hosts.
{"title":"A Case of Capnocytophaga Canimorsus Meningitis in Immunocompetent Host: A Zoonotic Agent in the Lombardian Alpes in Italy","authors":"R. Galimi","doi":"10.37871/jbres1329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1329","url":null,"abstract":"The author reports the case of C. canimorsus meningitis consecutive to Capnocytophaga canimorsus infection in a 51-year-old man. Human infection is rare but can lead to devastating outcomes. In patients in whom shortly after a dog or cat bite symptoms of meningitis occurred, C. canimorsus infection should be considered. The purpose of this report is to raise awareness of C. canimorsus among physicians when faced with a patient presenting with meningitis, who has been exposed to dogs or cats. Clinicians should adopt a higher clinical suspicion in the absence of classical risk factors. Although mortality is relatively low, survivors often have neurological sequelae. This case report highlights the importance of thorough history taking to assess risk of underlying C. canimorsus infection, even in immunocompetent hosts.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85514928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to comparative study between conventional and molecular assay of isolation, identification and characterization of non-leguminous endophytic bacteria and fungi in the leguminous root samples. The plant root samples, Helianthus annuus, Carica papaya and Lycoperesicum solanum (Sunflower root and stem, pawpaw root and stem, and tomato root and stem from Adekunle Ajasin University School farm, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria. The isolation of endophytic bacteria were performed using the conventional method of isolation (biochemical test) and characterization were done using both the conventional and molecular method of bacteria characterization. The antibiotic susceptibility test (Antibiogram) was observed using disc diffusion. The four bacteria identified were Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter sp. Actnomycoses sp. and Aeromonas sp. for conventional method and Fusarium solani, Fusarium vortecelium and Bacillus thuringiensis for molecular method as confirmatory point of view. In this study, all isolated organisms tends to be Gram positive using the gram staining technique. Antibiogram shows the zones of inhibition with diameter ranging from 0-20 mm, Enterobacter sp. were more sensitive to the various antibiotics used. Ultraviolet spectrophotometer was also used to determine the growth dynamic as well as the death rate of the isolates, the addition of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) to the isolates at the 24th hour speed up the death rate of the isolates from non-leguminous endophytic bacteria. After the preliminary identification of the bacteria isolates and the confirmatory identification of both bacteria and fungi isolates of the non-leguminous endophytic microorganism, it was noted that the preliminary identification was only able to achieve the genus level of taxonomic characterization, While the molecular method confirm the molecular sub level identification of isolates depletes the absolute taxonomic identification and characterization to the sub-species level. The results of this study validates the use of molecular sequencing for the assay identification and characterization of non-leguminous endophytic bacteria and fungi as the easy and best mode of identification of both bacteria and fungi isolates as a veritable tools for research purposes.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Spectrum, Growth/Killing Kinetics, Conventional/Molecular Assay of Characterizing Non-Leguminous Endophytic Bacteria and Fungi from Helianthus annuus, Carica papaya and Lycoperesicum solanum","authors":"Osuntokun Ot, Azuh Vo, Adejoro Bf, Akele Eo","doi":"10.37871/jbres1345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1345","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to comparative study between conventional and molecular assay of isolation, identification and characterization of non-leguminous endophytic bacteria and fungi in the leguminous root samples. The plant root samples, Helianthus annuus, Carica papaya and Lycoperesicum solanum (Sunflower root and stem, pawpaw root and stem, and tomato root and stem from Adekunle Ajasin University School farm, Akungba Akoko, Ondo state, Nigeria. The isolation of endophytic bacteria were performed using the conventional method of isolation (biochemical test) and characterization were done using both the conventional and molecular method of bacteria characterization. The antibiotic susceptibility test (Antibiogram) was observed using disc diffusion. The four bacteria identified were Bacillus cereus, Enterobacter sp. Actnomycoses sp. and Aeromonas sp. for conventional method and Fusarium solani, Fusarium vortecelium and Bacillus thuringiensis for molecular method as confirmatory point of view. In this study, all isolated organisms tends to be Gram positive using the gram staining technique. Antibiogram shows the zones of inhibition with diameter ranging from 0-20 mm, Enterobacter sp. were more sensitive to the various antibiotics used. Ultraviolet spectrophotometer was also used to determine the growth dynamic as well as the death rate of the isolates, the addition of antibiotics (ciprofloxacin) to the isolates at the 24th hour speed up the death rate of the isolates from non-leguminous endophytic bacteria. After the preliminary identification of the bacteria isolates and the confirmatory identification of both bacteria and fungi isolates of the non-leguminous endophytic microorganism, it was noted that the preliminary identification was only able to achieve the genus level of taxonomic characterization, While the molecular method confirm the molecular sub level identification of isolates depletes the absolute taxonomic identification and characterization to the sub-species level. The results of this study validates the use of molecular sequencing for the assay identification and characterization of non-leguminous endophytic bacteria and fungi as the easy and best mode of identification of both bacteria and fungi isolates as a veritable tools for research purposes.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"78 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78104784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A heterogeneous mixture of small rock particles/debris and organic materials/humus is called soil. It is usually produced over the surface of the earth and helps in the sustenance of autotrophic life in plant. India is an agriculture based country in which West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka are considered as the top ten stated for their higher agricultural productivity. For higher agricultural productivity, knowledge of soil type, composition, texture, fertility, etc. is highly essential. However, no review article is presently summarising whether the soil type contributes as one of the major factors for the above top ten ranked agri-producing states of India. Here we review and found that the soil type could be one of the major reasons why the above states topped the list in agricultural attributes to India. As per India classification, both urvara (fertile) and usara (sterile) soils are found in the country. Majority of Indian soils harboring the agriculture of the above states are alluvial soil (43%), red soil (18.5%), black/regur soil (15%) and the rest are arid/desert soil, laterite soil, saline soil, peaty/marshy soil, forest soil and sub-mountain soil that harbors the agriculture in India in general and in the above states in particular. Therefore, the soil type present in the above states is one of the most contributing factors for the higher agriculture productivity in India.
{"title":"Soil Type as One of the Major Contributing Factors for Top Ten Agri-Producing States of India","authors":"Arpita Kullu, Alisha Mohanty, Binayak Prasad, Rajashree Rajasmita Dehury, Pratikshya Pattnaik, Pratyush Pani, Diptirani Dash, Binay Kumar Sethi, Bibhukalyan Mohapatra, Tejasweta Bhuyan, Dibyjoti Pradhan, B. Paital","doi":"10.37871/jbres1312","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1312","url":null,"abstract":"A heterogeneous mixture of small rock particles/debris and organic materials/humus is called soil. It is usually produced over the surface of the earth and helps in the sustenance of autotrophic life in plant. India is an agriculture based country in which West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Karnataka are considered as the top ten stated for their higher agricultural productivity. For higher agricultural productivity, knowledge of soil type, composition, texture, fertility, etc. is highly essential. However, no review article is presently summarising whether the soil type contributes as one of the major factors for the above top ten ranked agri-producing states of India. Here we review and found that the soil type could be one of the major reasons why the above states topped the list in agricultural attributes to India. As per India classification, both urvara (fertile) and usara (sterile) soils are found in the country. Majority of Indian soils harboring the agriculture of the above states are alluvial soil (43%), red soil (18.5%), black/regur soil (15%) and the rest are arid/desert soil, laterite soil, saline soil, peaty/marshy soil, forest soil and sub-mountain soil that harbors the agriculture in India in general and in the above states in particular. Therefore, the soil type present in the above states is one of the most contributing factors for the higher agriculture productivity in India.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87150841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present the electrocardiogram (Figure 1) of a 14-year-old man in which, without related pathology, and incidentally in the context of a consultation for another reason, a U wave was detected in precordial leads V3 and V4. Does that U wave have pathological significance?
{"title":"Reflection on the benignity or pathology of the presence of U waves in the electrocardiogram","authors":"I. Ik, Lucas Cabornero J, Lopetegui Cano M","doi":"10.37871/jbres1309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1309","url":null,"abstract":"We present the electrocardiogram (Figure 1) of a 14-year-old man in which, without related pathology, and incidentally in the context of a consultation for another reason, a U wave was detected in precordial leads V3 and V4. Does that U wave have pathological significance?","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73545993","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Background: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has significantly improved Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients’ survival rates. However, the emergence of HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) has markedly reduced the effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Aim: This narrative review was conducted to review published studies on HIV drug resistance and its consequences. Materials and methods: A literature search for this narrative review was carried out and the following databases were used PubMed, Google Scholar, and The Lancet. The cited articles were published from 1999 to 2021. The keywords used in the search of literature included ‘Antiretroviral therapy’, ‘resistance’, and ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus drug resistance’, ‘HIV’, ‘HIV drug resistance’, ‘HIV vaccines’, and the Boolean word ‘AND’. Results: There is a high prevalence of HIV drug resistance globally that has been associated with some factors such as older age, non-adherence to treatment, long treatment duration, lower cell count and high viral load. HIV drug resistance may lead to treatment failure, prolongation of the time required to achieve viral suppression and leads to increased mortality. Increasing access to viral load monitoring can help mitigate HIV drug resistance. Conclusion: HIV drug resistance is a global threat to public health and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is a need for more research to be carried out and various strategies like the use of antiretrovirals with a high genetic barrier to resistance need to be put in place to prevent further spread resistance. HIVDR must be monitored frequently taking into consideration the geographic variability. There is an urgent need for the development of anti-HIV vaccines that will help to prevent further transmission and spread of HIV.
{"title":"Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Drug Resistance: A Global Narrative Review","authors":"M. N. Phiri, S. Mudenda","doi":"10.37871/jbres1323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.37871/jbres1323","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) has significantly improved Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) patients’ survival rates. However, the emergence of HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) has markedly reduced the effectiveness of Antiretroviral Therapy (ART). Aim: This narrative review was conducted to review published studies on HIV drug resistance and its consequences. Materials and methods: A literature search for this narrative review was carried out and the following databases were used PubMed, Google Scholar, and The Lancet. The cited articles were published from 1999 to 2021. The keywords used in the search of literature included ‘Antiretroviral therapy’, ‘resistance’, and ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus drug resistance’, ‘HIV’, ‘HIV drug resistance’, ‘HIV vaccines’, and the Boolean word ‘AND’. Results: There is a high prevalence of HIV drug resistance globally that has been associated with some factors such as older age, non-adherence to treatment, long treatment duration, lower cell count and high viral load. HIV drug resistance may lead to treatment failure, prolongation of the time required to achieve viral suppression and leads to increased mortality. Increasing access to viral load monitoring can help mitigate HIV drug resistance. Conclusion: HIV drug resistance is a global threat to public health and has been associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, there is a need for more research to be carried out and various strategies like the use of antiretrovirals with a high genetic barrier to resistance need to be put in place to prevent further spread resistance. HIVDR must be monitored frequently taking into consideration the geographic variability. There is an urgent need for the development of anti-HIV vaccines that will help to prevent further transmission and spread of HIV.","PeriodicalId":94067,"journal":{"name":"Journal of biomedical research & environmental sciences","volume":"111 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80361239","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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