Metabolism open最新文献

Introduction

Drug-induced liver injury is the most common cause of acute liver failure. Off-Target effect “hepatotoxicity “frequently detected during clinical examination of patients on anti-Tb medication particularly isoniazid (INH), and rifampin (RMP). However, there is no any treatment option against isoniazid and rifampicin induced hepatotoxicity. It is, therefore, necessary to search for effective affordable and safe drugs from medicinal plants for the prevention of liver toxicity caused by isoniazid and rifampicin. The aim the current study is to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of hydro methanol extract from Otostegia integrifolia leaves in isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss albino mice.

Methods

O. integrifolia leaves powder was macerated in hydromethanol and thirty Swiss albino mice 29.0–40.6 g were grouped in to five groups. Group I were given 20 ml/kg distilled water, group II were given 100 mg INH and 150 mg RIF per kg body weight. Group III, group IV, and group V were given 200 mg extract, 400 mg extract, and 100 mg of N-acetyl cysteine respectively per kg 1hr before induction with 100 mg INH plus 150 mg RIF per kg. The treatments were followed for 14 days. On the 15th day, all mice were anaesthetized with diethyl ether; blood samples were collected for the assessment liver enzyme and function test.

Results

Group II mice's serum ALT, AST and total bilirubin levels were significantly increased and serum total protein and albumin levels were significantly decreased as compared with group I mice. The groups of mice treated with O. integrifolia at a dose of 400 mg/kg and N-acetyl cysteine AST, ALT and total bilirubin level were significantly decreased; and total protein and albumin levels were significantly (P < 0.05) increased as compared with group II. The liver index of the group IV showed decreased (P < 0.05) as compared to the group II.

Conclusion

Evidence from our study revealed that the hydromethanol extract of O. integrifolia has a hepatoprotective effect against isoniazid and rifampicin-induced hepatotoxicity in Swiss Albino mice. This protective effect of O. integrifolia extract may be based on its metal ion reducing power, free radical scavenging activity, and anti-inflammatory activity and could be used as a potential therapeutic option.

Objectives

Heart disease, caused by atherosclerosis, is the leading cause of death. Maintaining vascular integrity is crucial to reducing atherosclerosis risk. Mangos are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that may offer cardioprotective and immune-boosting benefits. However, their effects on the vasculature and immune system in adults with overweight and obesity remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mango consumption on vascular health and immune function in adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

In a 12-week, crossover study, 27 overweight and obese participants consumed either 100 kcals of mangos daily or isocaloric low-fat cookies daily. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 4, and week 12 and analyzed for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, E-selectin, sCD4, sCD8, sCD3E, and sCD45, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD).

Results

Mango consumption significantly decreased VCAM-1 between baseline and week 4 (P = 0.046) and week 12 (P = 0.004). CAT increased between baseline and week 12 (P = 0.035) with mango consumption. GPx increased at week 12 compared to baseline and week 4 (P < 0.05). At week 12, SOD was higher after mango consumption compared to low-fat cookie consumption (P = 0.046). There were no significant differences in ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, sCD4, sCD8, sCD3E, sCD45 or TNF-α concentrations (P > 0.05 for all non-significant results).

Conclusions

This study suggests that 100 kcals of mangos may benefit the integrity of the vasculature by reducing VCAM-1 and increasing SOD, CAT, and GPx levels. Mangos can be an alternative snack for improving atherosclerosis and oxidative stress risk factors.

Introduction

This exploratory review article describes about the genetic factors behind Alzheimer's disease (AD), their association with foods, and their relationships with cognitive impairment. It explores the dietary patterns and economic challenges in AD prevention.

Methods

Scopus, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for articles that examined the relationships between Diets, Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and Socioeconomic conditions in preventative Alzheimer's disease studies. Graphs and Network analysis data were taken from Scopus under the MeSH search method, including words, Alzheimer's, APoE4, Tau protein, APP, Amyloid precursor protein, Beta-Amyloid, Aβ, Mediterranean Diet, MD, DASH diet, MIND diet, SES, Socioeconomic, Developed country, Underdeveloped country, Preventions. The network analysis was done through VOS viewer.

Results

Mediterranean diet (MD) accurately lowers AD (Alzheimer's Disease) risk to 53% and 35% for people who follow it moderately. MIND scores had a statistically significant reduction in AD rate compared to those in the lowest tertial (53% and 35% reduction, respectively). Subjects with the highest adherence to the MD and DASH had a 54% and 39% lower risk of developing AD, respectively, compared to those in the lowest tertial. Omega-6, PUFA, found in nuts and fish, can play most roles in the clearance of Aβ. Vitamin D inhibits induced fibrillar Aβ apoptosis. However, the high cost of these diet components rise doubt about the effectiveness of AD prevention through healthy diets.

Conclusion

The finding of this study revealed an association between diet and the effects of the chemical components of foods on AD biomarkers. More research is required to see if nutrition is a risk or a protective factor for Alzheimer's disease to encourage research to be translated into therapeutic practice and to clarify nutritional advice.

Aims

Metformin is the broadly accepted the first-line medication for diabetes. Its use, however, is limited by gastrointestinal side effects present in approximately 25% of patients. This study aimed to better understand the interplay between metformin intolerance and gut microbiota among Black individuals with diabetes.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional study among 29 Black individuals living with diabetes with or without metformin intolerance. Participants with mean age 59±11, 58% female, were stratified into three groups: 1)intolerant: metformin intolerance in the past, not on metformin; 2)partially intolerant: mild to moderate gastrointestinal symptoms, currently taking metformin 3)tolerant: using metformin without symptoms. We collected and analyzed rectal swabs and analyzed microbiota composition using V3–V4 regions of the 16s rRNA.

Results

Metformin intolerant subjects trended towards having greatest alpha diversity, followed by tolerant and partially tolerant (Intolerant:4.9; Tolerant:4.2; Partially tolerant:3.9). Mean difference in alpha diversity for intolerant versus partially tolerant was 1.0 (95% CI-0.1,2.1) and intolerant versus tolerant were 0.7 (95% CI -0.4,1.8).

Conclusion

This was the first study to evaluate the role of microbiota and metformin intolerance among Black individuals. We report on differences in alpha diversity as well as microbiota composition.

Mango is a widely favored fruit that offers high nutritional value. Mango has been studied to examine its influence on postprandial glucose, but few studies have used fresh mango compared to dried mango to measure blood glucose and satiety after consumption. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of fresh versus dried mango consumption on satiety and postprandial glucose. A crossover design was implemented where 34 healthy adults (29 females and 5 males; 25.0 ± 6.0 years; BMI 23.8 ± 4.3 kg/m²) consumed either 100 kcal of fresh mango, dried mango, or white bread on three separate occasions. Following consumption, satiety was assessed every 15 min for 90 min and blood glucose was assessed every 30 min for 90 min. Consumption of fresh mango results showed a significant increase in satiety (tendency of greater fullness (P = 0.073) and less desire to eat (P < 0.05)) in participants. Fresh mango exhibited a more efficient decrease in postprandial glucose levels (P < 0.05) compared to dried mango or white bread, and fresh mango promoted a greater stability in blood glucose. Dried mango consumption also significantly lowered postprandial glucose compared to white bread (P < 0.05). These results suggest that fresh mango consumption may be beneficial in improving satiety responses and postprandial glucose control when compared to its dried alternative or white bread. The results of the study may help guide individuals who are overweight or obese and/or have type 2 diabetes by altering their food choices that ultimately could improve their health.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03956602.

Background

Stroke is one of the leading causes of global mortality and disability, particularly in hypertensive patients. This study aimed to compare lipid profile, fibrinogen, and D-dimer levels between hypertensive patient with and without stroke.

Methods

This was a facility-based cross-sectional study conducted from November 2022 to January 2023 among 115 hypertensive patients (70 patients without stroke and 45 with stroke) who had follow-up at Yikatit 12 Hospital Medical College, Ethiopia. All data analyses were done using SPSS version 25.0 and comparisons of variables between groups were made using the Chi-square test, independent sample t-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to identify predictors of stroke among hypertensive patients. A p-value <0.05 was assumed to be statistically significant for all statistical tests.

Results

Significantly elevated levels of TC, LDL-C, D-DI, and fibrinogen were observed in the stroke group than in the non-stroke group (p-value<0.05). The mean values of TC, D-DI, and fibrinogen were significantly higher in patients with ischemic stroke compared to those with hemorrhagic stroke. Duration of hypertension (AOR: 1.21; CI: 1.10, 2.09), TC (AOR:1.07; CI: 1.01, 1.22), D-DI (AOR: 1.15; CI: 1.05, 1.69) and fibrinogen (AOR:1.19; CI: 1.10, 2.89) were identified to be independent predictors of stroke in hypertensive patients.

Conclusion

The circulating levels of TC, LDL-C, D-DI and fibrinogen in hypertensive patients with stroke were significantly higher than in those without stroke. But only TC, D-DI, and fibrinogen were found to be predictors of stroke in hypertensives. Considerably higher TC, D-DI, and fibrinogen levels were also seen in patients with ischemic stroke than in those with hemorrhagic stroke. This confirms the key roles of dyslipidemia (hypercholesterolemia) and aberrant hemostatic activation to stroke development, notably ischemic stroke.

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a non-communicable disease leading to a progressive decline in kidney functions and complications like liver disorders. Serum levels of liver parameters such as aminotransferases and bilirubin are important biomarkers for the diagnosis of liver diseases. Studies on the effect of CKD with and without end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on the levels of liver biomarkers in Ethiopia are limited. Hence, this study aimed to assess liver biomarkers, blood pressure (BP) and anthropometric indices in CKD patients attending a renal clinic of Felege Hiwot Comprehensive Specialized Hospital(FHCSH) in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

Method

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 100 CKD patients attending the renal clinic of FHCSH in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire through face-to-face interview. BP and anthropometric parameters were measured based on the standard procedures. About 5 ml of serum was used to analyzeliver parameter using automated chemistry analyzer. All data analyses such as independent sample t-testand one-way ANOVA were done using SPSS version 25.0. Besides, Pearson’s correlation analysis and multiple linear regression were done to identify predictors of liver biomarkers in CKD patients. P-value< 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

The mean serum levels of AST and ALT were significantly lower in CKD patients under dialysis when compared to CKD patients with no dialysis (p < 0.05). These enzymes were positively and negatively correlated with eGFRand the severity of CKD, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in bilirubin level between different stages of CKD. There was also a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the levels of AST and ALT with BMI.There was also a significant rise of SBP and DBP in CKD patients under dialysis compared to CKD patients not in dialysis.

Conclusion

Aminotransferases were significantly lower in CKD patients undergoing dialysis than in CKD patients not undergoing dialysis, warranting the need fora separate standard reference ranges or using other diagnostic criteria to diagnose liver comorbidities in CKD patients. The levels of AST and ALT in CKD patients were also significantly increased with BMI. Besides, BP was significantly elevated with the severity of CKD, indicating the more advanced the CKD is, the higher BP.

Background

In the Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease trial, finerenone reduced the risk of cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes, while in the Finerenone in Reducing Kidney Failure and Disease Progression in Diabetic Kidney Disease trial, it improved renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with advanced CKD. However, no previous studies have assessed patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) below 25 mL/min/1.73 m²

Methods

Nine patients with CKD and type 2 diabetes who received finerenone 10 mg/day were analyzed retrospectively. Changes in eGFR, urinary protein, and serum potassium levels were studied from 1 year before administration of finerenone until 6 months after administration.

Results

The mean baseline eGFR slope was −7.63 ± 9.84 (mL/min/1.73 m²/year). After finerenone treatment, the mean eGFR slope significantly improved −1.44 ± 3.17 (mL/min/1.73 m²/6 months, P=0.038). However, finerenone treatment did not significantly reduce proteinuria. Furthermore, finerenone did not increase serum potassium levels.

Conclusions

Patients treated with finerenone showed a significantly slower decline in eGFR. Furthermore, aside from the present study, no reports have indicated the effectiveness of finerenone in patients with advanced CKD with an eGFR below 25 mL/min/1.73 m². As confirmed in our clinical trials, the finding that finerenone is effective in a wide range of renal functions can be generalized to clinical practice. However, sample size in this study was small. Thus, further large-scale investigations will be needed.

Aims/introduction

There have been few reports about the longitudinal changes in pancreas volume (PV) or pancreatic steatosis (PS) in response to obesity. In this longitudinal analysis using health check-up data, we explored changes in PV, PS and glucose metabolic indices that occurred after weight gain in Japanese without diabetes.

Materials/methods

Clinical data on 37 Japanese subjects with a ≥1 kg/m² increase in body mass index between two health check-ups and without diabetes were collected. PV, pancreas attenuation (PA) and splenic attenuation (SA) were evaluated using computed tomography (CT) images. The pancreas area was outlined by hand in multiple images with slice thickness of 2 mm, and the PV was computed by summing these areas. PS was defined as the difference between SA and PA (SA-PA). Medical records were collected, including findings on immunoreactive insulin (IRI), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-R) and beta cell function (HOMA-β). Paired t-test and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used in the analyses.

Results

The median follow-up period was 21.1 months and the mean BMI was increased from 25.5 ± 3.3 kg/m² to 27.0 ± 3.3 kg/m². PV (53.5 ± 15.9 cm³ vs. 56.2 ± 16.4 cm³) and SA-PA (8.7 ± 9.1 HU vs. 13.6 ± 10.9 HU) increased significantly after weight gain (both, P < 0.001). There were significant increases of IRI and HOMA-R with the weight gain (both, P < 0.05), whereas HOMA-β exhibited only a nonsignificant trend of increase (55.4％ (41.5-65.5) vs. 56.8％ (46.2-83.7), P = 0.07).

Conclusions

Both PV and PS were increased longitudinally with weight gain in Japanese without diabetes.

Background and objective

Previous experimental studies have shown that fructose interacts with glucose metabolism by increasing hepatic glucose uptake. However, human studies investigating the effects of small (‘catalytic’) amounts of fructose, added to an oral glucose load, on plasma glucose levels remain inconclusive. The aim of this study, therefore, was to repeat and extend these previous studies by examining the plasma glucose response during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with the addition of different doses of fructose.

Methods

Healthy adults (n = 13) received an OGTT without addition of fructose and OGTTs with addition of different doses of fructose (1, 2, 5, 7.5 and 15 g) in a random order, on six separate occasions. Plasma glucose levels were measured every 15 min for 120 min during the study.

Findings

The plasma glucose incremental area under the curve (iAUC) of the OGTT without addition of fructose was not significantly different from any OGTT with fructose (p ≥ 0.2 for all fructose doses). Similar results were observed when these data were clustered with data from a similar, previous study (pooled mean difference: 10.6; 95%CI: 45.0; 23.8 for plasma glucose iAUC of the OGTT without addition of fructose versus an OGTT with 5 g fructose; fixed-effect meta-analysis, n = 38). Of interest, serum fructose increased from 4.8 μmol/L (interquartile range: 4.1–5.9) at baseline to 5.3 μmol/L (interquartile range: 4.8–7.5) at T = 60 min during an OGTT without addition of fructose (p = 0.002).

Conclusion

Low doses of fructose added to an OGTT do not affect plasma glucose levels in healthy adults. The role of endogenous fructose production, as a potential explanation of these null-findings, deserves further investigation.