Mental health science最新文献

This study investigated the effect of perceived physician burnout on psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and secondary traumatic stress) in physician spouses. Two-hundred and three physician spouses participated in the study between April and May 2021. Physician spouses completed a burnout measure on behalf of their physician partner, and psychological distress measures for themselves. Results showed perceived physician burnout was positively correlated with anxiety (r = 0.24), depression (r = 0.13), and secondary traumatic stress (r = 0.14) in physician spouses. A covariate analysis including eight demographic variables did not significantly contribute to the relationship between perceived physician burnout and psychological distress in physician spouses. Moderation analyses showed no significant interactions when the personality trait agreeableness, total score on a resiliency questionnaire, and compassion fatigue were included as moderators in the relationship between perceived physician burnout and psychological distress in physician spouses. These findings indicate that physician spouses experience secondary psychological distress when they believe their partner (the physician) is experiencing burnout, emphasizing the need for mental health support during medical training.

Racially minoritized women with limited socioeconomic resources are at increased risk for adverse psychological outcomes in response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Disproportionate rates of trauma exposure and economic insecurity likely heighten risk for these outcomes among socioeconomically vulnerable individuals, but the unique contributions of these factors are poorly understood. As such, we examined trauma and economic factors as predictors of pandemic-related psychological distress and symptoms. Ninety-six women recruited for a trauma research study (91.7% Black, M_age = 38.3 years, SD_age = 11.8 years) completed measures of trauma exposure, economic insecurity, and several items assessing psychological distress and symptoms related to the COVID-19 pandemic. We examined concern for mental and physical health impacts of COVID-19 as well as changes in self-reported levels of anxiety and anhedonia from the 3 months before the pandemic to the previous 2 weeks. Linear regression analyses were used to assess contributions of trauma exposure and economic insecurity to COVID-19-related distress. Childhood maltreatment and lifetime trauma exposure did not predict COVID-19-related distress; however, financial concern significantly contributed to concern for the physical health impact of COVID-19 (B = 0.30, p < 0.05). Food insecurity emerged as the only significant predictor of concern for the mental health impact of COVID-19 (B = 0.91, p < 0.01). Housing instability was the only significant predictor of COVID-19-related increases in anhedonia (B = −0.30, p < 0.05). Economic insecurity, namely, self-reported financial concern, food insecurity, and housing instability, was related to COVID-19-related psychological distress and symptoms in a sample of predominately Black American women living in under-resourced communities. Findings may help identify populations at risk for COVID-19-related psychological distress and symptoms and appropriate interventions, such as expanding access to nutritious food sources and housing support, for minoritized community members.

Individuals living in areas with high rates of poverty are disproportionately affected by posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Despite this association, little is known about how neighborhood poverty rates impact risk for PTSD development. In the current prospective study, we determined the relationship between neighborhood poverty rate and PTSD symptoms 6-months after experiencing a traumatic event in a sample of varied race, gender, and socioeconomic status. Participants (N = 252) were enrolled in a hospital emergency department after experiencing a traumatic event. Demographic information (including zip code of residence), baseline PTSD symptoms, and baseline trauma history was assessed in the emergency department. PTSD symptoms were again assessed 6-months posttrauma. Neighborhood poverty rate was determined using the American Community Survey. Correlation analyses revealed that neighborhood poverty was significantly associated with baseline PTSD symptoms (r = 0.181, p = 0.004) and PTSD symptoms 6-months posttrauma (r = 0.163, p = 0.009). A regression analysis controlling for baseline trauma exposure, clinician-rated trauma severity, and individual socioeconomic status demonstrated that neighborhood poverty predicted PTSD symptoms six-months posttrauma (R² = 0.099, B = 0.15, p = 0.04), but this relationship was no longer significant when baseline PTSD symptoms was added as an additional covariate (R² = 0.304, B = 0.07, p > 0.05). Overall, results suggest that neighborhood poverty generally increases PTSD symptom severity, and the context in which an individual lives should be considered when conceptualizing risk for PTSD.

Persons with bulimia nervosa (BN) often experience psychosocial difficulties, in particular heightened sensitivity to social rejection and a negative bias toward their social environment. Conversely, social competence and close friendships are protective against mental ill health. The aims of this study were to evaluate the interpretation of ambiguous social scenarios in females with and without BN and to assess the relationship between interpretation biases and clinical characteristics. Females with BN (n = 35) and controls (n = 35) were recruited via social media. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q), Adult Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire, the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS), and finished sentence stems depicting ambiguous social scenarios. Completed sentence stems were rated as positive, neutral, or negative by blinded researchers. Females with BN made fewer positive and more negative interpretations of sentence stems than controls. The frequency of negative interpretations correlated positively with clinical symptoms on the EDE-Q, A-RSQ, and DASS. A negative interpretation bias was found in females with BN, which aligns with the finding shown by Cardi et al. that females with anorexia nervosa have a negative interpretation bias toward ambiguous social scenarios. This bias was not only associated with eating disorder psychopathology but also with depression, anxiety, and stress, highlighting a potential transdiagnostic role. Interventions that address psychosocial difficulties might prevent the onset, reduce symptoms, and improve prognosis.

Young adults are particularly vulnerable to experiencing poor mental health. To improve mental health outcomes, there has been a rise in online mental health interventions. The “Talk to Me” Mass Open Online Course (MOOC) was designed to increase levels of mental health literacy among young adults and those close to them. Although online interventions are readily available to young adults, studies continue to report high attrition rates, indicating an unsatisfactory participant experience. This study explored the experiences of over 1600 global users engaging in the “Talk to Me” MOOC. A cross-sectional survey design using quantitative and qualitative methods was used to explore user experiences of engaging in the online MOOC. Quantitative results found that 96% of participants found the “Talk to Me” MOOC to be “engaging” or “very engaging.” While 98.2% of participants agreed that their knowledge and skills had increased. Qualitative results found four dominant themes: integration and use of roleplay videos; skills, knowledge, and outcomes; accessibility; and technical references. These results add to the evidence base regarding online mental health interventions and indicate the perceived benefits of the “Talk to Me” MOOC. Participants reported an overall positive experience when engaging in the “Talk to Me” MOOC.

Depression is one of the most common mental disorders among women and previous depression increases the risk for new episodes. Little is known about which factors are associated with maintained or recurrent depression in women, and studies with longer follow-up time, 20 years or more, are scarce. Thus, the aim of the study was to identify factors associated with repeated self-reports of depressive symptoms. The hypothesis was that factors such as young age at childbirth, divorce, unemployment, low social support, prior depression, or experience of stressful life events would increase the risk of repeatedly reporting depressive symptoms. The South East Sweden Birth Cohort study is a longitudinal, prospective cohort study. Out of the 1694 mothers enrolled at baseline, 649 participated in the 25-year follow-up. A total of 450 mothers participated in all three follow-ups. The mothers reported symptoms of depression using validated instruments at 3 months (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale), 12 years (Hopkins Symptom Checklist 25 items), and 25 years postchildbirth (Patient Health Questionnaire). Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the odds ratios of having depressive symptoms, whereas multinomial logistic regression was used to evaluate independent factors' association with the number of episodes with depressive symptoms. High life stress around pregnancy and childbirth and earlier depressive symptoms were associated with depressive symptoms at the 25-year follow-up. Similarly, high life stress around pregnancy and childbirth and the experience of divorce were associated with repeated self-reports of depressive symptoms. Stressful life events are important predictors of depressive symptoms and repeated episodes of depressive symptoms from the postnatal period until 25 years later. Moreover, previous depressive symptoms increase the risk for subsequent episodes. The results further stress the importance of identifying mothers experiencing depressive symptoms postpartum to enable treatment and early intervention.

The elderly are currently the most frequent users of antidepressants across ages, despite having a high risk of adverse effects (AEs). This literature review critically reviews the current evidence of the effectiveness of antidepressants and AEs in the elderly and discusses methodological limitations and future directions. Elements of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses and Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcomes guidelines were applied. Search in Scopus, PubMed, PsycInfo/Ovid, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar for relevant systematic- and meta-reviews on effectiveness and AEs studies. Ten reviews were identified and summarized within the last decade. Studies showed only modest superiorities to placebo in response rates if any, and only a few studies reached significant remission. Moreover, there was evidence of lower efficacy for patients over 65. AEs were common and problematic among the elderly in the studies reporting them. The evidence of the benefits of antidepressants in the elderly was weak and alternative treatments are advised. Despite the lack of clear evidence for the efficacy, UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines have not incorporated separate recommendations for the elderly.

Parents and caregivers who participate in regular physical activity have improved physical and mental health and can influence the physical activity behaviors of children in their care. This study aimed to assess the association between psychological distress and physical activity levels of parents/caregivers in New South Wales, Australia during different COVID-19 restriction periods. A repeat-cross-sectional design was adopted. Parents/caregivers involved in a government-led children's sport and recreation voucher program were recruited to participate in an online survey as part of the program's evaluation. In response to COVID-19, parents and caregivers' psychological distress and physical activity levels were assessed using validated items. Binary logistic regression models were used to examine the relationship between physical activity and probable mental illness, and differences across different COVID-19 restriction periods in 2020 and 2021. In 2020, 10,990 parents/caregivers responded to survey questions and in 2021, 17,106 parents/caregivers responded. Parents/caregivers who were physically active on 7 days per week had lower odds of reporting high psychological distress (odds ratio [OR]: 0.40, 95% confidence interval [CIs]: 0.33, 0.49) than parents/caregivers physically active on fewer days per week. In 2020 9.8% of parents/caregivers (n = 1076) reported high psychological distress, which decreased to 8% in 2021 (n = 1366). In 2021, parents/caregivers had lower odds of reporting high psychological distress (OR: 0.79, 95% CIs: 0.72, 0.86). Socioeconomic disadvantage negatively impacted psychological distress and physical activity levels. Australian parents and caregivers who reported high psychological distress, during and after COVID-19 restrictions, were participating in low levels of physical activity. Greater collaboration between the mental health, and sport and recreation sectors is recommended to harness the co-benefits of physical activity throughout parenthood, particularly in low socioeconomic areas.