Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000274
G. He
The name WIGRIS for my MINT (Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik) [1] 2017 was chosen for my follow up research on the orthomodukar theory which I developed in my book 1983. WI stands for a weak force isospin exchange from a uto a dquark in a rotors time cycle between a deuterons two nucleons proton and neutron. I added IS at the end to make it a word. SI is a strong force (independent of the WI force) gluon exchange driven rotor. In my deuteron model is gravity GR added: the general relativistic scaling factor of Schwarzschild metric is a Moebius transformation MT, scaled of order 6 and drives in 6 cyclic steps the SI and WI motors. WI and SI are also in special relativistic motion against one another for getting a common group speed for its parts. There are several videos available which show the single changes of deuteron states in time. As usual, they can also occur as mixed states. A third motor POT is for GR and EM: For gravity exists a 5-dimensional theory of E: Schmutzer which unifies the electromagnetic EM and gravity fields. I take this for the strong geometry factor, a 5-dimensional sphere and norm it projectively to a complex 2-dimensional space with boundary a 2dimensional Riemannian sphere with the MTs symmetry. The model is described in octonion vector space with a rolled Kaluza-Klein coordinate for the electromagnetic interaction EMI. In addition, to extend the standard model of physics by this projective and projection geometry and by the symmetry of MTs, there are many octonion cross product measuring apparatus beside the Pauli spin. Seven of them are found as Fano lines in the memo Fano figure, rgb-gravitons whirls are another SI one for nucleons neutral colour charges red, green, blue, for stretching and squeezing the nucleon volume. The three items, new geometries, symmetries and non-commutative cross product measures need experimental verification in future.
{"title":"A Deuteron Unification Model for Gravity with the Standard Model of Physics","authors":"G. He","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000274","url":null,"abstract":"The name WIGRIS for my MINT (Mathematik, Informatik, Naturwissenschaften, Technik) [1] 2017 was chosen for my follow up research on the orthomodukar theory which I developed in my book 1983. WI stands for a weak force isospin exchange from a uto a dquark in a rotors time cycle between a deuterons two nucleons proton and neutron. I added IS at the end to make it a word. SI is a strong force (independent of the WI force) gluon exchange driven rotor. In my deuteron model is gravity GR added: the general relativistic scaling factor of Schwarzschild metric is a Moebius transformation MT, scaled of order 6 and drives in 6 cyclic steps the SI and WI motors. WI and SI are also in special relativistic motion against one another for getting a common group speed for its parts. There are several videos available which show the single changes of deuteron states in time. As usual, they can also occur as mixed states. A third motor POT is for GR and EM: For gravity exists a 5-dimensional theory of E: Schmutzer which unifies the electromagnetic EM and gravity fields. I take this for the strong geometry factor, a 5-dimensional sphere and norm it projectively to a complex 2-dimensional space with boundary a 2dimensional Riemannian sphere with the MTs symmetry. The model is described in octonion vector space with a rolled Kaluza-Klein coordinate for the electromagnetic interaction EMI. In addition, to extend the standard model of physics by this projective and projection geometry and by the symmetry of MTs, there are many octonion cross product measuring apparatus beside the Pauli spin. Seven of them are found as Fano lines in the memo Fano figure, rgb-gravitons whirls are another SI one for nucleons neutral colour charges red, green, blue, for stretching and squeezing the nucleon volume. The three items, new geometries, symmetries and non-commutative cross product measures need experimental verification in future.","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89283746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000264
A. Obike, K. Uwakwe, Ebeagwu Mc, P. Okafor, Ogili Ec
The inhibitive action of the methanol extracts of three powerful eco-friendly green Inhibitors; Costus afer (COA), Uvaria chamae (UVC), and Xylopia aethiopica (XYA) leaves on the corrosion of mild steel in 2.5 M HCl solutions with inhibitor concentrations of 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L, 2.0 g/L and 4.0 g/L, at the temperatures of 30°C and 60°C was studied using gravimetric (weight loss) and gasometric (hydrogen evolution) techniques to determine their inhibition efficiencies as well as to characterize the mechanism of inhibition of these three green inhibitors. The gravimetric technique was done for 5 days (120 Hours). Results indicate that the leave extracts inhibit the corrosion process powerfully. COA, UVC and XYA extracts showed inhibition efficiency of (83.7, 84.6 and 87.0) and (85.0, 62.5 and 76.1) for gravimetric (weight loss) and gasometric analysis respectively. The Inhibition efficiency was found to increase with an increase in the extract concentration and decrease with an increase in time(days) and temperature. The inhibition efficiencies followed the trend XYA>UVC>COA and COA>XYA>UVC in gravimetric and gasometric analysis respectively. Thermodynamic considerations revealed that the activation energy, Ea increased in the presence of the plant extracts. The kinetic data confirmed the reaction process to be first order. Adsorption of the plant extracts on mild steel surface is an exothermic process and spontaneous as deduced by mostly negative Qads mean values of -7.40 KJ/mol, -2.14 KJ/mol and -32.18 KJ/mol for COA, UVC and XYA and negative ΔGads values of -9.28 KJ/mol and -12. 0 KJ/mol for COA, -9.46 KJ/mol and -11.23 KJ/mol for UVC and -7.73 KJ/mol and 6.29 KJ/mol for XYA at 30°C and 60°C respectively. The mechanism of adsorption proposed for the plant extract on the mild steel surface is physical adsorption. Experimental data obtained fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
{"title":"Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies of Powerful Eco Friendly Green Inhibitors; Costus afer, Uvaria chamae and Xylopia aethiopia for the Control of Mild Steel Corrosion in HCl Solution.","authors":"A. Obike, K. Uwakwe, Ebeagwu Mc, P. Okafor, Ogili Ec","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000264","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000264","url":null,"abstract":"The inhibitive action of the methanol extracts of three powerful eco-friendly green Inhibitors; Costus afer (COA), Uvaria chamae (UVC), and Xylopia aethiopica (XYA) leaves on the corrosion of mild steel in 2.5 M HCl solutions with inhibitor concentrations of 0.5 g/L, 1.0 g/L, 2.0 g/L and 4.0 g/L, at the temperatures of 30°C and 60°C was studied using gravimetric (weight loss) and gasometric (hydrogen evolution) techniques to determine their inhibition efficiencies as well as to characterize the mechanism of inhibition of these three green inhibitors. The gravimetric technique was done for 5 days (120 Hours). Results indicate that the leave extracts inhibit the corrosion process powerfully. COA, UVC and XYA extracts showed inhibition efficiency of (83.7, 84.6 and 87.0) and (85.0, 62.5 and 76.1) for gravimetric (weight loss) and gasometric analysis respectively. The Inhibition efficiency was found to increase with an increase in the extract concentration and decrease with an increase in time(days) and temperature. The inhibition efficiencies followed the trend XYA>UVC>COA and COA>XYA>UVC in gravimetric and gasometric analysis respectively. Thermodynamic considerations revealed that the activation energy, Ea increased in the presence of the plant extracts. The kinetic data confirmed the reaction process to be first order. Adsorption of the plant extracts on mild steel surface is an exothermic process and spontaneous as deduced by mostly negative Qads mean values of -7.40 KJ/mol, -2.14 KJ/mol and -32.18 KJ/mol for COA, UVC and XYA and negative ΔGads values of -9.28 KJ/mol and -12. 0 KJ/mol for COA, -9.46 KJ/mol and -11.23 KJ/mol for UVC and -7.73 KJ/mol and 6.29 KJ/mol for XYA at 30°C and 60°C respectively. The mechanism of adsorption proposed for the plant extract on the mild steel surface is physical adsorption. Experimental data obtained fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86235789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000273
N. Geetha, Senthil Kumar, D. Prakash
Perovskite type oxides are fascinating nanomaterials and its physical properties of interest to materials science through perovskites include superconductivity, magnetoresistance, ionic conductivity, and a multitude of dielectric properties, which are of great importance in microelectronics and telecommunication. Recently interest has arisen in perovskite-type oxides as catalysts due to high thermal and hydrothermal stability as well as high mechanical strength among other properties. In the present work, LaMn1-xFexO3 perovskite was synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The product was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and conductivity study. The XRD pattern confirmed the formation of perovskite phase. The SEM micrographs indicated that the morphology contain porosity due to inter-particle voids. The presence of functional groups of the pure and doped lanthanum manganite were studied by FTIR. The optical band gap decreases with increasing the content of iron in the sample. The conductivity study confirmed that the conductivity increases with increasing the content of iron.
{"title":"Synthesis and Characterization of Lamn1-XFexO3 (X=0, 0.1, 0.2) by Coprecipitation Route","authors":"N. Geetha, Senthil Kumar, D. Prakash","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000273","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000273","url":null,"abstract":"Perovskite type oxides are fascinating nanomaterials and its physical properties of interest to materials science through perovskites include superconductivity, magnetoresistance, ionic conductivity, and a multitude of dielectric properties, which are of great importance in microelectronics and telecommunication. Recently interest has arisen in perovskite-type oxides as catalysts due to high thermal and hydrothermal stability as well as high mechanical strength among other properties. In the present work, LaMn1-xFexO3 perovskite was synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The product was characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and conductivity study. The XRD pattern confirmed the formation of perovskite phase. The SEM micrographs indicated that the morphology contain porosity due to inter-particle voids. The presence of functional groups of the pure and doped lanthanum manganite were studied by FTIR. The optical band gap decreases with increasing the content of iron in the sample. The conductivity study confirmed that the conductivity increases with increasing the content of iron.","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80672685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000272
B. Anatoly, K. Dmitry
DNA synthesis is commonly accepted to occur as a nucleophilic reaction catalyzed by Zn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. The substitution of these ions with nonmagnetic nuclei by ions with magnetic nuclei was shown to produce a huge isotope effect: magnetic ions suppress DNA synthesis by 3–5 times with respect to nonmagnetic ones. This observation unambiguously evidences that the DNA synthesis occurs by radical pair mechanism, which is well known in chemistry and implies pair wise generation of radicals by electron transfer between reaction partners. Magnetic field dependence of the DNA synthesis convincingly proves radical pair mechanism, which manifests itself even in the polymerase chain reaction. This mechanism, being on the energy scale by order of magnitude cheaper that the nucleophilic one, is switched on, when at least two ions enter into the catalytic site. It coexists with nucleophilic mechanism almost on a par; their competition is controlled by concentration of ions. Radical pair mechanism is induced by both sorts of ions, magnetic and nonmagnetic; the only difference is that it functions by 3-5 times more efficiently with magnetic ions. Nuclear magnetic ions 25Mg2+, 43Ca2+, and 67Zn2+, decreasing catalytic activity of polymerase by 2-3 times, even more strongly, by 30-50 times, increase mortality of cancer cells. These ions may be considered as the cheap, easily available, safe (no influence on the immune, signaling and other protein systems), powerful, and universal anti-cancer means for selective killing cancer cells of any types.
{"title":"Magnetic Control of the DNA Synthesis by Nuclear Magnetic Ions of Mg, Ca and Zn as a Powerful and Universal Means to Kill Cancer Cells","authors":"B. Anatoly, K. Dmitry","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000272","url":null,"abstract":"DNA synthesis is commonly accepted to occur as a nucleophilic reaction catalyzed by Zn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. The substitution of these ions with nonmagnetic nuclei by ions with magnetic nuclei was shown to produce a huge isotope effect: magnetic ions suppress DNA synthesis by 3–5 times with respect to nonmagnetic ones. This observation unambiguously evidences that the DNA synthesis occurs by radical pair mechanism, which is well known in chemistry and implies pair wise generation of radicals by electron transfer between reaction partners. Magnetic field dependence of the DNA synthesis convincingly proves radical pair mechanism, which manifests itself even in the polymerase chain reaction. This mechanism, being on the energy scale by order of magnitude cheaper that the nucleophilic one, is switched on, when at least two ions enter into the catalytic site. It coexists with nucleophilic mechanism almost on a par; their competition is controlled by concentration of ions. Radical pair mechanism is induced by both sorts of ions, magnetic and nonmagnetic; the only difference is that it functions by 3-5 times more efficiently with magnetic ions. Nuclear magnetic ions 25Mg2+, 43Ca2+, and 67Zn2+, decreasing catalytic activity of polymerase by 2-3 times, even more strongly, by 30-50 times, increase mortality of cancer cells. These ions may be considered as the cheap, easily available, safe (no influence on the immune, signaling and other protein systems), powerful, and universal anti-cancer means for selective killing cancer cells of any types.","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81379811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000271
Waswa Ga, I. Michira, O. Abong, J. Mbugua, D. Andala, Aluoch Ao
Dissipation and sorption of urea on Eburru soils in Kenya was done using kinetic studies which indicated that 35.00% of urea was adsorbed in the Eburru soil matrix nanopores within an equilibration of 24 hours. The presence of urea molecules in the loaded soil samples was further confirmed by XRD, FTIR and SEM characterization. Controlled urea release behavior of Eburru loaded soil samples was also determined to be 82.8% in water and 74.2% in Kikuyu soil.
{"title":"Dissipation and Sorption of Urea on Eburru Soils in Kenya","authors":"Waswa Ga, I. Michira, O. Abong, J. Mbugua, D. Andala, Aluoch Ao","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000271","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000271","url":null,"abstract":"Dissipation and sorption of urea on Eburru soils in Kenya was done using kinetic studies which indicated that 35.00% of urea was adsorbed in the Eburru soil matrix nanopores within an equilibration of 24 hours. The presence of urea molecules in the loaded soil samples was further confirmed by XRD, FTIR and SEM characterization. Controlled urea release behavior of Eburru loaded soil samples was also determined to be 82.8% in water and 74.2% in Kikuyu soil.","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79173884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000268
P. Terezie, P. Lenka
In our work we dealt with microbial contamination of cosmetics products. Microorganisms have important role in our lives. They are used in food processing and in pharmacy, but their pathogenic triebes can mean health risk for costumers. Hundred thousands of people use cremes every day. That‘s why we think, that this topic is important and results can be relevant for practice. In cosmetics products is sterility not expected, but some of specific microorganisms are controlled. These microorganisms can mean health risk for users. As model microorganism we chose yeast Candida glabrata. Genus Candida can cause oral and genital infections. We could not work with pathogenic triebes so we chose nonpathogenic. We also chose bakteria Escherichia coli, which is an indicator of fecal contamination. If E. coli is in product, it means, that there are lacks of hygiene. Conservants should have same effect against contamination caused by all species of bacterias and yeasts [1,2]. Our aim was verificaion of effectiveness of conservants K 145 and K 702 against contamination caused by mentioned microorganisms. Principle of effect of conservants are chemical reactions with microorganisms. Conservant K 145 has these active substances: 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1.3-Diol, Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone. Conservant K 702 has these active substances: Phenoxyethanol, Benzoic Acid, Dehydroacetic Acid, Ethylhexylglycerin, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide. Every conservant used in the European union has its own maximum authorised concentration. For conservant K 145 this vaule is 0.2%, for conservant K 702 it is 1%. Conservant K 145 is not recommended for products used for mucous membranes and lips and also for toothpastes. Conservant K 702 can be used for leave-on as well as rinse-off products [3,4].
{"title":"Verification of Effectivness of Conservants K 145 and K 702","authors":"P. Terezie, P. Lenka","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000268","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000268","url":null,"abstract":"In our work we dealt with microbial contamination of cosmetics products. Microorganisms have important role in our lives. They are used in food processing and in pharmacy, but their pathogenic triebes can mean health risk for costumers. Hundred thousands of people use cremes every day. That‘s why we think, that this topic is important and results can be relevant for practice. In cosmetics products is sterility not expected, but some of specific microorganisms are controlled. These microorganisms can mean health risk for users. As model microorganism we chose yeast Candida glabrata. Genus Candida can cause oral and genital infections. We could not work with pathogenic triebes so we chose nonpathogenic. We also chose bakteria Escherichia coli, which is an indicator of fecal contamination. If E. coli is in product, it means, that there are lacks of hygiene. Conservants should have same effect against contamination caused by all species of bacterias and yeasts [1,2]. Our aim was verificaion of effectiveness of conservants K 145 and K 702 against contamination caused by mentioned microorganisms. Principle of effect of conservants are chemical reactions with microorganisms. Conservant K 145 has these active substances: 2-Bromo-2-Nitropropane-1.3-Diol, Methylchloroisothiazolinone, Methylisothiazolinone. Conservant K 702 has these active substances: Phenoxyethanol, Benzoic Acid, Dehydroacetic Acid, Ethylhexylglycerin, Polyaminopropyl Biguanide. Every conservant used in the European union has its own maximum authorised concentration. For conservant K 145 this vaule is 0.2%, for conservant K 702 it is 1%. Conservant K 145 is not recommended for products used for mucous membranes and lips and also for toothpastes. Conservant K 702 can be used for leave-on as well as rinse-off products [3,4].","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86194705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000270
D. Adam
{"title":"A Return to Einstein and Newton","authors":"D. Adam","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000270","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82899178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000265
Magu Thomas Odey, Louis Hitler, Nzeata-Ibe Nelson, Sunday Esther Aniedi, Udowo Victor Malachy, Oyo Ita Emmanuella Ekpenyong-Anwan
The chemical evaluation of Jatropha curcas (Barbados nut) seeds was carried out to analyze and characterize the chemical composition of Jatropha curcas seeds for mineral content. Various analytical techniques have been used to breakdown the mineral and fat and protein content. The result of the proximate composition was shown to be moisture (4.00%), ash (6.00%), fat (40.00%), fibre (8.00%), protein (27.65%) and carbohydrate (18.35%). The ascorbic acid content was found to be 5.16%. The result of the elemental composition of Jatropha curcas seeds shows the presence of Na (54.03 ppm), Al (15.68 ppm), Mg (166.23 ppm), P (5.08 ppm), Ca (1.81 ppm), K (79.89 ppm), Fe (112.03 ppm), Pb (0.10 ppm), Zn (63.23 ppm) and Cd (0.04 ppm). This study revealed that Jatropha curcas seeds have low moisture, high fat and protein content. This suggests that J. curcas can be good source of minerals, if it is detoxified.
{"title":"Proximate Analysis and Mineral Composition of Jatropha curcas Seeds Obtained from Pankshin Local Government Area of Plateau State of Nigeria","authors":"Magu Thomas Odey, Louis Hitler, Nzeata-Ibe Nelson, Sunday Esther Aniedi, Udowo Victor Malachy, Oyo Ita Emmanuella Ekpenyong-Anwan","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000265","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000265","url":null,"abstract":"The chemical evaluation of Jatropha curcas (Barbados nut) seeds was carried out to analyze and characterize the chemical composition of Jatropha curcas seeds for mineral content. Various analytical techniques have been used to breakdown the mineral and fat and protein content. The result of the proximate composition was shown to be moisture (4.00%), ash (6.00%), fat (40.00%), fibre (8.00%), protein (27.65%) and carbohydrate (18.35%). The ascorbic acid content was found to be 5.16%. The result of the elemental composition of Jatropha curcas seeds shows the presence of Na (54.03 ppm), Al (15.68 ppm), Mg (166.23 ppm), P (5.08 ppm), Ca (1.81 ppm), K (79.89 ppm), Fe (112.03 ppm), Pb (0.10 ppm), Zn (63.23 ppm) and Cd (0.04 ppm). This study revealed that Jatropha curcas seeds have low moisture, high fat and protein content. This suggests that J. curcas can be good source of minerals, if it is detoxified.","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90956539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398.1000263
T. Tadesse
Photovoltaic effect is the emergence of a voltage between electrodes attached to a solid or liquid system up on shining light on to this system. Conjugated polymer is a molecular entity whose structure is represented as a system of alternating single and double bonds which give rise to their semi-conductor properties. Conjugated polymers are used for photovoltaic devices because, intrinsically stable up on photoexcitation with visible light, High absorption cross-section for photon harvesting, Tunable band gap with in the entire visible spectral range and High yield of charge generation when mixed with electron acceptor materials. The important physical process in the energy conversion process that take place in polymers for photovoltaic cells are; Absorption of a photon of light by photoactive material and generation of excitons, diffusion of excitons in conjugated polymers, dissociation of charge carriers (electron-hole pair) at the donor-acceptor interface in to free carriers, transport of free carriers towards the electrodes, and extraction of the charge carriers at the respective electrode interfaces. The efficiency of converting solar to electrical energy by a solar cell depends on the band gap of the light absorbing semiconductor. Band gap (Eg) is the difference in energy between the HOMO and LUMO and there by the maximum amount of energy required for an excitation or is the energy difference between the edges of the conduction band and valence band. The power conversion efficiency is a function of band gap. For device architectures of conjugated polymer based photovoltaic cells; there are three types Single layer photovoltaic cell, Bilayer hetero junction photovoltaic cell and Bulk hetero junction Photovoltaic cell.
{"title":"Application of Conjugated Organic Polymers for Photovoltaic's: Review","authors":"T. Tadesse","doi":"10.4172/2161-0398.1000263","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0398.1000263","url":null,"abstract":"Photovoltaic effect is the emergence of a voltage between electrodes attached to a solid or liquid system up on shining light on to this system. Conjugated polymer is a molecular entity whose structure is represented as a system of alternating single and double bonds which give rise to their semi-conductor properties. Conjugated polymers are used for photovoltaic devices because, intrinsically stable up on photoexcitation with visible light, High absorption cross-section for photon harvesting, Tunable band gap with in the entire visible spectral range and High yield of charge generation when mixed with electron acceptor materials. The important physical process in the energy conversion process that take place in polymers for photovoltaic cells are; Absorption of a photon of light by photoactive material and generation of excitons, diffusion of excitons in conjugated polymers, dissociation of charge carriers (electron-hole pair) at the donor-acceptor interface in to free carriers, transport of free carriers towards the electrodes, and extraction of the charge carriers at the respective electrode interfaces. The efficiency of converting solar to electrical energy by a solar cell depends on the band gap of the light absorbing semiconductor. Band gap (Eg) is the difference in energy between the HOMO and LUMO and there by the maximum amount of energy required for an excitation or is the energy difference between the edges of the conduction band and valence band. The power conversion efficiency is a function of band gap. For device architectures of conjugated polymer based photovoltaic cells; there are three types Single layer photovoltaic cell, Bilayer hetero junction photovoltaic cell and Bulk hetero junction Photovoltaic cell.","PeriodicalId":94103,"journal":{"name":"Journal of physical chemistry & biophysics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82311497","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-01-01DOI: 10.4172/2161-0398-c2-030
D. Poenaru
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