Pub Date : 2023-12-28DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0186.1
Linna Chai, Zhongli Zhu, Shaomin Liu, Ziwei Xu, Rui Jin, Xin Li, Jian Kang, Tao Che, Yang Zhang, Jinsong Zhang, Hongjing Cui, Tiansheng Gao, Tongren Xu, Shaojie Zhao, Xiaoduo Pan, Ge Guo
Abstract Soil moisture (SM) and soil freeze/thaw (FT) are two relatively active surface parameters that are significant to the sustainable development of the water-land-air-plant-human nexus. Over time, regional or global SM and FT datasets with different spatial resolutions have been developed. In response to the requirements of multiscale product validation and multisource uncertainty tracking, a soil moisture and soil temperature (ST) monitoring network in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB-NET) was established in September 2019. The QLB-NET is characterized by densely distributed in situ sites (82 sites) measuring SM and ST at 5-, 10- and 30-cm depths, with 60 sites in a large-scale network covering an area of 36 km×40 km and 22 sites evenly distributed across two small-scale 1 km×1 km networks. Quantitative analyses of the in situ measurements show that the QLB-NET can provide stable and reliable ground truth for SM and FT over coarse grid scales, e.g., 36 km×36 km, 25 km×25 km, and 0.25°×0.25°. When statistics are correspondingly performed over 50 out of 54, 25 out of 29, and 25 out of 28 sites, the results are described as follows: 1) the STD of the mean SM varies between 0.0127 and 0.0196 m3/m3, with the corresponding difference between the upper and lower quartiles being less than 0.02 m3/m3; 2) the ground freeze/thaw state can be correctly identified with high probabilities ranging from 85.3% to 100% on two freeze/thaw transitional dates. The QLB-NET observed datasets are distributed online and will be continuously updated through cooperation with the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (http://data.tpdc.ac.cn), facilitating product validation and uncertainty tracking, spatiotemporal analysis of SM change and FT transition, optimization of the SM and FT retrieving algorithms and scaling methods and development of the mountainous microwave radiative transfer model.
{"title":"QLB-NET: A Dense Soil Moisture and Freeze/Thaw Monitoring Network in the Qinghai Lake Basin on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","authors":"Linna Chai, Zhongli Zhu, Shaomin Liu, Ziwei Xu, Rui Jin, Xin Li, Jian Kang, Tao Che, Yang Zhang, Jinsong Zhang, Hongjing Cui, Tiansheng Gao, Tongren Xu, Shaojie Zhao, Xiaoduo Pan, Ge Guo","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0186.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0186.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Soil moisture (SM) and soil freeze/thaw (FT) are two relatively active surface parameters that are significant to the sustainable development of the water-land-air-plant-human nexus. Over time, regional or global SM and FT datasets with different spatial resolutions have been developed. In response to the requirements of multiscale product validation and multisource uncertainty tracking, a soil moisture and soil temperature (ST) monitoring network in the Qinghai Lake Basin (QLB-NET) was established in September 2019. The QLB-NET is characterized by densely distributed in situ sites (82 sites) measuring SM and ST at 5-, 10- and 30-cm depths, with 60 sites in a large-scale network covering an area of 36 km×40 km and 22 sites evenly distributed across two small-scale 1 km×1 km networks. Quantitative analyses of the in situ measurements show that the QLB-NET can provide stable and reliable ground truth for SM and FT over coarse grid scales, e.g., 36 km×36 km, 25 km×25 km, and 0.25°×0.25°. When statistics are correspondingly performed over 50 out of 54, 25 out of 29, and 25 out of 28 sites, the results are described as follows: 1) the STD of the mean SM varies between 0.0127 and 0.0196 m3/m3, with the corresponding difference between the upper and lower quartiles being less than 0.02 m3/m3; 2) the ground freeze/thaw state can be correctly identified with high probabilities ranging from 85.3% to 100% on two freeze/thaw transitional dates. The QLB-NET observed datasets are distributed online and will be continuously updated through cooperation with the National Tibetan Plateau Data Center (http://data.tpdc.ac.cn), facilitating product validation and uncertainty tracking, spatiotemporal analysis of SM change and FT transition, optimization of the SM and FT retrieving algorithms and scaling methods and development of the mountainous microwave radiative transfer model.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139055675","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-27DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0323.1
S. J. Woolnough, F. Vitart, A. W. Robertson, C. A. S. Coelho, R. Lee, H. Lin, A. Kumar, C. Stan, M. Balmaseda, N. Caltabiano, M. Yamaguchi, H. Afargan-Gerstman, V.L. Boult, F.M. De Andrade, D. Büeler, A. Carreric, D. A. Campos Diaz, J. Day, J. Dorrington, M. Feldmann, J. C. Furtado, C. M. Grams, R. Koster, L. Hirons, V. S. Indasi, P. Jadhav, Y. Liu, P. Nying’uro, C. D. Roberts, E. Rouges, J. Ryu
"Celebrating 10 years of the Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project and looking to the future" published on 27 Dec 2023 by American Meteorological Society.
{"title":"Celebrating 10 years of the Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project and looking to the future","authors":"S. J. Woolnough, F. Vitart, A. W. Robertson, C. A. S. Coelho, R. Lee, H. Lin, A. Kumar, C. Stan, M. Balmaseda, N. Caltabiano, M. Yamaguchi, H. Afargan-Gerstman, V.L. Boult, F.M. De Andrade, D. Büeler, A. Carreric, D. A. Campos Diaz, J. Day, J. Dorrington, M. Feldmann, J. C. Furtado, C. M. Grams, R. Koster, L. Hirons, V. S. Indasi, P. Jadhav, Y. Liu, P. Nying’uro, C. D. Roberts, E. Rouges, J. Ryu","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0323.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0323.1","url":null,"abstract":"\"Celebrating 10 years of the Sub-Seasonal to Seasonal Prediction Project and looking to the future\" published on 27 Dec 2023 by American Meteorological Society.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139055640","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-22DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0198.1
C.E. Powell, Christopher S. Ruf, Scott Gleason, Scot C. R. Rafkin
Abstract This work applies a quantitative metric in order to capture the relative representativeness of non-simultaneous or non-co-located observations and quantify how these observations decorrelate in both space and time. This methodology allows for the effective determination of thresholding decisions for representative matchup conditions, and is especially useful for informing future network designs and architectures. Future weather and climate satellite missions must consider a range of architectural trades to meet observing requirements. Frequently, fundamental decisions such as the number of observatories, the instruments manifested, and orbit parameters are determined based upon assumptions about the characteristic temporal and spatial scales of variability of the target observation. With the introduced methodology, representativity errors due to separations in space and time can be quantified without prior knowledge of instrument performance, and errors driven by constellation design can be estimated without model ingest or analysis.
{"title":"Sampled Together: Assessing the Value of Simultaneous Co-located Measurements for Optimal Satellite Configurations","authors":"C.E. Powell, Christopher S. Ruf, Scott Gleason, Scot C. R. Rafkin","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0198.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0198.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work applies a quantitative metric in order to capture the relative representativeness of non-simultaneous or non-co-located observations and quantify how these observations decorrelate in both space and time. This methodology allows for the effective determination of thresholding decisions for representative matchup conditions, and is especially useful for informing future network designs and architectures. Future weather and climate satellite missions must consider a range of architectural trades to meet observing requirements. Frequently, fundamental decisions such as the number of observatories, the instruments manifested, and orbit parameters are determined based upon assumptions about the characteristic temporal and spatial scales of variability of the target observation. With the introduced methodology, representativity errors due to separations in space and time can be quantified without prior knowledge of instrument performance, and errors driven by constellation design can be estimated without model ingest or analysis.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139031542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-21DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0288.1
Shikha Singh, Janet Sprintall, A. Capotondi, Regina Rodrigues
{"title":"First International Summer School on Marine Heatwaves","authors":"Shikha Singh, Janet Sprintall, A. Capotondi, Regina Rodrigues","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0288.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0288.1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"44 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138951702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Atmospheric dust from the North Africa, the largest and most persistently active dust source over the world, spreads widely in the Northern Hemisphere and plays essential roles in the Earth environment evolution. During June 7th-24th 2020, an extremely strong dust occurred with its westward spreading modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and its eastward spreading regulated by European blocking, ultimately resulting in the circum-global transport of African dust. The Mediterranean low pressure linked to the European blocking dipole was the key to facilitating the eastward transport of dust. This record-breaking African dust episode caused a notable diurnal precipitation decrease of 0.98 mm day−1 over northeastern India and decrease of 1.55 mm day−1 over central North America, which was ascribed to the effect of dust-induced radiative heating on large-scale circulation. It triggered Rossby wave train and caused an anomalous high pressure over northeastern India, which weakened the India summer monsoon and consequently inhibited the occurrence of precipitation. Dust-induced radiative heating also supported the stability in the anomalous warm high over North America, further repressing import of moisture from Atlantic. Ambient moisture and atmospheric instability also presented consistent variation over North America and India characterized as strengthen descending motion and sharply reduced moist convection. This study reports, for the first time, the strong modulation of regional circulation by circum-globally transported African dust especially in Asia and North America. The new aspects on the unexpected consequences to moisture convection indicate broader roles that the dust may play in the global climate change.
{"title":"The Circum-global Transport of Massive African Dust and its Impacts on the Regional Circulation in Remote Atmosphere","authors":"Hongru Bi, Siyu Chen, Daizhou Zhang, Yong Wang, Litai Kang, Khan Alam, Mingjin Tang, Yu Chen, Yue Zhang, Danfeng Wang","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0072.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0072.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Atmospheric dust from the North Africa, the largest and most persistently active dust source over the world, spreads widely in the Northern Hemisphere and plays essential roles in the Earth environment evolution. During June 7th-24th 2020, an extremely strong dust occurred with its westward spreading modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and its eastward spreading regulated by European blocking, ultimately resulting in the circum-global transport of African dust. The Mediterranean low pressure linked to the European blocking dipole was the key to facilitating the eastward transport of dust. This record-breaking African dust episode caused a notable diurnal precipitation decrease of 0.98 mm day−1 over northeastern India and decrease of 1.55 mm day−1 over central North America, which was ascribed to the effect of dust-induced radiative heating on large-scale circulation. It triggered Rossby wave train and caused an anomalous high pressure over northeastern India, which weakened the India summer monsoon and consequently inhibited the occurrence of precipitation. Dust-induced radiative heating also supported the stability in the anomalous warm high over North America, further repressing import of moisture from Atlantic. Ambient moisture and atmospheric instability also presented consistent variation over North America and India characterized as strengthen descending motion and sharply reduced moist convection. This study reports, for the first time, the strong modulation of regional circulation by circum-globally transported African dust especially in Asia and North America. The new aspects on the unexpected consequences to moisture convection indicate broader roles that the dust may play in the global climate change.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138580260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-12DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0095.1
Julien Cattiaux, Aurélien Ribes, Vikki Thompson
Abstract Because they are rare, extreme weather events have critical impacts on societies and ecosystems and attract public and scientific attention. The most unusual events are regularly documented as part of routine climate monitoring by meteorological services. A growing number of attribution studies also aim at quantifying how their probability has evolved under human induced climate change. However, it is often recognized that (i) the selection of studied events is geographically uneven, and (ii) the definition of a given event, in particular its spatio-temporal scale, is subjective, which may impact attribution statements. Here we present an original method that objectively selects, defines, and compares extreme events that have occurred worldwide in the recent years. Building on previous work, the event definition consists of automatically selecting the spatio-temporal scale that maximizes the event rarity, accounting for the non-stationary context of climate change. We then explore all years, seasons, and regions and search for the most extreme events. We demonstrate how our searching procedure can be both useful for climate monitoring over a given territory, and resolve the geographical selection bias of attribution studies. Ultimately, we provide a selection of the most exceptional hot and cold events in the recent past, among which are iconic heatwaves such as those seen in 2021 in Canada or 2003 in Europe.
{"title":"Searching for the most extreme temperature events in recent history","authors":"Julien Cattiaux, Aurélien Ribes, Vikki Thompson","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0095.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0095.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Because they are rare, extreme weather events have critical impacts on societies and ecosystems and attract public and scientific attention. The most unusual events are regularly documented as part of routine climate monitoring by meteorological services. A growing number of attribution studies also aim at quantifying how their probability has evolved under human induced climate change. However, it is often recognized that (i) the selection of studied events is geographically uneven, and (ii) the definition of a given event, in particular its spatio-temporal scale, is subjective, which may impact attribution statements. Here we present an original method that objectively selects, defines, and compares extreme events that have occurred worldwide in the recent years. Building on previous work, the event definition consists of automatically selecting the spatio-temporal scale that maximizes the event rarity, accounting for the non-stationary context of climate change. We then explore all years, seasons, and regions and search for the most extreme events. We demonstrate how our searching procedure can be both useful for climate monitoring over a given territory, and resolve the geographical selection bias of attribution studies. Ultimately, we provide a selection of the most exceptional hot and cold events in the recent past, among which are iconic heatwaves such as those seen in 2021 in Canada or 2003 in Europe.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"55 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138579933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-06DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0243.1
Douglas Schuster, Michael Friedman
"AMS Publications Support for Open, Transparent, and Equitable Research" published on 06 Dec 2023 by American Meteorological Society.
美国气象学会于2023年12月6日发表的“AMS出版物支持开放、透明和公平的研究”。
{"title":"AMS Publications Support for Open, Transparent, and Equitable Research","authors":"Douglas Schuster, Michael Friedman","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0243.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0243.1","url":null,"abstract":"\"AMS Publications Support for Open, Transparent, and Equitable Research\" published on 06 Dec 2023 by American Meteorological Society.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"50 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0278.1
David A. Lavers, Anna M. Wilson, F. Martin Ralph, Vijay Tallapragada, Florian Pappenberger, Carolyn Reynolds, James D. Doyle, Luca Delle Monache, Chris Davis, Aneesh Subramanian, Ryan D. Torn, Jason M. Cordeira, Luca Centurioni, Jennifer S. Haase
"Advancing atmospheric river science and inspiring future development of the Atmospheric River Reconnaissance Program" published on 04 Dec 2023 by American Meteorological Society.
美国气象学会2023年12月4日发表《推进大气河流科学，启发大气河流勘测计划未来发展》。
{"title":"Advancing atmospheric river science and inspiring future development of the Atmospheric River Reconnaissance Program","authors":"David A. Lavers, Anna M. Wilson, F. Martin Ralph, Vijay Tallapragada, Florian Pappenberger, Carolyn Reynolds, James D. Doyle, Luca Delle Monache, Chris Davis, Aneesh Subramanian, Ryan D. Torn, Jason M. Cordeira, Luca Centurioni, Jennifer S. Haase","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0278.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0278.1","url":null,"abstract":"\"Advancing atmospheric river science and inspiring future development of the Atmospheric River Reconnaissance Program\" published on 04 Dec 2023 by American Meteorological Society.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"50 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-22-0118.1
Nicolas Bambach, Kyle Knipper, Andrew J. McElrone, Mallika Nocco, Alfonso Torres-Rua, William Kustas, Martha Anderson, Sebastian Castro, Erica Edwards, Moises Duran-Gomez, Andrew Gal, Peter Tolentino, Ian Wright, Matthew Roby, Feng Gao, Joseph Alfieri, John Prueger, Lawrence Hipps, Sebastian Saa
Abstract Water scarcity threatens agriculture in California. During the last two decades, historically severe droughts have led to severe water shortages. Under projected changes in climate, droughts of greater severity and duration will exacerbate this situation. California produces 80% of the world’s almonds, which require consistent water supplies for irrigation. Almonds are the most commonly grown crop in California, covering nearly 1.4 million acres over about 8,000 farms. In response to these challenges, almond growers are considering a myriad of management strategies to save water and mitigate climate change. The Tree-crop Remote sensing of Evapotranspiration eXperiment (T-REX) aims to identify water and orchard management opportunities to maximize water use efficiency and carbon sequestration in almonds and other woody perennial tree crops. The project combines satellite, uncrewed aerial vehicles, and proximal sensing technologies to retrieve key variables used to model surface fluxes and biophysical properties. We aim to advance our understanding of water management and cultural practices on water-carbon relationships in tree-perennial agroecosystems. Through new methods, such as Evapotranspiration-based irrigation scheduling, even a modest 10% decrease in almond orchard irrigation across the state equates to about a third of the water in Lake Oroville, California’s second-largest reservoir, at average levels. From a carbon perspective, almond orchards could sequester 8% of the state’s current greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning toward climate-smart practices. As such, the almond industry is uniquely positioned to curb water-use and contribute to climate change mitigation while maintaining economic viability of almond production. An overview of initial results related to evapotranspiration observational and modeling uncertainty, and carbon sequestration potential are presented in this article.
{"title":"The Tree-crop Remote sensing of Evapotranspiration eXperiment (T-REX): A science-based path for sustainable water management and climate resilience","authors":"Nicolas Bambach, Kyle Knipper, Andrew J. McElrone, Mallika Nocco, Alfonso Torres-Rua, William Kustas, Martha Anderson, Sebastian Castro, Erica Edwards, Moises Duran-Gomez, Andrew Gal, Peter Tolentino, Ian Wright, Matthew Roby, Feng Gao, Joseph Alfieri, John Prueger, Lawrence Hipps, Sebastian Saa","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-22-0118.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-22-0118.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Water scarcity threatens agriculture in California. During the last two decades, historically severe droughts have led to severe water shortages. Under projected changes in climate, droughts of greater severity and duration will exacerbate this situation. California produces 80% of the world’s almonds, which require consistent water supplies for irrigation. Almonds are the most commonly grown crop in California, covering nearly 1.4 million acres over about 8,000 farms. In response to these challenges, almond growers are considering a myriad of management strategies to save water and mitigate climate change. The Tree-crop Remote sensing of Evapotranspiration eXperiment (T-REX) aims to identify water and orchard management opportunities to maximize water use efficiency and carbon sequestration in almonds and other woody perennial tree crops. The project combines satellite, uncrewed aerial vehicles, and proximal sensing technologies to retrieve key variables used to model surface fluxes and biophysical properties. We aim to advance our understanding of water management and cultural practices on water-carbon relationships in tree-perennial agroecosystems. Through new methods, such as Evapotranspiration-based irrigation scheduling, even a modest 10% decrease in almond orchard irrigation across the state equates to about a third of the water in Lake Oroville, California’s second-largest reservoir, at average levels. From a carbon perspective, almond orchards could sequester 8% of the state’s current greenhouse gas emissions by transitioning toward climate-smart practices. As such, the almond industry is uniquely positioned to curb water-use and contribute to climate change mitigation while maintaining economic viability of almond production. An overview of initial results related to evapotranspiration observational and modeling uncertainty, and carbon sequestration potential are presented in this article.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"49 11","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-04DOI: 10.1175/bams-d-23-0074.1
Caroline Bresciani, Dirceu Luis Herdies, Silvio Nilo Figueroa, Virginie Buchard, Arlindo M. da Silva, Charles Jones, Leila M. V. Carvalho
Abstract The presence of an aerosol layer in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) in South America was identified with the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Application Aerosol Reanalysis Version 2 (MERRA-2). This layer, which we shall refer to as the South American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (SATAL) was identified over the Amazon Basin at altitudes between 11-14 km. It exhibits a seasonal behavior similar to the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) and the North American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (NATAL). The SATAL is observed from October to March, coinciding with the presence of the South American monsoon. It forms first in the eastern Amazon Basin in October, then moves to the Southern Amazon, where it weakens in December-January and finally dissipates in February-March. We hypothesize that two main factors influence the SATAL formation in the UT/LS: 1) the source of aerosols from Africa; 2) the updraft mass flux from deep convective systems during the active phase of the South American Monsoon System that transports aerosols to the UT/LS. Further satellite observations of aerosols and field campaigns are needed to provide useful information to find the origin and composition of the aerosols in the UT/LS during the South American Monsoon.
{"title":"The South American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (SATAL)","authors":"Caroline Bresciani, Dirceu Luis Herdies, Silvio Nilo Figueroa, Virginie Buchard, Arlindo M. da Silva, Charles Jones, Leila M. V. Carvalho","doi":"10.1175/bams-d-23-0074.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-23-0074.1","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The presence of an aerosol layer in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UT/LS) in South America was identified with the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Application Aerosol Reanalysis Version 2 (MERRA-2). This layer, which we shall refer to as the South American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (SATAL) was identified over the Amazon Basin at altitudes between 11-14 km. It exhibits a seasonal behavior similar to the Asian Tropopause Aerosol Layer (ATAL) and the North American Tropopause Aerosol Layer (NATAL). The SATAL is observed from October to March, coinciding with the presence of the South American monsoon. It forms first in the eastern Amazon Basin in October, then moves to the Southern Amazon, where it weakens in December-January and finally dissipates in February-March. We hypothesize that two main factors influence the SATAL formation in the UT/LS: 1) the source of aerosols from Africa; 2) the updraft mass flux from deep convective systems during the active phase of the South American Monsoon System that transports aerosols to the UT/LS. Further satellite observations of aerosols and field campaigns are needed to provide useful information to find the origin and composition of the aerosols in the UT/LS during the South American Monsoon.","PeriodicalId":9464,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138507878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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