Mental health science最新文献

The positive psychology approach to mental-health-related interventions suggests that a dual focus on positive and problematic characteristics is beneficial and that positive and negative characteristics interact. The present study explored the link between optimism and depression outcomes in intervention studies that assessed both optimism and depression outcomes. A meta-analysis examined effect sizes for depression and optimism and links between depression and optimism outcomes. Eighteen studies with a total of 2153 participants were included. Across studies the weighted effect sizes for the impact of interventions on both depression (g = 0.46) and optimism (g = 0.38) were significant. Optimism and depression outcomes were associated with one another (r(17) = 0.58). Meta-regression analyses also indicated linkages between the two outcomes in that the optimism effect sizes moderated depression effect sizes and depression effect sizes moderated optimism effect sizes. The results of the study lend support to a dual focus on positive and problematic characteristics.

This study's purpose is to introduce a new measurement system that objectively assesses the social validity of behavioral feeding intervention from the child's perspective via the concurrent measurement of two dimensions of emotion. To date, the primary measures of social validity for behavioral feeding intervention are caregiver treatment acceptability and satisfaction surveys. This is the first study to objectively measure two dimensions of emotion, physiological arousal and emotional valence, while children received behavioral intervention for feeding difficulties. Data collectors used a new open-source data collection software, cometrics, developed to synchronize and record physiological and observational data. Physiological data was collected using a wearable biosensor and observers recorded an index of child happiness, unhappiness, or neither using definitions by Phipps et al. (2022) for six children with a pediatric feeding disorder. Two out of six children needed programmed habituation to the device before data collection. All children assented to wearing the device during data collection. Recorded indices mapped to separable physiological states using electrodermal activity and its constituent components, skin conductance responses and skin conductance level, in addition to skin temperature. Findings demonstrated the feasibility of measuring two dimensions of child emotions during behavioral feeding intervention and revealed that children's physiological responses were distinctly different during intervals scored as happy, unhappy, or neither. This new data collection system has implications for future research on the child's emotional experience of behavioral feeding treatment and increases the possibilities for improving clinical practice.

Binge-eating disorder (BED) involves recurrent binge-eating episodes with significant distress and is associated with adverse psychological and social problems. Previous studies in adults have suggested that presence of overvaluation of shape and weight may be a clinically relevant subtype of BED. The purpose of this study was to examine if overvaluation represents an important subtype of BED in children. It was hypothesized that children with both BED and overvaluation will have a higher body mass index z-scores (BMI-z) and internalizing psychopathology and lower cognitive functioning scores. Participants included a diverse sample of children between the ages of 9 and 10 years old from the baseline wave of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Caregivers completed the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia, the Child Behavior Checklist, and measures of demographics, and children completed neurocognitive tests and had their height and weight measured. The analytic sample included 7200 children. There were no interactions between BED status and overvaluation in relation to outcome variables. Yet, BED and overvaluation were independently associated with higher internalizing symptoms, higher BMI-z, and poorer cognitive functioning. Contrary to the expectations, results did not support significant interactions between BED status and overvaluation in children. However, the study highlights the independent clinical significance of BED and overvaluation with higher BMI-z, higher internalizing symptoms, and poorer cognitive functioning. Future studies are necessary to determine the developmental trajectories of BED and overvaluation into adolescence and adulthood.

Statistical process control (SPC) was recently introduced as a method for detecting person-specific warning signals for mental ill-health. Such warning signals occur when a person's repeatedly assessed emotions exceed a control limit. This control limit should in principle be based on the same person's emotions in a healthy period. As such data are often unavailable, this preregistered study investigated whether general population data can be used instead to estimate control limits. We used data from the HowNutsAreTheDutch study, in which adults from the general population (N = 746) rated their emotions three times a day for 1 month. Based on these data, we computed control limits according to the exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) and Shewhart SPC methods. Next, we investigated how often young adults with versus without persistent mental health problems from the TRAILS TRANS-ID study (N = 100)–who rated their emotions daily for 6 months–reported scores beyond these general population-based control limits. Generally, warning signals occurred more often in young adults with persistent mental health problems compared to healthy young adults (p < 0.05). The predictive performance of SPC did not consistently improve when control limits were conditioned on individuals' age, sex, and depressive symptoms, nor differ between methods (EWMA vs. Shewhart). The different emotions that were monitored, however, affected SPC performance, so that for most settings, warning signs in feeling tired and upset were worse for detecting mental-ill health compared to warning signs in other emotions (e.g., feeling nervous, relaxed, etc.).  It follows that warning signs in individual's emotions can perhaps be monitored using relatively generic norms, derived from the general population, opening up new avenues for research and low-threshold clinical application.

Nursing leadership continue to grapple with the pre-existing social, physical, spiritual, and emotional toll experienced by the nursing workforce, further exacerbated by the pandemic. The three-fold purpose of this current quantitative study was to measure the impact of the pandemic on nurses’ levels of burnout, moral injury, and resilience; measure levels of compassion satisfaction, and secondary traumatic stress; and identify protective factors against burnout and moral injury that could bolster resilience. An electronic survey was created using three validated instruments and sent to nurses in one US state. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Survey response rate was 5.5%. Respondents reported high levels of burnout and moral injury, and reduced levels of resilience. Protective factors included age, experience, education, and religion, with the older, more experienced, and educated nurse who identified as Christian being found to represent the most protected group. Multipronged strategies are needed to support, sustain, and recover nurses’ mental health across demographics to meet current and future workforce needs.

Cognitive biases are thought to contribute to depression/anxiety. In addition to self-reported measures, cognitive tasks could potentially be integrated with clinical practice as more precise measures of cognitive biases. In a large online study we explored the individual-level association between depression/anxiety symptoms and performance on (1) reward bias, (2) negative affective priming, and (3) change blindness tasks. Participants completed tasks alongside depression/anxiety symptom questionnaires. We used regression analyses to test for associations between task performance and questionnaire scores. We conducted a replication study of the change blindness task, and performed a mega-analysis of the two studies. Faster reaction time in the change blindness task was associated with higher depression score (B = −27, p = 0.034) in the first study (N = 545) and higher depression and anxiety scores (depression: B = −15, p = 0.045; anxiety: B = −17, p = 0.022) in the replication study (N = 616). These effects were significant in the mega-analysis but did not withstand adjusting for age in either the original and replication studies or the mega-analysis. We found no association between depression/anxiety and reward bias (N = 504) and negative affective priming (N = 539). Our results provide preliminary evidence that individuals with more severe depressive/anxious symptoms may be faster at identifying changes in the change blindness task. Contrary to previous findings, neither reward bias nor negative affective priming was associated with depression/anxiety.

Past research has shown that the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (dlPFC) are implicated in both emotional processing as well as cognitive processing,^1,2,3 in addition to working memory^{4, 5}. Exactly how these disparate processes interact with one another within the dlPFC is less understood. To explore this, we designed a task that looked at working memory performance during fMRI under both emotional and nonemotional conditions, and tested it in this preliminary report. Participants were asked to complete three tasks (letters, neutral images, emotional images) of the Sternberg Sorting Task under one of two trial conditions (sort or maintain). Regions of interest consisted of the left and right dlPFC as defined by brain masks based on NeuroSynth⁶. Results showed a significant main effect of the ‘sort’ condition on reaction speed for all three trial types, as well as a main effect of task type (letters) on accuracy. In addition, a significant interaction was found between trial type (sort) and task type (letters), but not for either of the picture tasks. Although preliminary, these results reveal a discrepancy between BOLD signal and behavioral data, with no significant difference in BOLD activity during image trials being displayed, despite longer response times for every condition. While these initial results show that the dlPFC is implicated in nonemotional cognitive processing, more research is needed to explain the lack of BOLD activation seen here for similar emotionally valanced tasks, possibly indicating the involvement of other brain networks.